SHOULDER
SHOULDER DefinitionShoulder dislocation briefly define as poping
out of the humeral head from the shoulder socket. It caused by any
conditions e.g the shallowness of the glenoid socket, the
extraordinary ROM, underlying conditions such as ligamentous laxity
or glenoid dysplasia, and the sheer vulnerability of the joint
during stressful activities of the upper limb.Nalyagam S.
Principles of Fractures. In: Solomon L. Apleys System of
Orthopaedics and Fractures. Ninth edition. UK: 2010. p
587HistoryShoulder dislocation is documented in Egyptian tomb
murals as early as 3000 BC, with depiction of a manipulation for
glenohumeral dislocation resembling the Kocher technique.
Hippocrates detailed the oldest known reduction method still in use
today and advocated treating chronic shoulder instability with
cauterization of the deep tissues of the anterior
shoulder.Historical techniques to reduce dislocated glenohumeral
joints have been shown to be safe when applied correctly. Kocher's
method as originally described in 1870 did not involve traction and
fell into disfavor when complications occurred with the application
of large forces. Most dislocations are anterior, but less
frequently, posterior, inferior (luxatio erecta), superior, and
intrathoracic dislocations are also possible
EpidemiologyThe shoulder is the most commonly dislocated major
joint of the body, accounting for up to 45% of dislocations. Most
shoulder dislocations are anterior; this occurs between eight and
nine times more frequently than posterior dislocation, the second
most common direction of dislocation.The incidence of glenohumeral
dislocation is 17 per 100.000 population per year.Incidens peaks
were found in the age-group 21 to 30 years among men andd in the
age-group 61 to 80 years among women.
Koval, Kenneth J.; Zuckerman, Joseph D.Handbook of Fractures,
4th Edition. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006.p. 172The
shoulder is the most commonly dislocated major joint of thebody,
accounting for up to 45% of dislocations.I Most shoulder
dislocations are anterior;this occurs between eightand nine times
more frequently than posterior dislocation, thesecond most common
direction of dislocation.r The incidence of glenohumeral
dislocation is 17 per 100,000 populationper year.I Incidence peaks
were found in the age-group 21 to 30 years amongmen and in the
age-group 61 to 80 years among women.r Recurrence rate in all ages
was 507o,bul rose to almost 89% in theL4 to 20 year
age-group..*l::t"r(luxatio erecta) and superior shoulder
dislocations are4Anatomy
Koval, Kenneth J.; Zuckerman, Joseph D.Handbook of Fractures,
4th Edition. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006.p.
172
