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Shipboard Energy Efficiency:Regulations, Standards & Opportunities
INTERTANKO LATIN AMERICA PANEL
Thomas Kirk, Director of Environmental ProgramsJ. C. Ferreira, VP South America
Rio de Janeiro31 October 2012
2
Outline
IMO regulations on energy efficiency and management
Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)
Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP)
ISO 50001:2011 Energy Management Systems (EnMS)
Requirements with guidance for use
Target areas for energy efficiency
3
CO2 Emissions from International Shipping
Source: Second IMO GHG Study 2009
4
IMO Strategy for CO2 Emission Mitigation
5
Potential CO2 Reduction Due to EEDI & SEEMP
Source: MEPC 63/INF.2; ref: MEPC 63/5/13
By 2020: reduction from BAU ~151mt or 13% –of which 76% is due to SEEMP and 24% EEDI
6
De Facto Framework for Energy Efficiency
EEDIMeasure energy efficiency in terms of CO2 emissions at full-load draft and 75% MCRBenchmark energy efficiency of new ships against that of the world fleet of 1999-2009Benchmark to improve in phases
SEEMPAll ships to implement energy efficiency measures in serviceContinuous improvement
7
Regulation 22Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP)1 Each ship shall keep on board a ship specific Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP). This may form part of the ship's Safety Management System (SMS).2 The SEEMP shall be developed taking into account guidelines adopted by the Organization.
Regulation 5Surveys4.1 An initial survey…shall verify…that the SEEMP required by regulation 22 is on board.4.4 For existing ships, the verification of the requirement to have a SEEMP on board…shall take place at the first intermediate or renewal survey whichever is the first.
Definition of “ship” – Art 2(4)A vessel of any type whatsoever operating in the marine environment and includes hydrofoil boats, air-cushioned vehicles, submersibles, floating craft and fixed or floating platforms
IMO Regulations on Energy Efficiency
Enter into force 1 January 2013New ships: EEDI and SEEMPExisting ships: SEEMP
SEEMP guidelines – Resolution MEPC 213 (63)
ImplementationDeveloped SEEMP in accordancewith guidelinesKeep a copy on boardSurvey – verify a copy is on board
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EEDI: The 99% Cases
fj = 1except for ice-class ships, or shuttle tankers
Main engine CO2 emission per unit time
Aux engine CO2 emission per unit time
PPTI = 0except where PTI is fitted
Peff = 0except where non-fuel propulsion assisting
system is fitted
DWT; 70% DWT for
containerships; GT for passengerships
Speed at Capacity and
75%MCR
fw = 1 unless optional
EEDIweather required
fc =1 except for chemical and LNG tankers
fi =1except for correction for
ice-class ships, CSR ships, voluntary
structural enhancement
PAEeff = 0except where fitted with
WHR system that generates power
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Reference EEDIs to be Reduced in Phases
Attained EEDI should not be more than referenced EEDI
Applicable only to 7 ship types at firstNot applicable to ships with diesel-electric, turbine or hybrid propulsion systems
Reference EEDIs to be reduced in phases
7 Ship TypesBulk carrierTankerGas tankerContainershipGeneral cargoRefrigerated cargoCombination carrier
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EEDI Impact on Designs
EEDI will drive optimization in ship design:
Reduce resistanceImprove propulsiveefficiencyRecover waste heatIncrease cargo carrying capacityReduce speedOther
Should understand the physics of energy losses
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Reduce Energy Losses
Typical distribution of energy losses for a tanker in BF6
Source: Second IMO GHG Study, 2009
52% Engine losses
32%Hull losses
16% Propeller losses
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wave-making
Air resistance
Hull resistance
Residual resistance
Weather & waves
Axial loss
Rotational loss
Frictional loss
Transmission loss
Exhaust
Heat
Loss % (Bunker burnt = 100% available energy)
12
Off-the-Shelf Solutions
Engine losses
Propeller losses
Hull losses
Waste heat recovery systemsOrganic Rankin Cycle
DuctsEnergy-saving devices for propellerContra-rotating propellersCLT, Kappel propellerPBCF
LSE coatingHull, bow, stern optimizationAir lubricationOther
13
Energy-saving Devices
How to select energy-saving device?
How effective are the devices (in calm water and seaway conditions)?
How to tailor the energy-saving device to fit a specific ship?For example, how to optimize propeller/hull/rudder/ES device interaction?
Enough structural strength of the devices, no excessive vibration
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Improving Designs
Hull form, bow and stern redesigned and optimized for a range of operational drafts and sea states
Improved propeller design methodology – considering propeller-rudder interactions and operating profile
Improved engine technologyElectronic controlVariable-nozzle turbochargersLonger strokeSpread fuel efficiency across wider operating load range
Twin-screw? Higher propulsive efficiency at expense of first cost
15
IMO Assessment of Energy Efficiency Measures
Reduce air/wind resistance Optimize superstructures
Reduce wave-making resistance by shape of stern
Optimize stern shape
Reduce friction resistanceLow friction coatingAir lubrication
Improve propeller efficiencyPre-swirl finsStern ductPost-swirl systemsSprit sternHybrid podsContra-rotating propeller
Waste heat recovery system
1 2 3
x
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x x
1 2 3
x
x x x
x
x x
x
x x x
x x x
14.5% 26.1% 37.7% 13.4% 17.1% 29.2%
300,000dwt Tanker 12,000teu Containership
Source: MEPC 60/4/36 – 16 Jan 2010
Impr
ovem
ent r
ate
of m
ain
engi
ne fu
el o
il co
nsum
ptio
n
16
OCIMF Assessment of Energy Efficiency Measures for VLCC
Summary CO2 emission improvement:
Resistance – 6%
Propulsion – 6.5%
Machinery – 7%
Operations – 5%
Source: MEPC 63/INF.7 – 25 Nov 2011
Use top-range low-friction coatingOptimize main dimensions and lines for life cycle cost
Improved propeller designs methodology including use of contracted loaded tip propellerPropeller pre-swirl device for sub‐optimal stern hull formImproved propulsion through best‐practice duct or vane wheel
Exhaust heat recovery using PTIImproved engine controlWind assistanceFrequency controlled pumps
Voyage optimization, including virtual arrivalOptimize maintenance of hull, propeller and machinery
(Not necessarily cumulative)
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Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan
Purpose of SEEMP is to provide a mechanism to improve efficiency in ship and unit operation
SEEMP may form part of a safety management system or environmental management system or may be certified under ISO 50001
Each SEEMP to be ship-unit-specific
SEEMP ideally linked to broader corporate energy management policy
Large number of ship operators operating more efficiently will make a difference
Limit onboard administrative burdens
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IMO Guidelines for SEEMP
Four-step continuous improvement process
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Implementing SEEMP
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SEEMP Development
SEEMP developmentEnergy auditing helps (if only just to unearth entrenched “habits”)Involve practitioners in development – “ownership” from outsetOwnership facilitates training and implementation
Incentive schemesThe success of the plan depends on willingness and enthusiasm of staff to implement it – and well
Training – ship and shore staffAbout the plan; and how it is to be managedOn new skills – as applicableOn implementationsExpectations and incentives
ImplementationGuidance should be provided by energy efficiency teamMonitoring and evaluation should be totally transparentAuditing should adopt constructive help-to-improve approach
21
Energy Performance Indicator (EnPI)
For cargo ships, IMO recommends (not mandatory) energy efficiency operational indicator (EEOI) – MEPC.1/Circ.684
CO2 emitted per ton-mile
Required parameters for EnPIThe base represents useful work doneCO2 emitted – based on fuel burnt for useful work done
For PSVsThe base is measure of cargo by weight alone appropriate?
For AHTSThe base – e.g. for anchor handling is the number and weight of anchor and water depth; for tow is the deadweight tons and distance, etc.
22
Action Plan
Prepare SEEMP (and CEEMP)Management policy and task responsibilitiesEnergy baselines and energy performance indicators; targets (if any)The energy-saving measures to be implemented; how and by whom; implementation period; etc.Methods of measurements, monitoring and recordkeepingThe improvement plansMethod of self-evaluation and improvement
Staff training and awareness – ship and shore
Implementation
Monitoring
Self-evaluation and improvement
23
Sample SEEMP Form
24
Where Should SEEMP Sit?
SEEMP can be a standalone document
It can be a part of the overall ship management system
ABS has incorporated EnMS certification into its existing HSQE certification
Now called HSQEEn
25
ISO 50001 & SEEMP
For most operators, MARPOL Annex VI in its entirety is a legal requirement as mentioned in ISO 50001
The Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) is an ideal vehicle for shipboard energy efficiency under ISO 50001
SEEMP is mandatory beginning in 2013
SEEMP under ISO 50001 is audited and will have to meet more stringent requirements
26
ISO 50001 & SEEMP
Areas where ISO 50001 will force SEEMP to be “above minimum”Documentation and documentation retention for audit purposeEnergy Efficiency audits on boardEEOI or equivalent becomes mandatoryGoals, targets becomes requirementsEach consumer and each measure (as identified in the ISO 50001 scopes and boundaries) shall be measuredRecords of review and corrective action to measures to be recorded
These aspects may should be considered when developing the SEEMP if the company has its eyes on ISO 50001 in the future
ISO 50001 and SEEMP fit together
27
ISO 50001 EnMSOrganization’s commitment to:• Continuous improvement in energy
performance• Resources to achieve objectives and targets• Comply with legal and in-house requirements• Framework for setting and reviewing energy
objectives and targets• Purchase of energy-efficient products and
services• Documenting and communicating within
organizations• Policy regularly review and update
Source: ISO 50001
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EnMS Documentation Requirements
Policy
Scope to be covered
Energy objectives, targets and action plans
Documented energy planning process including criteria for the energy review process
Energy purchasing specifications
Numerous requirements for records to demonstrate conformance with a requirement
29
ABS EnMS Model
The ABS Marine HSQE(En) GuideUpgraded to include new Energy requirementsA model integrated management system for Marine and Offshore application incorporating Safety, Health, Quality, Environment and Energy requirementsSingle integrated audits Class notation
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Existent Shipboard LAN
NS5 Server + On Board Module
NS5 Energy Module –Office
Master’s Dashboard
Corporate DashboardFleet Mgr’s
Dashboard
OWS
Tank levels
BridgeEmissions
Bridge Dashboard
Corporate Reports including “Extra-Financial” QSE Report
Compliance Reports• ISM• ISPS• ISO 14001
Electronically-generated Logs and Reports • Oil Record Log• Fuel switching• Ballast Log
NS5 Energy & Environmental Software
31
Typical Benefits of EnMS
Decreased energy consumption translates to savings in cost
Reduces exposure to rising energy cost
Aligns comfortably with MARPOL energy efficiency regulations
Helps prepare for carbon accounting
Reduces environmental footprint
Improves corporate image and public perception
Improves operational efficiencies
Supports sustainable growth
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