Shift Work - Wikipedia

7/31/2019 Shift Work - Wikipedia

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3/05/12 Shift work - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1/13en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_work#Firefighting_schedules

Shift work

Shift workis an employment practice designed to make use oforprovide service forrespectively the 24 hours of theclock per each day of the week (abbreviated as 24/7).

Cognitive effects of shift work

There are four major determinants of cognitive performance and alertness in healthy shift-workers. They are: circadianphase, acute sleep deprivation, chronic sleep deficit, and sleep inertia.[14]

The circadian phase is relatively fixed in humans; attempting to shift it so that an individual is alert during the circadianbathyphase is difficult. Sleep during the day is shorter and less consolidated than night-time sleep.[15]

Acute sleep deprivation occurs during long shifts with no breaks, as well as during night shifts when the worker sleeps inthe morning and is awake during the afternoon, prior to the work shift. A night shift worker with poor daytime sleep maybe awake for more than 18 hours by the end of his shift. The effects of acute sleep deprivation can be compared toimpairment due to alcohol intoxication, with 19 hours of wakefulness corresponding to a BAC of 0.05%, and 24 hours of

wakefulness corresponding to a BAC of 0.10%.[16] Much of the effect of acute sleep deprivation can be countered bynapping, with longer naps giving more benefit than shorter naps.[17] Some industries, specifically the Fire Service, havetraditionally allowed workers to sleep while on duty, between calls for service. In one study of EMS providers, 24 hour

shifts were not associated with a higher frequency of negative safety outcomes when compared to shorter shifts.[18]

Chronic sleep deficit occurs when a worker sleeps for fewer hours than is necessary over multiple days or weeks. The lossof two hours of nightly sleep for a week causes an impairment similar to those seen after 24 hours of wakefulness. Aftertwo weeks of such deficit, the lapses in performance are similar to those seen after 48 hours of continual wakefulness.[19]

The number of shifts worked in a month by EMS providers was positively correlated with the frequency of reported errorsand adverse events.[18] A study conducted by Defense Research & Development Canada found that "with respect tosustaining cognitive performance in the face of nocturnal alarms, clearly schedule 4 [24/72] is the best schedule and

schedule 5 [another schedule with 24 hour shifts] is the second best." The study also compared three schedules with dayand night shifts, and found the deleterious effects of multiple night shifts to be greater than those associated with longshifts.[20]

The effects of sleep inertia wear off after 2-4 hours of wakefulness,[14] such that most workers who wake up in themorning and go to work suffer some degree of sleep inertia at the beginning of their shift. The relative effects of sleepinertia vs. the other factors are hard to quantify; however, the benefits of napping appear to outweigh the cost associatedwith sleep inertia.

Shift work management practices

The practices and policies put in place by managers of round-the-clock or 24/7 operations can significantly influence shiftworker alertness (and hence safety) and performance.[citation needed]

Air traffic controllers typically work an 8-hour day, 5 days per week. Research has shown that when controllers remain "inposition" for more than two hours, even at low traffic levels, performance can deteriorate rapidly, so they are typicallyplaced "in position" for 30-minute intervals (with 30 minutes between intervals).

These practices and policies can be fairly obvious: selecting an appropriate shift schedule or rota and using an employeescheduling software to maintain it, setting the length of shifts, managing overtime, increasing lighting levels, or providing shiftworker lifestyle training to help shift workers better handle issues such as understanding basic circadian physiology, sleep

and napping, caffeine usage, social life issues, diet and nutrition, etc. They may also be more indirect: retirementcompensation based on salary in the last few years of employment (which can encourage excessive overtime among olderworkers who may be less able to obtain adequate sleep), or screening and hiring of new shift workers that assessesadaptability to a shift work schedule.


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A day may be divided into three shifts, each of 8 hours, and each employee works just one of those shifts; they might, forexample, be midnight to 08:00, 08:00 to 16:00, 16:00 to midnight. Generally, "first shift" refers to the day shift, with"second shift" running from late afternoon to midnight or so, and "third shift" being the night shift. On occasion, morecomplex schedules are used, sometimes involving employees changing shifts, in order to operate during weekends as well,in which case there will be four or more sets of employees.

12-hour work shifts are also in use. In a modern steelworks, four sets of personnel are used, working consecutive days inone 12-hour shift (06:00 18:00 and vice-versa). Shift A will work days, and shift B nights, over a 48-hour period, before

handing over to shifts C and D and taking 48 hours off. In the offshore petroleum industry, employees may work 14consecutive days or nights, 06:00 18:00 or 18:00 06:00, followed by three or four weeks free. Thesvingskift(literally: "swing shift") in the offshore petroleum industry in Norway refers to a two-week tour during which employeeswork 12-hour days the first seven days and 12-hour nights the second (or vice versa).

Shift work was once characteristic primarily of the manufacturing industry, where it has a clear effect of increasing the usethat can be made of capital equipment and allows for up to three times the production compared to just a day shift. Itcontrasts with the use of overtime to increase production at the margin. Both approaches incur higher wage costs.Although 2nd-shift worker efficiency levels are typically 35% below 1st shift, and 3rd shift 46% below 2nd shift, theproductivity level, i.e. cost per employee, is often 25% to 40% lower on 2nd and 3rd shifts due to fixed costs which are"paid" by the first shift.[21]

Service industries now increasingly operate on some shift system; for example a restaurant or convenience store willnormally each day be open for much longer than a working day. Shift work is also the norm in governmental and privateemployment in fields related to public safety and healthcare, such as Emergency Medical Services, police, fire prevention,security and hospitals. Companies working in the field of meteorology, such as the National Weather Service and privateforecasting companies, also utilize shift work, as constant monitoring of the weather is necessary.

Much of the Internet services and Telecommunication industry relies on shift work to maintain worldwide operations anduptime.

Shift patterns

Panama Schedule

The Panama schedule follows a 3-2-2-3 pattern in which shift workers generally are allowed every other Friday, Saturday,and Sunday off, with two additional days off during the week, although this may differ depending on organization andindustry. The most common form utilizes four shifts, each working twelve hours, with two shifts generally paired together(Alpha working days and Bravo working nights while Charlie and Delta are off, and vice versa). It is not uncommon forshifts to rotate between days and nights, most often with six months spent on nights and six on days. This shift is sometimesknown as 2-2-3, or "two, two, and three".

Time Sun Mon Tues Wed Thur Fri Sat Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat06:00 to 18:00 Off On On Off Off On On On Off Off On On Off Off

6 on 6 off

Consists of 3 days and 3 nights.Then 6 days off. These will alternate between other crews A.K.A teams for a full 24/7operation.

Three-shift system

The "three-shift system" is the most common pattern, with "first" from 06:00 to 14:00, "second" from 14:00 to 22:00, and a"third" (or "night") shift from 22:00 to 06:00 This is generally worked over a five-day week; to provide coverage 24/7,employees have their days off ("weekends") on different days.

To provide an overlap in shifts, some employers may require one of the shifts to work four 10 hour shifts per week (as


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opposed to five 8 hour shifts, both are 40 hours per week). In that scenario, the night shift might extend from 21:00 to07:00, but the night-shift would have nearly four days off (86 hours) between work weeks. This change, along with firstshift moving a half hour later, or second moving a half hour earlier, ensures at least a half hour overlap between shifts,which might be desirable if the business is open to the public to ensure that customers continue to be served during a shift

change.[22]

Some states, such as California, accommodate this arrangement by allowing the employee to be paid at their regular rate(as opposed to time-and-a-half, or an overtime rate, that would normally be required for any time past 8 hours) for the 10

hour shift, calling this an "Alternative workweek." [22]

All of the shifts have desirable and less desirable qualities. First shift has very early starts, so time in the evening before isheavily cut short. The second shift (or "swing shift") occupies the times during which many people finish work and socialize.The third shift creates a situation in which the employee must sleep during the day.

Generally, employees stay with the same shift for a period of time, as opposed to cycling through them; this is seen ashealthier.

Three-shift example:

Time Sat Sun Mon Tues Wed Thur Fri

06:0014:00 Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Off Off



Four on, four off

Four on, four offis a shift pattern that is being heavily adopted in the United Kingdom and in some parts of the UnitedStates. An employee works for four days, usually in 12-hour shifts (7:00 to 7:00) then has four days off. While this creates

a "48-hour week"(42-hour average over the year) with long shifts, it may be preferred because it shrinks the work weekdown to four days, and then gives the employee four days restdouble the time of a usual weekend. Due to the pattern,employees effectively work an eight-day week, and the days they work vary by "week". As with three-shift system, mostemployees stay with the same shift rather than cycling through them.

Four on, four off example:

Time 7:00-7:00 Sat Sun Mon Tues Wed Thur Fri Sat

07:0019:00 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Off Off Off Off

Navy Three-shift underway system

The US Navy uses a three shift system that relies on an 18 hour day instead of a 24 hour day. The 24 hour period isbroken up into 4 shifts. 00-06, 06-12, 12-18, and 18-00. A sailor will stand watch on his shift. During his offgoing shift hewill have time to perform maintenance, work on qualifications and handle all his collateral duties. During the oncoming timethe sailor has time to sleep, relax, and do whatever personal things he needs to do like laundry. This does not apply to theattached air wing, which will work a 12 on 12 off schedule 7 days a week.

Navy Three-shift example: Shift 1


00:0006:00 Shift 1 Offgoing Oncoming Shift 1 Offgoing Oncoming Shift 1

06:0012:00 Offgoing Oncoming Shift 1 Offgoing Oncoming Shift 1 Offgoing

12:0018:00 Oncoming Shift 1 Offgoing Oncoming Shift 1 Offgoing Oncoming


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12:0018:00 Shift 3 Offgoing Oncoming Shift 3 Offgoing Oncoming 'Shift 318:0000:00 Offgoing oncoming Shift 3 Offgoing Oncoming Shift 3 Offgoing

Four on, three off

Main article: Four-day week

Each employee works four days and gets a three-day weekend. For some types of manufacturing, this is a win-winarrangement. For example, Kyanize Paint Company had been making 3 batches of paint per day, Monday through Friday(3 5 = 15). They changed to making 4 batches of paint, Monday through Thursday (4 4 = 16). Total worker hours

remained the same, but profits increased. In exchange for two additional hours of work per day, over 4 days, workers gotan additional day off every week (see also the book, 4 Days, 40 Hours).

Four on, two off

Infour on, two offthe employee only gets two days off. In a seven-day period, this adds up to 60 hours worked (onaverage, based on 12-hour shifts). Four on, two off is mainly adopted by industries in which employees do not engage inmuch physical activity.

Four on, two off example:


07:00 to 19:00 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Off Off Day 5

Four on, one off

Infour on, one offthe employee only gets one day off. In a seven-day period, this adds up to 48 hours worked (onaverage, based on 8-hour shifts). Four on, one off is mainly adopted by industries in which companies prefers to work forall days of the week with four shifts and where laws do not let employees work for 12 hours a day for several days.

Four on, one off example:


07:0015:00 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Off Day 5 Day 6


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Two days, two nights, four off

A variation is the two days, two nights, four offpattern of working. In this shift schedule, employees work 12-hour shiftsfrom 06:00 to 18:00 on day shifts and from 18:00 to 06:00 on nights. This pattern is currently in use by HM Coastguard inthe UK, and employs four separate teams to maintain 24/7 coverage.

Two days, two nights, four off example:

Time Sat Sun Mon Tues Wed Thur Fri Sat

06:0018:00 Day 1 Day 2 Off Off Off Off Off Off

18:0006:00 Off Off Day 3 Day 4 Off Off Off Off

5/4/9s

"5/4/9s" (or "Five/Four Nines", or "9/80") is another variation. Employees work in 2 week cycles. Week 1 the employeeworks 4 days of 9 hours followed by 1 day of 8 hours with 2 days off (week 1: 44 hours). Week 2 the employee works 4days of 9 hours with 3 days off (week 2: 36 hours). This pattern works to 80-hours in a 2 week pay-period (comparable

to working 8 hours a day for 5 days a week). The benefit to working an extra hour a day gives you a "normal" 2 dayweekend followed by a long 3 day weekend the next. Typical working hours for this type of shift would be 06:00 to 15:30(9 hours with 30 minutes lunch) and 06:00 to 14:30 (8 hours with 30 minutes lunch) on the 8-hour work day. Often theemployer will alter the starting times (e.g., start at 07:00 or 08:00). Also referred to as "9/80" as employees have nine daysto work 80 hours.

5/4/9s shift example:

Week Mon Tues Wed Thur Fri Sat Sun

Week 1 9 hrs 9 hrs 9 hrs 9 hrs 8 hrs Off Off

Week 2 9 hrs 9 hrs 9 hrs 9 hrs Off Off Off

12/24/12/48

12/24/12/48 (or12/24) is another variation. Employees work in shifts of 12 hours; first a daily shift (e.g., 07:00 to 19:00),followed by 24 hours rest, then a nightly shift (19:00 to 07:00), finishing with 48 hours rest. This pattern needs four teamsfor full coverage, and makes an average 42-hour workweek.

12/24/12/48 shift example:


06:0018:00 Day 1 Off Off Off Day 3 Off Off

18:00 to 06:00 Off Day 2 Off Off Off Day 4 Off

Continental shift

Continental shift, adopted primarily in central Europe, is a rapidly changing three-shift system that is usually worked forseven days straight, after which employees are given time off. For example, three mornings, two afternoons, and then twonights.

Continental shift example:


06:0014:00 Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Off Off Off Off


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14:00 to 22:00 Off Off Off Shift 1 Shift 1 Off Off

22:0006:00 Off Off Off Off Off Shift 1 Shift 1

Split shift

Split shiftis used primarily in the catering, transport, hotel, and hospitality industry. Waiters and chefs work for four hoursin the morning (to serve lunch), then four hours in the evening (to serve an evening meal). The average working day of a

chef on split shifts could be 10:00 to 14:00 and then 17:00 to 21:00

Split shift example:


10:0014:00 On On On On On Off Off

14:0017:00 Off Off Off Off Off Off Off

17:0021:00 On On On On On Off Off

Earlies and lates

Earlies and lates is used primarily in industries such as customer service (help desk/phone-support), convenience stores,child care (day nurseries), and other businesses that require coverage greater than the average 9:00 to 5:00 working day inthe UK. Employees work in two shifts that largely overlap, such as early shiftfrom 08:00 to 16:00 and late shiftfrom10:00 to 18:00

Earlies and lates shift example:




7-day fortnight shift

In the 7-day fortnight shiftpattern, employees work their allotted hours within 7 days rather than 10. Therefore, 41 hoursper week equate to 82 hours per fortnight (fourteen days and nights), which is worked in seven days, at 1112 hours pershift. This shift structure is used in the broadcast television industry, as well as many law enforcement agencies, as well ashealth care fields such as nursing and clinical laboratories in the US.

7-day fortnight shift example:

Week 1

Time Wed Thur Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue

Days08:00 to 20:00

Shift 'A'

Day 1

Shift 'A'

Day 2

Shift 'C'

Day 1

Shift 'C'

Day 2

Shift 'C'

Day 3

Shift 'A'

Day 3

Shift 'A'

Day 4

Nights20:00 to 08:00

Shift 'B'

Night 1

Shift 'B'

Night 2

Shift 'D'

Night 1

Shift 'D'

Night 2

Shift 'D'

Night 3

Shift 'B'

Night 3

Shift 'B'

Night 4

Week 2

Time Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue

Days08:00 to 20:00

Shift 'C'

Day 4

Shift 'C'

Day 5

Shift 'A'

Day 5

Shift 'A'

Day 6

Shift 'A'

Day 7

Shift 'C'

Day 6

Shift 'C'

Day 7

Nights Shift 'D' Shift 'D' Shift 'B' Shift 'B' Shift 'B' Shift 'D' Shift 'D'


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20:00 to 08:00 Night 4 Night 5 Night 5 Night 6 Night 7 Night 6 Night 7

One of the advantages of using this pattern is each shift pair, for example A and B, will get time off on weekendsalternatively, because the schedule is fixed and does not drift.

DuPont 12-Hour rotating shift

TheDuPont 12-Hour rotating shiftprovides 24/7 coverage using 4 crews and 12-hour shifts while providing a week off.

Average hours is 42 per week but contains a 72-hour week which can be challenging. It is used in several manufacturingindustries in the US. Companies that have gone to this schedule have noticed a decrease in accidents plus more rest foremployees, less call ins, and more coverage when crews are short handed. In all the schedule is designed to improvesafety. A particular advantage of this pattern is that it can readily be slewed to fit business requirements. For example if lesscoverage is required on a Sunday, stand-alone shifts are avoided by scheduling the fourth night and first day of four on thatday. This also has the additional benefit of the quick turnaround day between three shift days and nights also falling on aSunday.

DuPont 12-Hour rotating shift example:

Week Fri Sat Sun Mon Tues Weds Thurs

1 Nights Nights Nights Nights Off Off Off

2 Days Days Days Off Nights Nights Nights

3 Off Off Off Days Days Days Days

4 Off Off Off Off Off Off Off

Five and two

Thefive and two provides 24/7 coverage using 4 crews and 12-hour shifts over a fortnight. Average hours is 42 per

week but contains a 60-hour week which can be challenging.Five and two shift example:

Week Fri Sat Sun Mon Tues Weds Thurs Fri Sat Sun Mon Tues Weds Thurs

1 Nights Nights Nights Off Off Nights Nights Off Off Off Days Days Off Off

2 Days Days Days Off Off Days Days Off Off Off Nights Nights Off Off

3 Off Off Off Swing Swing Off Off Swing Swing Swing Off Off Swing Swing

4 Off Off Off Days Days Off Off Days Days Days Off Off Days Days

Seven-day eight-hour rotating shift

Theseven-day eight-hour rotating shiftprovided 24/7 coverage using 8-hour shifts with 14 crews. Consisted of amorning shift from 07:00 to 15:00, a swing shift from 15:00 to 22:30 and a night shift from 22:30 to 07:30 Each shift wasworked for five days straight. The 8-hour shifts allowed vacations and absences to be covered by splitting shifts orworking double shifts. The run of day shifts was 56 hours but the 8-hour shift provided time for some socializing afterwork. Was once common in the pulp and paper industry in the Western United States but has been largely replaced by a 8days, 8 swing, 5 nights, 9 off, 8-hour rotation.

Seven-day eight-hour rotating shift example:

Week Sun Mon Tues Weds Thurs Fri Sat

1 Day Day Day Day Day Off Off

2 Swing Off Off Swing Swing Swing Swing


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Week 3 C A B C A B C

California roll shift schedule

Another option is known as a California roll, where some shifts will be close together but allow for several days off. Thisoption gives a 96 hour break every 9th day, which is contiguous to the conventional weekend on two of nine weekends,with a third weekend providing a break that starts on Saturday morning. There is an opportunity to accumulate sleep debtover the three days of work, however this debt should be completely cleared over the four day break. The nine-day rota

that is repeated to fill the calendar is this:


Week 1 07:00 to 07:00 A B A C A C B

Week 2 07:00 to 07:00 C B

where a firefighter will work 24 hours on, 24 off, 24 on, 24 off, 24 on, 96 hours (4 days) off.

Modified Cali fornia Roll

This rotation reduces the chronic sleep deficit accrued over the first two work days at the expense of a shorter long break.This schedule's long break coincides with a standard weekend exactly once every nine weeks. The four day break couldbe retained by working a fourth day in the rotation - XOXOOXOXOOOO.


Week 1 07:00 to 07:00 A B A B C A C

Week 2 07:00 to 07:00 A B C B C

where a firefighter will work one day, off one, work one, off two, work one, off four days.

48/96

A number of departments have investigated further work consolidation by allowing for a 48 hour work shift. Carefuldemand management would be required to avoid acute sleep deficit, however, firefighters should return to work fully

recovered from the previous shift. XXOOOOXXOOOO.[23]

3-3-3

Kenneth B. Ellerbe chief of the District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department has proposed aschedule where firefighters work three day shifts, followed by three night shifts, followed by three days off.[24] It is likelythat such a schedule would impact all four alertness factors associated with shift work, and result in a threat to publicsafety. It would result in exactly one break coinciding with the standard weekend every nine weeks.DDDNNNOOODDDNNNOOO

Four-platoon shift schedules

24/72

The most basic four-platoon schedule is a straight rotation of 24-hour work shifts between four work work groups orplatoons. This schedule works 48 hours per week for three weeks and 24 hours the fourth week, averaging 42 hours perweek.


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Week Mon Tues Wed Thur Fri Sat Sun

Week 1 A B C D A B C

Week 2 D A B C D A B

Week 3 C D A B C D A

Week 4 B C D A B C D

24/48/24/96

Another variation of the 24-hr shift schedule is a 4-platoon system, averaging 42 hours/week. Thus, the schedule is 24 on,48 off, 24 on, 96 off, on a 4-day rotation.

Week Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

Week 1 A D B A C B D

Week 2 C A D B A C B

Week 3 D C A D B A C

Week 4 B D C A D B A

Week 5 C B D C A D B

Week 6 A C B D C A D

Week 7 B A C B D C A

Although the performance benefits of shorter shifts may not outweigh the performance costs of consecutive nights of work,some departments with four platoon groups work shorter shifts. Most such departments work a 10 hour day and a 14hour night tour.[20] This enables the firefighter to get relieved from work in the afternoon, commute home, spend time withfamily, and get a good night's sleep before returning to work in the morning. Schedules that only allow 12 hours, or less,

between work shifts do not allow enough time to incorporate a healthy night of sleep, and therefore begin to accumulatesleep deficit even when the employee is working days.

2-2-4

On this schedule, firefighters work two 10 hour days, two 14 hour nights, and then have four days off. In the CanadianFirefighter study, consecutive nights were shown to be more deleterious to performance than a single, long shift. After twoconsecutive nights, performance effectiveness was reduced to 75%, vs. 78% on a 24 hour shift. If the schedule inducessleep deficit during the day shift, this performance would be worse. This schedule's long break aligns with the conventionalweekend for exactly two weeks out of eight. The rota is: DDNNOOOO.

2-2-3

This schedule is also known as the Panama Schedule above, however, when firefighters work it, the shifts rotate from daysto night between every break. Since the firefighters have a two day break before any nights worked, they do not start theseries of nights with an employment-related sleep deficit. They do work three nights in a row, which would result in chronicsleep deficit if alarms are received on each night, however, the third night is always a Sunday night, which is often less busythan other nights of the week. This schedule allows for a long break every other weekend. The rota is DDOONNNOODDOOO NNOODDD OONNOOO

Graveyard shift

Graveyard shift, night shift or third shift (3rd shift) means a shift of work running through the early hours of the morning,especially shifts from midnight until 08:00 or from 23:00 until 07:00. There is no certainty as to the origin of this phrase;according to Michael Quinion it is little more than "an evocative term for the night shift when your skin is clammy,there's sand behind your eyeballs, and the world is creepily silent, like the graveyard."[25]


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In 2007, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that working the graveyard shift would be listed as a

"probable" cause of cancer.[26][27][28]

On-call

Employees who work on an on-call basis have no regular schedule. They agree as a condition of employment to report towork when they are called, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This is particularly common in American railroad employment,especially for train crews.

Industries

Industries requiring 24/7 cover are those that employ workers on a shift basis, for example:

CasinoCustomer service including call centersDeath care (medical examiner or coroner)Emergency response systems

Firefighting

Paramedic servicesPolice

FuneralBoeing Flight TestHealth careLogisticsHospitalityManufacturingMilitaryRetail

TelecommunicationsTelevisionRadio broadcasting

TransportationRailroads

SecurityPublic utilities

Nuclear powerFossil fuelSolar, wind, and hydro power

See also

Circadian rhythm sleep disordersEight-hour dayFatigue Avoidance Scheduling ToolHospitalSchedule (workplace)SleepSplit shift

Timebar scheduling

References

1. ^ Sloan Work and Family Research, Boston College. "Shift work, Definition(s) of"


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(http://wfnetwork.bc.edu/glossary_template.php?term=Shift%20work,%20Definition(s)%20of) .http://wfnetwork.bc.edu/glossary_template.php?term=Shift%20work,%20Definition(s)%20of. Retrieved 2007-12-01.

2. ^ Institute for Work & Health, Ontario, Canada. "Fact Sheet, Shiftwork"(http://www.iwh.on.ca/archive/factsheet_shiftwork_2003.pdf) (PDF).http://www.iwh.on.ca/archive/factsheet_shiftwork_2003.pdf. Retrieved 2012-01-10. "...outside regular daytime hours(i.e., between approximately 0700 and 1800 Monday through Friday)."

3. ^ Fido A, Ghali A. "Detrimental effects of variable work shifts on quality of sleep, general health and work performance"(http://www.websciences.org/cftemplate/NAPS/archives/indiv.cfm?ID=20083138) (Abstract).Med Princ Pract2008;17(6):453-7. http://www.websciences.org/cftemplate/NAPS/archives/indiv.cfm?ID=20083138.

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5. ^ Schernhammer E, Schulmeister K. Melatonin and cancer risk: does light at night compromise physiologic cancerprotection by lowering serum melatonin levels? Br J Cancer 2004;90:941943.

6. ^ Hansen J. Increased breast cancer risk among women who work predominantly at night. Epidemiology 2001; 12:7477.7. ^ Hansen J. Light at night, shiftwork, and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:15131515.8. ^ Schernhammer E, Laden F, Speizer FE et al. Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the

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11. ^ Erin Allday, Chronicle Staff Writer (24 March 2008). "Keeping the 'grave' out of 'graveyard shift' "(http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/03/23/MNGPVK33E.DTL) . San Francisco Chronicle.http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/03/23/MNGPVK33E.DTL. Retrieved 2009-11-19.

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Prehospital Emergency Care (16): 8697. 2012.19. ^ "The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep

physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation.". Sleep (26): 117126. 2003.

20. ^ abc (in English, French) (Technical Report) Consideration of 5 Canadian Forces Firefighter Shift Schedules. Toronto:Defense R&D Canada. October 2005.

21. ^ Alan Blinder and William Baumol 1993, Economics: Principles and Policy, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego,p. 687.

22. ^ ab "ORDER NO. 4-2001 REGULATING WAGES, HOURS AND WORKING CONDITIONS IN THEPROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL, CLERICAL, MECHANICAL AND SIMILAR OCCUPATIONS"

(http://www.dir.ca.gov/IWC/IWCArticle4.pdf) . INDUSTRIAL WELFARE COMMISSIO.http://www.dir.ca.gov/IWC/IWCArticle4.pdf. Retrieved 15 February 2012.

23. ^ "Departments on 48-96" (http://www.48-96.com/48-96/Departments_on_48-96.html) . 48-96.com. http://www.48-96.com/48-96/Departments_on_48-96.html. Retrieved 13 February 2012.

24. ^ Smith, Ed (2011-12-30). "A shift toward sleep deprived firefighters" (http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-shift-toward-sleep-deprived-firefighters/2011/12/28/gIQALEn7QP_story.html) . Washington Post.


13/13


http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-shift-toward-sleep-deprived-firefighters/2011/12/28/gIQALEn7QP_story.html. Retrieved 13 February 2012.

25. ^ "Saved by the Bell" (http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-sav1.htm) , Worldwidewords.org, March 27, 200026. ^ [1] (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22026660/) An estimated twenty percent of the American labour force works the

night shift.27. ^ Overnight shift to be classified as 'probable' cancer cause"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20071201011408/http://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/11/29/night.shift.cancer.ap/index.html), CNN, November 29, 2007

28. ^ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS147020450770373X/fulltext

Further reading

Knutsson, A., kerstedt, T., Jonsson, B.G. & Orth-Gomer, K. (1986) 'Increased risk of ischaemic heart disease inshift workers'.Lancet, 2(8498), 8992.Burr, Douglas Scott (2009) 'The Schedule Book', 'ISBN 978-1-4392-2674-2'.Miller, James C. (2006) 'Fundamentals of Shiftwork Scheduling', http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA446688

External links

Three-hour night shift system (http://www.sailingthedream.com/Davey-sleeping.html#watchSystem) , For a crew ofthree on a small boat at sea

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Documents

Shift Work - Wikipedia