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8/12/2019 Shem Final
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Multilateral Environmental
Agreements
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MEAs are international legal instrumentsthat
Have a goal of sustainable development.
Take measures to remedy, mitigate or deal with
global or regional environmental concerns.
MEA
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ATMOSPHERESEAS
CHEMICALS & HAZARDOUS
WASTELAND
MAIN CLUSTERSScope of MEAs: 5 topics
ACME- Session 3 - Multilateral Environmental Agreements- 6 / 17
BIODIVERSITY
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Kyoto Protocol
A MEA with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Developed countries are assigned limits on emissions relative
to 1990 levels. Targets vary by nation. First commitment
period is 2008-2012.
The Protocol has Flexibility Mechanisms for meeting
targets: emissions trading and Clean Development
Mechanisms (CDM).
The Protocol sets goals for individual countries in order to
achieve a combined international emissions reduction of at
least 5% below 1990 levels.
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Essential Points of Understanding
The United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is aninternational treaty drafted to deal with climate change. The KyotoProtocol is a legally binding addition to the UNFCCC.
Signatories to the Protocol (84 countries) agree to the ideas and goals.Countries who have ratified are bound by its requirements.
Signatories are categorized into three groups based on their responsibilities:
- Annex I: Industrialized countries that have agreed to reduceemissions.
- Annex II: Developed countries who have to pay for the costs of
the emissions reducing technologies of Developing countries.
- Non-annex: Developing countries who are not restricted by the
Protocol. Although the Protocol is binding, there are no penalties if Annex I countries
do not comply.
China and India, non-annex countries not bound by the Protocol, are someof the worlds top emitters.
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Total CO2 Emissions in 2001
ISCIENCES LLC
The Top Ten Carbon Emitters of 2001
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The Stages of the Kyoto Protocol
More attention
being paid to the
environment.
Several
multilateral
environmental
agreements are
implemented,beginning with the
Ramsar
Convention.
The Protocol
enters into force,
but problems
occur as
countries reveal
they cannot meet
requirements.
Discussions beginon a post-2012
framework despite
some opposition.
Meetings
concerning the
future of the
Protocol and
alternatives will take
place. Also,
rising temperature
threats that scientistshave
already predicted
may occur.
1970s-1980s 1990s-2005 2005-2008 2008-2050
The UNFCCC is
drafted. There is
an increase in
environmental
initiatives and the
Kyoto Protocol is
formulated. The
Protocol entersinto force in 2005.
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Basel Convention
Basel Convention on the Control of TransboundaryMovements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal.
Adopted in 1989 in response to concerns about developed
country companies dumping hazardous wastes in developingcountries.
Entered into force on 5 May 1992.
To date it has 172 Parties.
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Objective of Basel Convention
Reduce transboundary movement of hazardous wastes to a
minimum consistent with their environmentally sound
management.
Dispose off hazardous wastes as close as possible to their
source of generation.
Minimize generation of hazardous wastes in terms of quantity
and degree of hazard.
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Key provisions :
Transboundary movement only among parties.
Export is prohibited if:
The state of import has an import ban, OR
The state of import has not given its consent to the import.
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Framework for lifecycle management
Basel Convention
It can assist in managing disposal of unwanted stockpiles .
The technical working group is developing guidelines on
management of POPs wastes.
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Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete
the Ozone Layer
Designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of
numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.
It is believed that if the international agreement is adhered to, the ozone
layer is expected to recover by 2050.
Kofi Annan quoted as saying that "perhaps the single most successfulinternational agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol.
The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987, and entered
into force on January 1, 1989, followed by a first meeting in Helsinki, May
1989.
It has undergone seven revisions, in 1990 (London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992(Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), and 1999
(Beijing).
The year 2012 marks the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Montreal
Protocol.
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Why is it important to protect the ozone layer?
The ozone layer filters out excessive ultra-violet radiation
from the sun and protects all life on earth from adverse effects.
For people, overexposure to UV rays can lead to skin cancer,
cataracts, and weakened immune systems. Increased UV can also lead to reduced crop yield and
disruptions in the marine food chain and therefore, saving the
ozone layer means saving lives, health and environment.
UV also damages materials such as paints on vehicles andplastics.
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Effects
The atmospheric concentrations
of the most important
chlorofluorocarbons and related
chlorinated hydrocarbons haveeither leveled off or decreased.
Rate of increase of Halon
Concentrations have slowed
down and their abundances are
expected to begin to decline by
about 2020.
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Stockholm Convention
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants :
Adopted in 2001 in response to an urgent need for global
action on POPs (chemicals that are persistent,bioaccumulate in fatty tissues and biomagnify through the
food chain)
Entered into force on 17 May 2004.
To date it has 170 Parties.
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Objective of the Stockholm Convention:
To protect human health and the environment from theharmful impacts of persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
How?
Eliminate production and use of intentionally produced POPs.
Minimize and eliminate releases of unintentionally producedPOPs.
Clean-up old stockpiles and equipment containing POPs.
Support the transition to safer alternatives. Target additional POPs for action.
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Key provisions :
Elimination of production/use of Annex A chemicals.
Restriction of production/use Annex B chemicals.
Reduction/elimination of release of Annex C chemicals.
Identification/management of obsolete stocks, wastes with
POPs.
Selection of new POPs.
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Scope and coverage
Basel covers hazardous wastes that are explosive, flammable,poisonous, infectious, corrosive, toxic or ecotoxic.
Stockholm covers 14 pesticides, and 7 industrial chemicalsand by-products.
Common link:
Most POPs are covered by both the Conventions.
Many pesticides are subject to the two conventions.
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Convention on Biological Diversity
HISTORY:
CBD is an international agreement adopted at the EarthSummit, in Rio de Janeiro, in 1992.
The CBD was negotiated under the guidance of the United
Nations.
Signed by more than 150 government leaders at the Rio
Earth Summit.
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OBJECTIVES:
To conserve biological diversity.
To use its components in a sustainable way.
To share fairly and equitably the benefits arising from the
use of genetic resources.
ACHIEVEMENTS:
The Convention is now one of the most widely ratified
international treaties on environmental issues, with 188
member countries.
to generate an enormous amount of interest in biodiversity,
both in developed and developing countries.
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Some of the many issues dealt with under the
convention include: Measures and incentives for the conservation and sustainable
use of biological diversity.
Regulated access to genetic resources and traditional
knowledge, including Prior Informed Consent of the partyproviding resources.
Sharing, in a fair and equitable way, the results of research and
development and the benefits arising from the commercial and
other utilization of genetic resources with the Contracting Party
providing such resources (governments and/or local
communities that provided the traditional knowledge or
biodiversity resources utilized).
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Access to and transfer of technology, including biotechnology, tothe governments and/or local communities that provided
traditional knowledge and/or biodiversity resources.
Technical and scientific cooperation.
Impact assessment.
Education and public awareness.
Provision of financial resources. National reporting on efforts to implement treaty commitments.
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THANK YOUTaru Agarwal (401)
Bahula Bajpai (403)
Jyoti Banthia (404)
Tanmay Bhagat (405)
Apurva Bhatnagar (406)