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SheepNutritionforProfit
RustyBurgett,NSIPProgramDirector
SheepNutrition
• Raisesheepfor:– Meat– Wool– Milk
• Convertplantbasednutrientsintothesethreeproducts(asheepiswhatiteats!!)
Whyisnutritionimportant?
• LargestexpenseonmostU.S.sheepfarms• Buildingblocksfor:
– Bodytissues• Bone• Muscle• Fat• Organs
– Offspring/Fetus– Milk
CategoriesofNutrients
• Water• Carbohydrates• Protein
• Lipids• Vitamins• Minerals
CategoriesofNutrients
• Water-mostimportantnutrient• Sheepshouldhaveaccesstoclean,freshwateratalltimes
Whatarenutrientrequirements?
• AmountofcertainnutrientsrequiredtoMAINTAINthebodytissuesandfunction
• AmountofnutrientsrequiredtofulfillPRODUCTIONdemands– Growthoftissues– Growthofwool– Growingfetus– Lactation
Maintenance
Production
Howdowemeettheserequirements?
SheepareVersatile!!!
RumenFermentation
Sheepcanconvertproductsthatareinedibletohumansintomeat,milkandfiber!!!
MicrobialFermentation
• Animalcannotactuallydigestmostplantbasednutrients– Microbesdigest2/3ofallfeedand90%ofdietaryfiber
• SymbioticRelationshipbetweentheanimalandrumenmicrobes– Bacteria-50%ofmicrobes– Protozoa-45-49%ofmicrobes– Fungiandyeasts
NutrientRequirements
• Weareactuallyfeedingtherumenmicrobesandnotthesheep
• Nutrientleveloffeedsaremoreimportantthanthefeedsource!
• Wehavetoknowwhat’sinthefeedswearefeeding!
COOPERATIVE EXTENSIONUniversity of Wisconsin-Extension
University of Wisconsin-MadisonSoils Department, Madison, WI
UW Soil & Forage Analysis Laboratory2611 Yellowstone DrMarshfield, WI 54449Phone 715-387-2523 Fax 715-387-1723
Account: 557599Date received: 1/15/2014Date processed: 1/16/2014
Spooner Ag Research Station - Phil HolmanW6646 Hwy 70Spooner, WI 54801
Results also available on-line at http://uwlab.soils.wisc.edu/reportslab number: 1046 access code: crn5
Legume/Grass Silage Report - StandardReport Number: 1046 Lab Number: 63 Sample Description: SARS 1-13-14Material: Legume or Grass SilageHarvest date: 8/1/2013 Storage type: Silo Cutting: 3rd
Item Abbreviation Unit Result Method 1
Dry Matter DM % as fed 40.41 WCMoisture % as fed 59.59 C
Protein FractionsCrude Protein CP % DM 23.44 NIRSoluble Crude Protein SCP % CP 63.27 NIRRumen-Undegraded Protein RUP % CP 18.68 NIRRumen-Degraded Protein RDP % CP 81.32 CAcid Detergent Fiber Crude Protein ADF-CP % DM 0.31 NIRNeutral Detergent Fiber Crude Protein NDF-CP % DM 1.61 NIRHeat Damaged Protein-Estimated % DM 0.31 CAdjusted Crude Protein % DM 23.44 C
Fiber FractionsAcid Detergent Fiber ADF % DM 32.83 NIRNeutral Detergent Fiber aNDF % DM 37.76 NIRLignin, Acid Detergent ADL % DM 6.84 NIRLignin, Acid Detergent ADL % aNDF 18.11 CNeutral Detergent Fiber Digestibility, 48 h NDFD % aNDF 46.34 NIR
Carbohydrates and FatsNon Fiber Carbohydrate NFC % DM 28.45 CFat % DM 2.31 NIRpH NA
Energy Calculations: 2001 NRCTotal Digestible Nutrients, 1X TDN % DM 62.29 CNet Energy, Lactation, 3X Nel Mcals/lb 0.64 CNet Energy, Maintenance NEm Mcals/lb 0.66 CNet Energy, Gain NEg Mcals/lb 0.39 CMetabolizable Energy ME Mcals/lb 1.05 CRelative Forage Quality RFQ 162.82 CMilk/Ton lbs 2,772 C
Macro Minerals Micro MineralsPhosphorus P 0.37 % DM NIR Iron Fe ppm NRCalcium Ca 1.39 % DM NIR Manganese Mn ppm NRPotassium K 3.07 % DM NIR Zinc Zn ppm NRMagnesium Mg 0.29 % DM NIR Copper Cu ppm NRSodium Na % DM NRChloride Cl % DM NR Ash 9.65 % DM NIRSulfur S % DM NR
1 WC = wet chemistryNIR = near infrared spectroscopy
NR = not requestedNA = not available
C = calculatedT = tabular value
Methods used for these analyses can be found at http://uwlab.soils.wisc.edu/procedures.htm
CLIENT COPY
NutrientRequirements:
ProductionStage WeightΔ/Day,lbs
TDNLbs/day
MEMCal
CPg/d
Maintenance 0/0 1.2/1.8 2.01/2.94 79/116
1st2/3gestation(twins) 0.09/0.12 1.8/2.5 2.9/4.1 129/182
Lategestation 0.4/0.51 2.4/3.3 3.9/5.5 173/258
Lactation -0.06/-0.08 2.6/3.6 4.3/5.9 281/376
132poundewe/220poundewe
NutrientRequirementsofSmallRuminants:Sheep,Goats,Cervids,andNewWorldCamelids(2007)
NutrientRequirements132PoundEwe
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Maintenance EarlyGestation LateGestation Lactation
TDN
CP
BuildingaRation
• Weknow:– Nutrientrequirements– Nutrientvaluesoffeedstuffs
• Weneedtoknow:– Howtodeliverthosenutrientsefficientlybasedonourproductiontype
Pasture-BasedProduction
• Intensivegrazingduringspring,summerandfall
• Confinementduringwinter– Storedforages/concentrates
• Cheapestavailablenutrientsourceonownedland
JuneAugustOctoberDecemberFebruaryAprilJune
Breeding Gestation LambingPasturegrazing PasturegrazingConfinement
NutrientRequirements132PoundEwe
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Maintenance EarlyGestation LateGestation Lactation
TDN
CP
Pasture-BasedProduction
• But…..– Largestnutrientdemandiswhentheewesareinconfinement!
JuneAugustOctoberDecemberFebruaryAprilJune
Breeding Gestation LambingPasturegrazing PasturegrazingConfinement
Pasture-BasedProduction
• Shiftnutrientdemandstomatchupwithforageavailability– Timingofmarketinglambs?– Parasites?– Arenutrientsneedsmet?
JuneAugustOctoberDecemberFebruaryAprilJune
Breeding Gestation LambingPasturegrazing PasturegrazingConfinement
NutrientValueofPasture
• 130poundlactatingewe• Needs2.6lbs.TDNand0.6lbs.CP
• OrchardGrassPasture:– 60%TDN,12%CP
• Consumes3%BWinDM:– Gets2.4lbs.TDNand0.48lbs.CP
• Shecan’teatenoughtomeetdemands!– Sacrificingproduction
CautionstoGrazing
Supplements
• Concentratednutrientsources– Starchvs.fibervs.fat
• Corn• Barley• Wheatmids• Soyhulls• DDGs• CGF
But…...
• Thereare3differentrationsonafarm– Therationthatiscalculated– Therationthatisfedtothesheep– Therationthatisactuallyeatenbythesheep
• Sheeparepickyeaters!
LovetoSortFeed!
ProblemswithSorting
• Leadstofeedwastage– Feedistooexpensivetowaste!
• Decreasedperformance– Notconsumingbalancedration
• Nutrientimbalances
– pHfluctuationsinrumen
MinimizeForageWastage
• Feederdesign
MinimizeForageWastage
• Processforagesofferedtosheep– Reduceparticlesizetobehomogenous
• Can’tsortleavesfromstems
– Tubgrind,choppedhaylage,verticalmixeretc.
ConfinementSystems
• Canbecombinedwithgrazingsystems• Canbe100%confinement
ConfinementSystems• Pros
– Controlnutrientintake– Eliminatemostinternalparasiteproblems– Utilizebyproductfeeds(DDGs,gluten,soyhulls)– Controlledenvironment– Nopredators
• Cons– Produceorpurchaseanddeliverfeed– Manurehandling– Buildingconstructionandmaintenance– Laborintensive
ConfinementSystems
• Abilitytohavehigherperformance– Provideahigherplaneofnutrition– AcceleratedLambing?
• Landcanbeusedforotherpurposes
WhataboutLambs?
• Produceapoundoflambasefficientlyaspossible– Costofgain
CostAnalysis
• Calculatecostofproduction• Growing50poundlambexample:
– Averagedailygain:0.75lbs./head/day– Averagedrymatterintake:5lbs./head/day– Costoffeedperday(4poundscorn,1poundalfalfa):$0.39
– F:G=5:0.75=6.667poundsoffeedfor1poundofgain
– $0.078/poundoffeed=$0.52/poundofgain
LimitFeedingvs.FullFeed
• Alternativenutrientsource• Smallerquantitiesofconcentratedfeedsat1ormorefeedings
• Similarnutrientintake– Decreaserequirementformaintenance
ConcentrateFeeding
• Relyonconcentratesformainnutrientsource• Supplementhayforrumenhealth
• Consistentnutrientintake– Reducemetabolicdisorders– Reducefluctuationsinintakeandproduction– Increasenutrientsavailableforproduction
LambFinishingDiet
• Fullfeed– Cornandproteinsource– 16%CPration– SupplementalCa(noaddedP!!!)andammoniumchloride
AnalyzingRations
• Howdowecheckourrationstoseeiftheyareadequate?
• Needtofigureoutwhatoursheepareeatingandthenanalyzeforproductionandcosts!– Simplecalculations
COOPERATIVE EXTENSIONUniversity of Wisconsin-Extension
University of Wisconsin-MadisonSoils Department, Madison, WI
UW Soil & Forage Analysis Laboratory2611 Yellowstone DrMarshfield, WI 54449Phone 715-387-2523 Fax 715-387-1723
Account: 557599Date received: 1/15/2014Date processed: 1/16/2014
Spooner Ag Research Station - Phil HolmanW6646 Hwy 70Spooner, WI 54801
Results also available on-line at http://uwlab.soils.wisc.edu/reportslab number: 1046 access code: crn5
Legume/Grass Silage Report - StandardReport Number: 1046 Lab Number: 63 Sample Description: SARS 1-13-14Material: Legume or Grass SilageHarvest date: 8/1/2013 Storage type: Silo Cutting: 3rd
Item Abbreviation Unit Result Method 1
Dry Matter DM % as fed 40.41 WCMoisture % as fed 59.59 C
Protein FractionsCrude Protein CP % DM 23.44 NIRSoluble Crude Protein SCP % CP 63.27 NIRRumen-Undegraded Protein RUP % CP 18.68 NIRRumen-Degraded Protein RDP % CP 81.32 CAcid Detergent Fiber Crude Protein ADF-CP % DM 0.31 NIRNeutral Detergent Fiber Crude Protein NDF-CP % DM 1.61 NIRHeat Damaged Protein-Estimated % DM 0.31 CAdjusted Crude Protein % DM 23.44 C
Fiber FractionsAcid Detergent Fiber ADF % DM 32.83 NIRNeutral Detergent Fiber aNDF % DM 37.76 NIRLignin, Acid Detergent ADL % DM 6.84 NIRLignin, Acid Detergent ADL % aNDF 18.11 CNeutral Detergent Fiber Digestibility, 48 h NDFD % aNDF 46.34 NIR
Carbohydrates and FatsNon Fiber Carbohydrate NFC % DM 28.45 CFat % DM 2.31 NIRpH NA
Energy Calculations: 2001 NRCTotal Digestible Nutrients, 1X TDN % DM 62.29 CNet Energy, Lactation, 3X Nel Mcals/lb 0.64 CNet Energy, Maintenance NEm Mcals/lb 0.66 CNet Energy, Gain NEg Mcals/lb 0.39 CMetabolizable Energy ME Mcals/lb 1.05 CRelative Forage Quality RFQ 162.82 CMilk/Ton lbs 2,772 C
Macro Minerals Micro MineralsPhosphorus P 0.37 % DM NIR Iron Fe ppm NRCalcium Ca 1.39 % DM NIR Manganese Mn ppm NRPotassium K 3.07 % DM NIR Zinc Zn ppm NRMagnesium Mg 0.29 % DM NIR Copper Cu ppm NRSodium Na % DM NRChloride Cl % DM NR Ash 9.65 % DM NIRSulfur S % DM NR
1 WC = wet chemistryNIR = near infrared spectroscopy
NR = not requestedNA = not available
C = calculatedT = tabular value
Methods used for these analyses can be found at http://uwlab.soils.wisc.edu/procedures.htm
CLIENT COPY
Buildafeedlibrary:compilealltestresultsfromyourfeedstuffsinto1spreadsheet.
CalculateintakeonaDryMatterBasis:AsfedintakeXdrymatter%=drymatterintake
Calculateintakeofindividualnutrientcategoriesusingthesamemethodasdrymatterintakeandtotaleachcolumnatthebottom
AddallthenutrientrequirementsfromtheNRCtothespreadsheet
Toevaluateyourrationcomparedtorequirements,subtractthediettotalfromtherequiredamountandseehowyourrationisdoing!
Youhavesuccessfullycompletedyourfirstrationanalysis!!!Youcancheckotherrationsbysimplyadjustingthenumbersinthe“Intakeasfed”column”
CostAnalysis
• DoIusehome-grownfeedsorshouldIpurchasefeedstuffs?
• Addcosttothespreadsheet!• Productioncostsforfeedstuffscanalsobesubstitutedforcashprices
CostAnalysis
Feed $/ton* $/lbDM Mcal/lbDM $/McalAlfalfaHay $240 $0.11 0.58 $0.18Corn $154 $0.07 0.98 $0.07CornGluten $200 $0.09 0.86 $0.10DDGs $195 $0.09 1.13 $0.08
*cashmarketprice:$4.30/bucornProductioncostcanbesubstituted
KeyPoints
• Ifyoudon’tmeasureit,youdon’tknowifitisworking(orcouldbebetter)
• Analyzingyourrationsisquickandsimple• Costofproductionshoulddriveallnutritiondecisions
KeyPoints
• Ifyoudon’tmeasureit,youdon’tknowifitisworking(orcouldbebetter)
• Rationbalancingsoftwareandnutritionistsareveryvaluablebuttheyarenottheonesfeedingyoursheep!
• Sheepareversatilebuttransitionslowly
Questions?
Example
• EarlyLactationewe,180poundsbodyweight• Requires7.26McalME,522gCP,13.8gCa,12gP
• Consumes6poundsAlfalfahay– 6.81McalME,654gCP,29.1gCa,11.1gP
• Needsadditional0.45McalME– Alreadyfeedingexcessof156gCPperday
BuildingaRation• Balanceshortcomingsofforageswithconcentrates
• Grains• Corn• Soybeanmeal• Oats
– Co-Products• DDGS• CornGluten
– Pellets/Completefeeds– Vitamin/MineralPremixes
ConcentrateFormulation
• Concentratesshouldmakeupforshortcomingsinforages
• Needtoknow:– Nutrientcompositionofforages– Intakeofforages
• Providewhattheyneedwithoutexceeding• Balancingrationischeapwaytoimproveproductionefficiency
RumenpHChange
