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GROUP I MAIN – MOCK TEST – 1 – PAPER I - KEY

SECTION - A UNIT – I

3 marks 1. Writ a short note on Dutch settlements in India

The United East India Company of the Netherlands was founded in 1602 in Holland. They came to India and founded a factory at Masulipatnam in 1605.

They built their first fort on the main land of India at Pulicut in 1609, near (Madras) Chennai.

They captured Nagapattinam from the Portuguese. They made Agra, Surat, Karaikal, Masulipatnam, kazimbazar and Chinsura in Bengal as their trading centres.

2. Mention the consequences of battle of plassey The English acquired a large sum of money from the new Nawab. The

English company got the territory of the 24 Parganas. Mir Jafar became a puppet in the hands of Clive. He had no powers.

He could not satisfy the demands of the English. So he was forced to resign in 1760.

Then his son-in-law Mir Kasim was appointed as the Nawab of Bengal. In course of time, he also could not satisfy the growing demands of the English.

3. Briefly explain about Board of control A Board of Control consisting of six members was created by the Pitt’s

India Act 1784. They were appointed by the Crown. The board of control maintained the political affairs of the company.

4. Write short notes on Second Anglo Mysore War. After eleven years of the first Anglo Mysore war, the Second Mysore

War (1780 – 1784) broke out and the main causes for the second Anglo-Mysore War were: 1. The British failed to fulfill the terms of the defensive treaty with

Haider when he was attacked by the Marathas in 1771. 2. There was an outbreak of hostilities between the English and the

French (an ally of Haider) during the American War of Independence.

3. The British captured Mahe, a French settlement within Haider’s territories.

4. Haider Ali formed a grand alliance with the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas against the British in 1779.

The Second Mysore War came to an end by the Treaty of Mangalore in 1783. Accordingly, all conquests were mutually restored and the prisoners on both sides were liberated.

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5. Give the police reforms of Lord Cornwallis The effective implementation of judicial reforms required the

reorganisation of police administration. The District Judge controlled the police. Each district was divided into

thanas or police circles each of which was about 20 square miles. It was placed under an Indian officer called the daroga who was ably assisted by many constables.

However, the police organization was not effective. In the words of Marshman, ‘the daroga enjoyed almost unlimited power of extortion and became the scourge of the country”.

6. State the Defects of the Subsidiary System. The introduction of anarchy because of the unemployment of

thousands of soldiers sent away by the Indian princes. The freebooting activities of disbanded soldiers were felt much in central India where the menace of Pindaris affected the people.

Further, the subsidiary system had a demoralizing effect on the princes of the protected states. Safeguarded against external danger and internal revolt, they neglected their administrative responsibilities. They preferred to lead easy-going and pleasure seeking lives. As a result misgovernment followed.

In course of time, the anarchy and misrule in several states had resulted in their annexation by the British. Thus, the subsidiary system proved to be a preparation for annexation. Furthermore, the British collected very heavy subsidies from the protected princes and this had adversely affected their economy.

7. What is meant by the policy of non-intervention adopted by William Bentick?

William Bentinck adopted a policy of non-intervention and non-aggression with Indian states. If at all he interfered in the affairs of the Indian states, it was only to end any form of misgovernment and never to annex any territory.

8. Write few lines about Akhil Bharatiya Dalit Varg Sabha. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar dedicated his entire life for the welfare of the

downtrodden. In Bombay, he formed a Bahiskrit Hitkarini Sabha in July 1924 for this purpose. Later, he also organized the Akhil Bharatiya Dalit Varg Sabha to fight against caste oppression.

9. What is meant by Palayakkarar system? The Palayakkarar system had evolved with the extension of

Vijayanagar rule into Tamil Nadu. Each Palayakkarar was the holder of a territory or Palayam (usually consisting of a few villages), granted to him in return for military service and tribute.

10. Write short notes Muslim League. In December 1906, Muslim delegates from all over India met at Dacca

for the Muslim Educational Conference.

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Taking advantage of this occasion, Nawab Salimullah of Dacca proposed the setting up of an organisation to look after the Muslim interests. The proposal was accepted. The All-India Muslim League was finally set up on December 30, 1906.

Like the Indian National Congress, they conducted annual sessions and put their demands to the British government. Initially, they enjoyed the support of the British. Their first achievement was the separate electorates for the Muslims in the Minto-Morley reforms.

11. What is Khilafat Movement ? Turkey was an ally of Germany in the First World War. After the defeat

of Germany in the war, the Turkish empire was broken up. The territories were shared by Britain and France. The Sultan of Turkey was humiliated.

The Sultan was also the Caliph or the religious leader of the Muslims. So the Muslims all over the world started the Khilafat movement against the British Government. The Ali brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali started the Khilafat Movement in India.

The Congress supported this movement. Gandhi thought that it was an opportunity for uniting the Hindus and the Muslims. The Khilafat movement brought the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress closer.

12. Write the importance of Vedaranyam March. As part of the Civil Disobedience Movement, Gandhi launched the Salt

Satyagraha. He undertook the Dandi March in 1930. C. Rajagopalachari became the TNCC president in April 1930.

Authorized by TNCC and AICC to direct the Salt Satyagraha in Tamil Nadu Rajaji undertook the famous Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha March.

He selected the route from Tiruchirappalli to Vedaranyam in Thanjauvr district. The March began on Tamil New Year’s Day (13th April).

The March reached Vedaranyam on 28 April 1930. Two days later Rajagopalachari was arrested for breaking the salt laws. Some of the other important leaders who participated in the Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha were T.S.S. Rajan, Mrs. Lakshmipathi Sardar Vedaratnam Pillai, C. Swaminatha Chetty and K. Santhanam.

UNIT - II

13. If the area of a circle is 616 cm2. What is its perimeter?

Radius of Circle = √616

Perimeter of the circle = 2 22

7 14 = 88 c.m.

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14. In a mixture of 150 litres, the ratio of milk to water is 2:1. What amount of water should be further added to the mixture so as to make the ratio of the milk to water 1:2 respectively? In 150 litres of mixture

Milk = 2

3 14 = 100 litres

Water = 50 litres Milk : Water = 1 : 2 = 100 : 200 Quantity of water to be added = (200 – 50) litres = 150 litres

15. The diameter of a right circular cone is 14 m and its slant height is 10 m. Find its curved surface area and total surface area? Curved Surface Area = rl

= 22

7

14

2 10 = 44 × 5 = 220 sq.m.

Total Surface Area = r (r + l)

= 22

7

14

2 14

2+10

= 22 × 17 = 374 sq.m.

16. Define Histogram? Histogram is a very popular method of presenting frequency distributions. The classes are marked along the horizontal X – axis taking the class interval as the base, rectangle accreted with heights proportional to the frequencies of the respective classes. These frequencies are measured along the vertical line the Y – axis. with equal class interval, all rectangle will have equal bases.

17. Define a bimodal curve. In statistics, a bimodal distribution is a continuous probability distribution with two different modes. These appear as distinct peaks (local maxima) in the probability density function.

18. What is the Quartile deviation? The quartile deviation is a slightly better measure of absolute dispersion than the range, but it ignores the observations on the tails. If we take difference samples from a population and calculate their quartile deviations, their values are quite likely to be sufficiently different.

19. Define Network Management? Network Management is the process of administering and managing the computer networks of one or many organizations. Various services

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provided by network managers include fault analysis, performance management, provisioning of network and network device.

20. What is Data Integrity? Data integrity is the maintenance of, and the assurance of the accuracy and consistency of, data over its entire life-cycle and is a critical aspect to the design, implementation and wage of any system which stores processes, retrieves data.

21. A and B can do a work in 18 days, B and C can do the same work in 24 days. A & C can do the same in 36 days. In how many days will A, B and C together finishes the same work?

(A + B)‘s 1 day’s work = 1

18

(B + C)‘s 1 day’s work = 1

24

(C + A)‘s 1 day’s work = 1

36

On adding all three

2 (A + B + C)’s 1 day’s work = 1

18+

124

+ 136

= 9

72 =

18

(A + B + C)’s 1 day’s work = 1

16 16 days

22. What is Pictograms? A method of presentation that magazines and newspaper are very fond of the pictogram also known as an isotype diagram or symbol chart from the point of view of the student however it is an impractical method.

UNIT – III

23. Give the classification of stars

There are three types of stars. They are 1. double and multiple stars 2. intrinsically variable stars and 3. Novae and super novae.

24. What is meant by Sun Synchronous Orbit? Sun-synchronous orbit or a heliosynchronous orbit very important

because of its particular importance to satellites intended for remote sensing and military applications.

A sun-synchronous orbit is one that lies in a plane that maintains a fixed angle with respect to the Earth-sun direction.

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In other words, it combines altitude and inclination in such a way that an object on that orbit ascends or descends over any given point of the Earth’s surface at the same local mean solar time.

25. What is Aphelion? During the earth’s revolution around the sun, the earth is farthest

from the sun on 4th July. This position of the earth is called aphelion. 26. What are the liquid Propellents using in rocket?

The hot gases which are produced by the combustion of a mixture of substances are called propellants. The mixture contains a fuel which burns and an oxidizer which supplies the oxygen necessary for the burning of the fuel. The propellants may be in the form of a solid or liquid. Liquid propellants used in rocketry can be classified into three types: petroleum, cryogens, and hypergols.

27. Write shot note on Astra Missile It is a beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile (BVRAAM) Astra is designed to be capable of engaging targets at varying range

and altitudes allowing for engagement of both short-range targets (up to 20 km) and long-range targets (up to 80 km) using alternative propulsion modes.

It is indigenously developed by DRDO. It is a single stage solid fuelled missile.

28. Define Carbonisation Carbonization is the term for the conversion of an organic

substance into carbon or a carbon-containing residue through pyrolysis or destructive distillation. It is often used in organic chemistry with reference to the generation of coal gas and coal tar from raw coal. Fossil fuels generally are the products of the carbonization of vegetable matter.

29. Define cold fusion process Cold fusion describes a form of energy generated when hydrogen

interacts with various metals like nickel and palladium. When hydrogen, the main element of water, is introduced to a small

piece of the metal nickel or palladium, a reaction occurs that can create excess heat and transmutation products. Excess heat means more heat comes out of the system than went in to the system. The excess heat can make hot water and useful steam to turn a turbine and produce electricity.

30. Define calcinations. Give some examples The method of conversion of ore into metal oxide (oxidation) is called

calcination. It is the process in which the ore is subjected to the action of heat at high temperature in the absence of air below its melting point.

The process of calcination is carried out in the case of carbonate and hydrated ore. As a result of calcination (a) The moisture is removed. (b) Gases may be expelled. (c) Volatile impurities are removed. (d) The

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mass becomes porous. (e) Thermal decomposition of the ore takes place.

For example,

31. What is Diaphragm?

The diaphragm is the primary muscle used in the process of inspiration, or inhalation. It is a dome-shaped sheet of muscle that is inserted into the lower ribs. Lying at the base of the thorax (chest), it separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity.

The diaphragms job is to help pump the carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull the oxygen into the lungs.

32. What is mean by Herring – Breuer reflex? In addition the medulla contains a pneumotaxic center which is

connected to the breathing centre and helps to ensure rhythmic breathing.

During inspiration, the inspiratory part of the respiratory center sends impulses to the pneumotaxic center which responds by sending impulses to the expiratory part of the respiratory center.

The expiratory center is then activated and so the inspiratory center is inhibited reflexly, respiratory rhythm is controlled in this manner by these centers in the brain.

33. Write about Urea Biosynthesis. Urea Biosynthesis (Ornithine Cycle) Liver is the principal organ of urea

biosynthesis. In the ornithine cycle, ammonia, formed by deamination in cells and tissues, combines with carbon dioxide to form carbamyl phosphate.

This compound is subjected to cyclic chemical reactions as provided in the figure. Three molecules of ATP are spent to convert the toxic ammonia into a molecule of urea.

34. Mention the types of Water Borne Diseases. Amebiasis: caused by protozoa. , Campylobacteriosis: caused by bacteria. Cholera: caused by bacteria. Cryptosporidiosis: caused by protozoa. Giardiasis: caused by protozoa. Hepatitis: caused by a virus. Shigellosis: caused by bacteria. Typhoid fever: caused by bacteria. Viral gastroenteritis: caused by a virus.

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35. Define Foodchain. The transfer of energy from the source in plants through a series of

organisms by eating and/being eaten constitutes food chains. At each transfer, a large proportion of energy is lost in the form of heat. Hence green plants occupy the first level, herbivores the second level, carnivores the third level and secondary carnivores the fourth level.

SECTION B

UNIT – I

8 Marks 36. Describe about the rise of British power in Bengal

Alivardi Khan declared his independence in 1740. He became the Nawab of Bengal. On his death in 1756, Siraj-ud-daulah, his grandson became the Nawab of Bengal at the age of 24. Soon after his accession to the throne, the young Nawab came into conflicts with the English in Bengal.

Battle of Plassey: Siraj-ud-daulah prevented the English from fortifying Fort William. The English refused to stop the new fortification. So he attacked their factory at Cassim Bazar. He captured Fort William. Many prominent Englishmen escaped. But one hundred and forty six English were taken as prisoners.

They were said to have been kept in a very small room. It is said that on 20 June 1756 hundred and twenty three of them died out of suffocation. Only twenty three survived. The English historians describe this incident as the Black Hole Tragedy.

This incident made the English at Chennai to send a relieving force under Robert Clive along with Admiral Watson to Bengal. Clive entered into a conspiracy with Mir Jafar, the Commander-in-Chief of Siraj-ud daulah. Clive marched towards Plassey and the Nawab was killed and Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bengal. The battle paved the way for the foundation of the English rule in India.

Battle of Buxar : Mir Kasim was an young, energetic and ambitious ruler. He wanted to be independent. He shifted his capital to Monghyr, a place far away from Kolkata. He also employed foreign experts to train his army. So a quarrel broke-out between him and the English.

The English decided to overthrow him. It resulted in the Battle of Buxar in 1764. The combined armies of Mir Kasim, Shuja-uddaulah, the Nawab of Oudh, and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II were defeated by the English General Major Munro. Mir Kasim fled from the battle and the other two surrendered to the English.

The battle came to an end with the Treaty of Allahabad, concluded in 1765. As per the treaty, the Province of Oudh was returned to Shuja-ud-daulah.

Shah Alam granted the Diwani Right of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the English. In turn, the English agreed to pay him a pension of

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rupees 26 lakhs per year. The Battle of Buxar made the English virtually the masters of Bengal. It also proved their military superiority and unchallenged power.

As a result of his success in Bengal, Robert Clive was appointed as the first Governor of Bengal (1758 – 1760). He consolidated the British power both in Bengal and in the Deccan. He introduced a new administrative system in Bengal called Dual or Double Government.

37. Explain the causes and consequences of the First Anglo-Maratha War.

The Marathas were largely remained disunited since the Third Battle of Panipet (1761). The internal conflict among the Marathas was best utilized by the British in their expansionist policy.

In 1775, there was a dispute for the post of Peshwa between Madhav Rao and his uncle Ragunatha Rao. The British authorities in Bombay concluded the Treaty of Surat with Raghunatha Rao in March 1775.

Rahunatha Rao promised to cede Bassein and Salsette to the British but later when he was unwilling to fulfill his promise, the British captured them. This action of the Bombay Government was not approved by Warren Hastings.

In 1776, Warren Hastings sent Colonel Upton to settle the issue. He cancelled the Treaty of Surat and concluded the Treaty of Purander with Nana Fadnavis, another Maratha leader. According to this treaty Madhava Rao II was accepted as the new Peshwa and the British retained Salsette along with a heavy war indemnity.

However, the Home authorities rejected the Treaty of Purander. Warren Hastings also considered the Treaty of Purandar as a ‘scrap of paper’ and sanctioned operations against the Marathas.

In the meantime, the British force sent by the Bombay Government was defeated by the Marathas. In 1781, Warren Hastings dispatched British troops under the command of Captain Popham. He defeated the Maratha chief, Mahadaji Scindia, in a number of small battles and captured Gwalior.

Later in May 1782, the Treaty of Salbai was signed between Warren Hastings and Mahadaji Scindia. Accordingly, Salsette and Bassein were given to the British. Raghunath Rao was pensioned off and Madhav Rao II was accepted as the Peshwa.

The Treaty of Salbai established the British influence in Indian politics. It provided the British twenty years of peace with the Marathas. The Treaty also enabled the British to exert pressure on Mysore with the help of the Marathas in recovering their territories from Haider Ali. Thus, the British, on the one hand, saved themselves from the combined opposition of Indian powers and on the other, succeeded in dividing the Indian powers.

38. Mention the main features of the Subsidiary System. 1. Any Indian ruler who entered into the subsidiary alliance with the

British had to maintain a contingent of British troops in his territory.

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It was commanded by a British officer. The Indian state was called ‘the protected state’ and the British hereinafter were referred to as ‘the paramount power’. It was the duty of the British to safeguard that state from external aggression and to help its ruler maintain internal peace. The protected state should give some money or give part of its territory to the British to support the subsidiary force.

2. The protected state should cut off its connection with European powers other than the English and with the French in particular. The state was also forbidden to have any political contact even with other Indian powers without the permission of the British.

3. The ruler of the protected state should keep a British Resident at his court and disband his own army. He should not employ Europeans in his service without the sanction of the paramount power.

4. The paramount power should not interfere in the internal affairs of the protected state.

39. Discuss the measures taken by reformers to eradicate discrimination under the caste system.

The caste system was primarily based on the four fold division of society viz. Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishyas and Shudras. On account of their degradation in their social status, the Shudras were subjected to all kinds of social discrimination.

In the beginning of the 19th century the castes of India had been split into innumerable subcastes on the basis of birth.

In the meantime, a new social consciousness also dawned among the Indians. Abolition of’ untouchability became a major issue of the 19th century social and religious reform movements in the country.

Mahatma Gandhi made the removal of untouchability a part of his constructive programme. He brought out a paper, The Harijan, and also organised the Harijan Sevak Sangh.

Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar dedicated his entire life for the welfare of the downtrodden. In Bombay, he formed a Bahiskrit Hitkarini Sabha in July 1924 for this purpose. Later, he also organized the Akhil Bharatiya Dalit Varg Sabha to fight against caste oppression.

Jyotirao Phule in Western India and Shri Narayana Guru in Kerala respectively established the Satya Sadhak Samaj and the Shri Narayana Dharma Partipalana Yogam to include self-esteem among the downtrodden.

In the Madras Presidency also the beginning of 20th century witnessed the rise of Self-respect Movement of Periyar E.V.R. In order to eradicate this evil practice many other individual and institutional efforts were also made. These movements were directed mainly in removing the disabilities suffered by Harijans in regard to drawing of water from public wells, getting entry into temples and admission into schools.

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40. Discuss the principles of Saint Ramalinga. Saint Ramalinga was one of the foremost saints of Tamil Nadu in the

nineteenth century. Developing a deep interest in spiritual life, Ramalinga moved to

Karunguli in 1858, a place near Vadalur where the Saint later settled down. His divine powers came to be recognised at the early age of eleven. In 1865 he founded the Samarasa Suddha Sanmargha Sangha for the promotion of his ideals of establishing a casteless society.

He preached love and compassion to the people. He composed Tiru Arutpa. His other literay works include Manu Murai Kanda Vasagam and Jeeva Karunyam. His language was so simple as to enable the illiterate people to understand his teachings.

In 1870 he moved to Mettukuppam, a place three miles away from Vadalur. There he started constructing the Satya Gnana Sabai in 1872. He introduced the principle that God could be worshipped in the form of Light.

41. Discuss the salient features of the Nehru Report. Nehru Report (1928) In the meanwhile, the Secretary of State, Lord Birkenhead, challenged

the Indians to produce a Constitution that would be acceptable to all. The challenge was accepted by the Congress, which convened an all party meeting on 28 February 1928.

A committee consisting of eight was constituted to draw up a blueprint for the future Constitution of India. It was headed by Motilal Nehru. The Report published by this Committee came to be known as the Nehru Report. The Report favoured: 1. Dominion Status as the next immediate step. 2. Full responsible government at the centre. 3. Autonomy to the provinces. 4. Clear cut division of power between the centre and the provinces. 5. A bicameral legislature at the centre.

However, the leader of the Muslim League, Mohammad Ali Jinnah regarded it as detrimental to the interests of the Muslims. Jinnah convened an All India Conference of the Muslims where he drew up a list of Fourteen Points as Muslim League demand.

UNIT – II

42. 6,100 was partly invested in scheme A at 10% p.a. Compound

interest (Compounded annually) for 2 years and partly in Scheme B at 10% p.a. Simple interest for 4 years. Both the Schemes equal interests. How much was invested in Scheme A? Solution: Amount invested in scheme B = x

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and, amount invested in scheme A = 6100 – x For Scheme A:

é ùæ öê úç ÷- -ç ÷ê úè øë û

é ù- -ê ú

ê úë û

é ù- ê ú

ê úë û

210

C.I.=(6100 ) 1+ 1100

121 = (6100 ) 1

100

21 = (6100 )

100

x

x

x

For Scheme B:

=× 10 ×4 40

S.I.= 100 100

x x

If the interests are equal i.e., æ öç ÷Þ ç ÷è ø

Þ -

Þ

Þ Þ

40 21 21 = 6100 × =100 100 100

40 21 =1280 100 10061

=1281 100

1281×100 = =Rs. 2100

61

x

x

xx

x

x x

The amount invested in scheme A = 6100 – x = 6100 – 2100 = Rs. 4000

43. 'A' bought a certain quantity of oranges at total cost of 1200. He sold 1/3rd of those oranges at 20% loss. If A earn overall profits of 10% at what percent profit did A set the rest of the oranges ? Solution: Total cost of oranges = Rs. 1200

Cost Price of 1/3 of oranges = 1×1200=Rs.4003

Loss = 20%

Selling Price of 1/3 of oranges = -100 20 80 × 400= × 400 100 100

= Rs. 320 ... (1)

Total cost price = Rs.1200

P% = 10%

Total Selling Price = +100 10 110×1200 × 1200=100 100

= Rs. 1320 ... (2)

Cost Price of remaining oranges = 2×1200=Rs.8003

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Selling Price of remaining oranges= 1320 – 320 = Rs. 1000

Profit = 1000 – 800 = Rs. 200

P% = 200×100=25%800

44. A started a business. After 4 months from the start of the business, B and C joined. The respective ratio between the investments of A, B and C was 4:6:5. If A's share in annual profit was 250 more than C's share, what was the total annual profit earned? Solution: Ratio of rate of investment of A,B and C = 4 × 12 : 6 × 8 : 5 × 8 = 48 : 48 : 40 = 6 : 6 : 5 Let, annual profit = Rs. x. Then, A’s share =

17

6 × x

= 250 + C ...(i)

and C’s share = 17

5 × x

So, from (i)

17 17

17

=5 6=250 +

=250 +

=Rs.4250

x x

x

x

45. The respective ratio of curved surface area and total surface area of

a cylinder is 4:5. If the curved surface area of the cylinder is 1232 cm2, what is the height? (in cm) Solution: Curved surface area of a cylinder = 2 rh and, total curved surface area of a cylinder

= 2 r(r + h) Given, 2 rh = 1232

rh = 1232×72× 32

= 196

Also given = ( )

45

2 rh =2 r r + h

=

( )4

2 52 rh =

2 r r + rh

= 42 5rh =

r + rh

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= 42 5196 =

r + 196

980 = 4r2 + 784 4r2 = 196 r2 = 49 r = 7 rh = 196 h = 196

= 1967

= 28 c.m.

46. a) Represent the following data by a histogram. Daily Earnings (Rs.) No. of Stores

0 – 50 3 50 – 100 7 100 – 150 4 150 – 200 5 200 – 250 4 250 – 300 3 300 – 350 2 350 – 400 2

(b) Construct a cumulative distribution table from the following frequency distribution and find the number of students obtaining below 15 marks.

Marks Frequency 0 – 5 4 5 – 10 12 10 – 15 10 15 – 20 8 20 – 25 3 25 – 30 2

3

7

4

5

4

3

2 2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 – 50 50 – 100 100 – 150 150 – 200 200 – 250 250 – 300 300 – 350 350 – 400

Num

ber o

f Sto

res

Daily Earnings ( in Rs.)

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Marks Frequency Cumulative frequency 0 – 5 4 4 5 – 10 12 16 10 – 15 10 26 15 – 20 8 34 20 – 25 3 37 25 – 30 2 39

There are 26 students who obtained below 15 marks.

47. Write the advantage and disadvantage about ground based telescope and space telescope.

Advantages of space based telescope One of the more noticeable advantages of space telescopes is the lack

of atmospheric distortion because it is above the atmosphere. This results in much sharper images. Another advantage is that it doesn't have to deal with light that is scattered by the atmosphere. Both of these cause twinkling stars. They also don't have to deal with light pollution.

They can more easily observe different wavelengths of light that are harder to work with from the ground. On the ground, we can observe frequencies within the radio and optical range. Outside of that, the atmosphere can rapidly hurt the signal. Space telescopes don't have this problem. So areas of the electromagnetic spectrum like ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma ray are easier to observe from space.

Disadvantages One major disadvantage is size. The larger the mirror, then the more

light is gathered, and the more detail we can resolve. But on the ground, we are only limited by design. As we become better at designing telescopes.

Advantages of ground based telescope Ground-based telescopes are less expensive to build and operate than

instruments on satellites or space stations. They can be continually maintained and updated by engineers on the ground without the dangers and complications of sending astronauts into space.

The range of research available through ground-based sites is continually developing through international collaboration -- for example, to co-ordinate the results from arrays of radio telescopes in different countries -- and through advanced technology allowing high-resolution imagery from optical telescopes.

Disadvantages 1. Cloudy weather, air pollution and light spill from towns and cities limit

the capabilities of ground-based optical telescopes. 2. Radio telescopes extend the range of astronomical research using low-

frequency wavelengths. However, scientists need space telescopes to detect other types of electro-magnetic radiation, which are blocked by

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the Earth’s atmosphere; for example, ultra-violet radiation from quasars X-rays from neutron stars and gamma rays from black holes.

UNIT – III

48. What is National Monsoon Mission? Give its objectives and

achievements The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs approved implementation

of the programme National Monsoon Mission of the Earth System Science Organization for a period of 5 years.

The main objectives of the National Monsoon Mission are: To build a working partnership between the academic and R&D

organizations both national and international and the operational agencies to improve the operational monsoon forecast skill over the country.

To set up a state of the art dynamic modelling framework for improving the prediction skill of: Seasonal and extended range prediction system (16 days to one

season) Short to medium range prediction system (up to 15 days).

Achievements: Monsoon predictability have been enhances. Other climatic

phenomenon like El-Nino, drought, flood, dry-wet spell etc. can also be predicted now more accurately.

Coordination among different agencies of national and international presence can be seen in this regard.

The forecasts are catering the needs of different sectors of the economy like agriculture, animal husbandry. It is also helpful in managing water resources.

49. Write a note on Indian Climate Research Programme The Indian Climate Research Programme (ICRP), as formulated in its Science Plan, is a multi-agency endeavour focused on the following major objectives: Understanding the physical processes responsible for variability on

sub-seasonal, interannual, decadal and longer time scales of the monsoon, the oceans of the region and the coupled ocean atmospheric system adopting the following approval. Analysis of existing observations over land and oceans from

conventional and space-based platforms. Development and deployment of new observational techniques. Special observational experiments over critical regions. Development and investigation of a hierarchy of models of the

atmosphere, ocean and the coupled system. Study of the space-time variation of the monsoon from sub-seasonal,

interannual to decadal scales for assessing the feasibility for climate prediction and development of methods for prediction.

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Study of change in climate and its variability on centennial and longer time scales generated by natural and anthropogenic factors.

Investigation of the links between climate variability and critical resources such as agricultural productivity to provide a basis for deriving agricultural strategies for maximizing the sustainable yield in the face of climate variability, and for realistic assessment of impact of climate change.

ICRP addresses the above foci in three components: Monsoon Variability (MONVAR) Past Climates and Climate Change (PCCC) Climate and Agriculture (CLIMAG)

50. What is meant by Radio carbon dating? Explain the uses of radio carbon dating?

In the upper atmosphere, C14 is continually formed from N14 due to the bombardment by neutrons produced from cosmic rays.

7N14 + 0n

1 → 6C14* + 1H

1 The C14 is radioactive with half life of 5570 years. Living things take C14 from food and air. However with death, the

intake of C14 stops, and the C14 that is already present begins to decay. Hence the amount of C14 in the sample will enable the calculation of time of death i.e., the age of the specimen could be estimated. This is called radio-carbon dating.

This method is employed in the dating of wooden implements, leather clothes, charcoal used in oil paintings, mummies and so on.

Applications 1. Use in archaeology: for determining age and variety of natural and

even man-made material, manuscript. 2. Study of fossils: Determine lost species and factor responsible e.g. age

of Dinosaur, Sea fossils. 3. Civilizations study: Most of civilizations ages and genealogy has been

successfully traced using carbon dating. 4. Evolution and human race: Studying human history and food habits,

cultures. 5. Origin of Life: e.g. by studying Meteorites on earth. 6. 14C from solar flares or supernova: in Understanding variations from

climatic events, changes in the CO2 in the atmosphere and changes in cosmic-ray flux.

51. Explain the ecological pyramid and give its limitations An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation designed to show

the biomass or bio productivity at each tropic level in a given ecosystem.

There are 3 types of ecological pyramids as described as follows: Pyramid of energy Pyramid of numbers and Pyramid of biomass.

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Pyramid of Energy The pyramid of energy or the energy

pyramid describes the overall nature of the ecosystem. During the flow of energy from organism to other, there is considerable loss of energy in the form of heat. The primary producers like the autotrophs there is more amount of energy available. The least energy is available in the tertiary consumers. Thus, shorter food chain has more amount of energy available even at the highest trophic level.

The energy pyramid always upright and vertical. This pyramid shows the flow of energy at different trophic levels. It depicts the energy is minimum as the highest trophic level and is

maximum at the lowest trophic level. At each trophic level, there is successive loss of energy in the form of

heat and respiration, etc. Pyramid of Numbers The pyramid of numbers depicts the

relationship in terms of the number of producers, herbivores and the carnivores at their successive trophic levels. There is a decrease in the number of individuals from the lower to the higher trophic levels. The number pyramid varies from ecosystem to ecosystem. There are three of pyramid of numbers: Upright pyramid of number Partly upright pyramid of number and Inverted pyramid of number.

Pyramid of Biomass The pyramid of biomass is more

fundamental, they represent the quantitative relationships of the standing crops. In this pyramid there is a gradual decrease in the biomass from the producers to the higher trophic levels. The biomass here the net organisms collected from each feeding level and are then dried and weighed. This dry weight is the biomass and it represents the amount of energy available in the form of organic matter of the organisms. In this pyramid the net

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dry weight is plotted to that of the producers, herbivores, carnivores, etc.

There are two types of pyramid of biomass, they are: Upright pyramid of biomass and Inverted pyramid of biomass.

Limitations of Ecological Pyramids: 1. It never takes into account the same species belonging to two or more

trophic levels. 2. It assumes a simple food chain, something that almost never exists in

nature. 3. It does not accommodate a food web. 4. Saprophytes are not given any place in ecological pyramids even

though; they play an important role in ecosystem. 52. What is Bio-Technology? Give the applications of bio-technology

in various fields. Biotechnology is defined as the applications of scientific and

engineering principles for the processing and production of materials by living organisms. By the application of Biotechnology newer kinds of materials in large scale can be produced economically.

Applications of bio-technology Scientists are engaged in the development of newer kinds of micro

organisms containing genetic materials drawn from different types of organisms for the mass production of growth hormones, insulin, vaccines, immunogenic proteins and polypeptides.

These organisms are also employed in gene therapy, production of biofertilisers, biopesticides, enzymes, antibiotics, organic acids, alcoholic beverages and producing resistant plants resistant to disease and stress.

Scientists by using genetic engineering techniques perfected the scientific art of transferring genes from one organisms to another. In recent years revolution in biology has occurred due to developments in the field of biotechnology. Several techniques have been developed to produce a rare medicinally valued molecules, to change the characteristics of plants, animals, microbes, to diagnose diseases and clean up the polluted environment.

Bio-sensor: It is a device consisting of immobilised layer of biological materials like enzyme, antibody, hormones, nucleic acids, organelles or whole cells and its contact with a sensor. The sensor converts biological signal into an electical signal. It is used is medicine & industry e.g., (1) Detections of blood glucose (2) Production of any toxin in body due to infection can be detected It is also used in pollution control to monitor drinking water for pesticides. It is used to measure odour, freshness & taste of foods.

Biochips - Biochips are the microchips developed employing techniques of biotechnology. In future biological computers can be

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developed using biochips. The possible areas of uses of biochips include (i) Defence (ii) Medicine etc.

53. Give in detail about various implications of alcoholism. Alcoholism, also known as alcohol dependence, is a disabling addictive

disorder. Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) or ethanol, is an intoxicating ingredient found in beer, wine and liquors. Alcohol is produced by the fermentation of yeast, sugar and starch. It is a central nervous system depressant that is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and small intestine into the blood stream.

Liver cirrhosis: A healthy liver is able to regenerate most of its own cells when they become damaged. At the final stage of cirrhosis, the liver can no longer effectively replace damaged cells. Every year, there are about 27,000 deaths because of liver cirrhosis all over the world. Heavy alcohol use over several years can cause chronic injury to the liver. Alcohol-related cirrhosis led to more death than cirrhosis due to any other cause.

SECTION - C UNIT - I

15 Marks 54. Critically examine the annexation policy of Lord Dalhousie.

The most important aspect of Dalhousie’s administration is related to “the great drama of annexation”. His aims for expanding the Company’s territories were administrative, imperial, commercial and financial.

Annexation of Punjab At the end of the second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849, Punjab was annexed

by Dalhousie. He organized the administration of Punjab very efficiently. The province was divided into small districts under the control of District Officers who were called Deputy Commissioners. In 1859, Sir John Lawrence became the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab.

Second Burmese War and the Annexation of Lower Burma In 1852, commercial disputes in Rangoon prompted new hostilities

between the British and the Burmese. After the end of the second Burmese War (1852), Dalhousie annexed Lower Burma with its capital at Pegu. Major Arthur Phayre was appointed the Commissioner of the new province. His administration also proved to be efficient. The annexation of Lower Burma proved beneficial to Britain. Rangoon, Britain’s most valuable acquisition from the war became one of the biggest ports in Asia.

Doctrine of Lapse According to the Hindu Law, one can adopt a son in case of no male

heir to inherit the property. The question arose whether a Hindu ruler, holding his state subordinate to the paramount power, could adopt a son to succeed his kingdom.

It was customary for a ruler without a natural heir to ask the British Government whether he could adopt a son to succeed him. According

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to Dalhousie, if such permission was refused by the British, the state would “lapse” and thereby become part of the British India.

Dalhousie maintained that there was a difference in principle between the right to inherit private property and the right to govern. This principle was called the Doctrine of Lapse.

The Doctrine of Lapse was applied by Dalhousie to Satara and it was annexed in 1848. Jhansi and Nagpur were annexed in 1854. As a result of these annexations, a large part of the Central Provinces came under the British rule.

Annexation of Oudh The British relations with the state of Oudh go back to the Treaty of

Allahabad in 1765. Right from Warren Hastings, many Governor-Generals advised the Nawab of Oudh to improve the administration.

But, misrule continued there and the Nawab was under the assumption that the British would not annex Oudh because of his loyalty to them. In 1851, William Sleeman, Resident at Lucknow, reported on the “spectacle of human misery and careless misrule”.

But Sleeman was against the policy of annexing Oudh. After surveying the situation in Oudh, Dalhousie annexed it in 1856. Nawab Wajid Ali was granted a pension of 12 lakhs of rupees per year.

55. Examine the economic impact of the British land revenue administration.

The British principally adopted three types of land tenures. Roughly 19 per cent of the total area under the British rule, i.e., Bengal, Bihar, Banaras, division of the Northern Western Provinces and northern Karnatak, were brought under the Zamindari System or the Permanent Settlement.

The second revenue system, called the Mahalwari Settlement, was introduced in about 30 per cent of the total area under British rule i.e., in major parts of the North Western Provinces, Central Provinces and the Punjab with some variations.

The Ryotwari System covered about 51 per cent of the area under British rule comprising part of the Bombay and Madras Presidencies, Assam and certain other parts of British India.

The Permanent Settlement Lord Cornwallis’ most conspicuous administrative measure was the

Permanent Land Revenue Settlement of Bengal, which was extended to the provinces of Bihar and Orissa.

Cornwallis at the time of his appointment was instructed by the Directors to find a satisfactory and permanent solution to the problems of the land revenue system in order to protect the interests of both the Company and the cultivators.

It obliged the Governor- General to make a thorough enquiry into the usages, tenures and rents prevalent in Bengal. The whole problem occupied Lord Cornwallis for over three years and after a prolonged

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discussion with his colleagues like Sir John Shore and James Grant he decided to abolish the annual lease system and introduce a decennial (Ten years) settlement which was subsequently declared to be continuous. The main features of the Permanent Settlement were as follows: 1. The zamindars of Bengal were recognized as the owners of land as

long as they paid the revenue to the East India Company regularly. 2. The amount of revenue that the zamindars had to pay to the

Company was firmly fixed and would not be raised under any circumstances. In other words the Government of the East India Company got 89% leaving the rest to the zamindars.

3. The ryots became tenants since they were considered the tillers of the soil.

4. This settlement took away the administrative and judicial functions of the zamindars.

The Permanent Settlement of Cornwallis was bitterly criticized on the point that it was adopted with ‘undue haste’. The flagrant defect of this arrangement was that no attempt was made ever either to survey the lands or to assess their value.

The assessment was made roughly on the basis of accounts of previous collections and it was done in an irregular manner. The effects of this system both on the zamindars and ryots were disastrous.

The revenue fixed by the system was too high, many zamindars defaulted on payments. Their property was seized and distress sales were conducted leading to their ruin. The rich zamindars who led luxurious lives left their villages and migrated into towns.

Ryotwari Settlement The Ryotwari settlement was introduced mainly in Madras, Berar,

Bombay and Assam. Sir Thomas Munro introduced this system in the Madras Presidency.

Under this settlement, the peasant was recognized as the proprietor of land. There was no intermediary like a Zamindar between the peasant and the government. So long as he paid the revenue in time, the peasant was not evicted from the land.

Besides, the land revenue was fixed for a period from 20 to 40 years at a time. Every peasant was held personally responsible for direct payment of land revenue to the government. However, in the end, this system also failed. Under this settlement it was certainly not possible to collect revenue in a systematic manner. The revenue officials indulged in harsh measures for nonpayment or delayed payment.

Mahalwari Settlement In 1833, the Mahalwari settlement was introduced in the Punjab, the

Central Provinces and parts of North Western Provinces. Under this

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system the basic unit of revenue settlement was the village or the Mahal.

As the village lands belonged jointly to the village community, the responsibility of paying the revenue rested with the entire Mahal or the village community. So the entire land of the village was measured at the time of fixing the revenue.

Though the Mahalwari system eliminated middlemen between the government and the village community and brought about improvement in irrigation facility, yet its benefit was largely enjoyed by the government.

56. Examine the importance of the socio-religious reform movements of 19th century India.

Raja Rammohan Roy and the Brahmo Samaj Raja Rammohan Roy established the Brahmo Samaj at Calcutta in

1828 in order to purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism. Raj Rammohan Roy is most remembered for helping Lord William Bentinck to declare the practice of Sati a punishable offence in 1829.

He also protested against the child marriage and female infanticide. He favored the remarriage of widows, female education and women’s right to property.

In 1817, he founded the Hindu College (now Presidency College, Calcutta) along with David Hare, a missionary. He also set up schools for girls.

Rammohan Roy started the first Bengali weekly Samvad Kaumudi and edited a Persian weekly Mirat-ul-akhbar. He stood for the freedom of the press.

Henry Vivian Derozio and the Young Bengal Movement Henry Vivian Derozio was the founder of the Young Bengal Movement.

His followers were known as the Derozians. They attacked old traditions and decadent customs. They also advocated women’s rights and their education. They founded associations and organized debates against idol worship, casteism and superstitions.

Swami Dayanand Saraswathi and the Arya Samaj The Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswathi at

Bombay in 1875. He believed the Vedas were the source of true knowledge. His motto was “Back to the Vedas”. He was against idol worship, child marriage and caste system based on birth. He encouraged intercaste marriages and widow remarriage. He started the Suddhi movement to bring back those Hindus who had converted to other religions to its fold. The Arya Samaj had also spread nationalism.

Prarthana Samaj The Prarthana Samaj was founded in 1867 in Bombay by Dr.

Atmaram Pandurang. It was an off-shoot of Brahmo Samaj. It was a

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reform movement within Hinduism and concentrated on social reforms like inter-dining, inter-marriage, widow remarriage and uplift of women and depressed classes.

Ramakrishna mission Vivekananda preached the message of strength and selfreliance. He

asked the people to improve the lives of the poor and depressed classes. He believed that service to mankind is service to God. He founded the Ramkrishna Mission at Belur in Howrah in 1897. It is a social service and charitable society. The objectives of this Mission are providing humanitarian relief and social work through the establishment of schools, colleges, hospitals and orphanages.

Theosophical Society The Theosophical Society was founded in New York (USA) in 1875 by

Madam H.P. Blavatsky, a Russian lady, and Henry Steel Olcott, an American colonel. Their main objectives were to form a universal brotherhood of man without any distinction of race, colour or creed and to promote the study of ancient religions and philosophies.

Jyotiba Phule Jyotiba Phule belonged to a low caste family in Maharashtra. He

waged a life-long struggle against upper caste domination andBrahmanical supremacy. In 1873 he founded the Satyashodak Samaj to fight against the caste system. He pioneered the widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra and worked for the education for women. Jyotiba Phule and his wife established the first girls’ school at Poona in 1851.

Aligarh Movement The Aligarh Movement was started by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98)

for the social and educational advancement of the Muslims in India. He fought against the medieval backwardness and advocated a rational approach towards religion.

In 1866, he started the Mohammadan Educational Conference as a general forum for spreading liberal ideas among the Muslims. In 1875, he founded a modern school at Aligarh to promote English education among the Muslims. This had later grown into the Mohammadan Anglo Oriental College and then into the Aligarh Muslim University.

The Deoband School The orthodox section among the Muslim ulema organised the Deoband

Moovement. It was a revivalist movement whose twin objectives were : (i) to propagate among the Muslims the pure teachings of the Koran

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and the Hadis and (ii) to keep alive the spirit of jihad aganist the foreign rulers.

Sikh Reform Movement Baba Dayal Das founded the Nirankari Movement. He insisted the

worship of God as nirankar (formless). The Namdhari Movement was founded by Baba Ram Singh. His followers wore white clothes and gave up meat eating. The Singh Sabhas started in Lahore and Amritsar in 1870 were aimed at reforming the Sikh society

Parsi Reform Movement The Parsi Religious Reform Association was founded at Bombay by

Furdunji Naoroji and S.S. Bengalee in 1851. They advocated the spread of women’s education. They also wanted to reform their marriage customs.

Saint Ramalinga In 1865 he founded the Samarasa Suddha Sanmargha Sangha for the

promotion of his ideals of establishing a casteless society. He preached love and compassion to the people. He composed Tiru Arutpa. He introduced the principle that God could be worshipped in the form of Light.

Self-Respect Movement and Periyar E.V.R. In the Madras Presidency also the beginning of 20th century witnessed

the rise of Self-respect Movement of Periyar E.V.R. In order to eradicate this evil practice many other individual and institutional efforts were also made. These movements were directed mainly in removing the disabilities suffered by Harijans in regard to drawing of water from public wells, getting entry into temples and admission into schools.

UNIT – II

57. Given below are the marks obtained by a group of 35 students in

a class test carrying maximum marks of 5 classify the data in the form of frequency distribution.

3, 2, 0, 1, 3, 4, 2, 5, 3, 3, 1, 3, 2, 3, 1, 3, 3, 0, 4, 3, 5, 2, 2, 5, 3, 1, 4, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 3, 2

Solution: Frequency distribution of the marks obtained by the 35

students.

Marks Tally Bars Frequencies

0 || 2

1 |||| | 6

2 |||| ||| 8

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3 |||| |||| || 12

4 |||| 4

5 ||| 3

Total 35

58. A Person gave 2

5 part of his income to his elder son and 30% part

to his younger son. He saved his remaining money in three trusts A, B and C in the ratio of 3 : 5 : 2 of difference between the amount got by his both sons is `2000, how much amount he saved in trust C?

Solution: Let the person have ₹ x.

Then Share of elder son = ₹ 2

5

Share of younger son = ₹ 10

According to the question

Difference between amount of sons = ₹ 2000 ⇒ 25 – 3

10 = 2000 ⇒ 10

= 2000 x = ₹ 2000

Remaining amount saved in trusts

= x – 2

5+ 3

10 = x –

4x + 3

10

= x – 7

= 3

10 =

3

10 × 20000 = ₹ 6000

Given ratio of Trusts

A : B : C = 3 : 5 : 2 ∴ Saved money in trust C

2

3 + 5 + 2 6000 = 2

10 6000 = ₹ 1200

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UNIT - III 59. Explain in detail about National Hydrogen Energy Roadmap of

government of India Hydrogen - a colourless, odourless gas is increasingly gaining

attention as a future source of energy free from environmental pollution. Its new use has been found in the automobile and power generation sector.

The biggest advantage with hydrogen is that it has the highest energy content per unit mass among known fuels and it burns to produce water as a by-product. It is, therefore, not only an efficient energy carrier but also an environmentally benign fuel as well.

In fact, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy have been supporting a broad based research, development and demonstration (RD&D) programme on different aspects of hydrogen energy for over two decades.

Consequently, a National Hydrogen Energy Road Map was prepared in 2005 which provides for various pathways for development of hydrogen energy i.e. production, storage, transport, safety, delivery and applications. However, the current technologies for use of hydrogen are yet to be optimized and commercialized but efforts for the same have already started.

Hydrogen Production Hydrogen is found only in combined state on earth and therefore its

production involves the process of its isolation from its compounds, a process which itself requires energy.

Globally, about 96% of hydrogen is produced presently using hydrocarbons. About 4% hydrogen is produced through electrolysis of water.

Refineries and fertilizer plants are major in-situ producers and consumers of hydrogen in India. It is also produced as a by-product in chloro-alkali industry.

Hydrogen production falls into three categories: thermal process, electrolytic processes and photolytic processes.

Some thermal processes use energy resources while in others heat is used in combination with closed chemical cycles to produce hydrogen from feed-stocks such as water. These are known as “thermo-chemical” processes. But this technology is in early stages of development. Steam Methane Reformation, gasification of coal and gasification of biomass are other processes of production of hydrogen. The advantage with coal and biomass is that both are locally available resources and biomass is a renewable resource too.

Electrolytic processes use electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen and can even reduce the emission of green house gases emission if the source of electricity is ‘clean’.

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Hydrogen Storage Hydrogen storage for transportation is one of the most technically

challenging barriers to widespread commercialization of this technology.

The most common method of storage is in gaseous state in pressurized cylinders, however, it being the lightest element requires high pressures.

It can be stored in liquid form in cryogenic systems but would require high amounts of energy.

It is also possible to store it in solid state in the form of metal hydrides, liquid organic hydrides, carbon nanostructures and in chemicals.

60. What is nuclear waste? Discuss the levels in nuclear waste and give the precautions in disposing nuclear waste.

Radioactive wastes are the wastes emanating from a nuclear power plant or medical laboratory. They contain the radioactive materials that are hazardous to most forms of life and the environment.

Levels of nuclear waste 1. Very Low Level Waste: The least harmful wastes are called the very low

level waste (VLLW). Examples of the VLLW would be the demolished materials like concrete, plaster, brick, metals, valves, piping etc that may have produced while rehabilitation projects or demolition projects.

2. Low Level wastes: Are usually generated from the wastes emerging out of hospitals and industries. Consists of paper, rags, tools, cloths, cotton, filters etc. they contain short lived radioactivity. It is often incinerated or burned before disposal.

3. Intermediate level waste: This type of wastes contains high level of radioactivity and requires burial. They contains chemical sludge’s, metal fuel and resins. The non solids are sometimes converted to bitumen for disposal.

4. High Level Waste: Emerges from burning of uranium fuel in a Nuclear Reactor. They are highly radioactive and hot, they requires cooling and shielding.

Precautions Liquid radioactive waste is best disposed of via the sewer system. Such

waste may only be disposed of via flushing sinks connected to approved radioactive drains provided for this purpose.

Ensure that the activity per flush is below the dilution concentration limit for each radionuclide.

Organic solvents are not to be disposed of via flushing sinks. Solid waste must be sealed in a red plastic bag and placed in a

cardboard radioactive waste box. Waste must be segregated by radionuclide and waste type unless

otherwise permitted. For example, the following waste should be packaged in separate boxes radionuclide animal carcasses (will be stored frozen and incinerated)

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syringes in a sharps container (will be incinerated) scintillation cocktail contained in counting tubes (may be

incinerated) All sharps (needles and broken glass) must be enclosed in a hard

container (metal tin or plastic sharps container) before being placed into waste boxes.

61. Describe in detail about genetical disease their symptoms and write their remedies.

1. Sickle cell anaemia : Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic syndrome caused by an autosomal

mutant allele Hbs. In homozygous condition (Hbs Hbs), it causes the production of an abnormal haemoglobin called haemoglobin S. The normal haemolobin is designated as HbA (HbAHbA). Sickle cell persons with the genotype HbsHbs suffer from a fatal haemolytic anaemia. The patient dies due to damaged heart, kidney, spleen and brain as a result of clogged blood vessels or vascular obstruction. Persons with heterozygous genotype HbA Hbs are said to be carriers and they survive.

2. Thalassemia : Thalassemia is an erythroblastic anaemia due to homozygous

recessive gene expression in children. Two types of this disease viz., thalassemia major and thalassemia minor exist. The former is the severe form while the latter is its milder form. The homozygotes suffer from severe thalassemia while all heterozygotes suffer from milder thalassemia. The clinical manifestations of thalassemia include I) decrease in the bone marrow activity, ii) peripheral haemolysis, iii) splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) and hepatomegaly, (enlarged liver) etc. The thalassemic children die at the age of seventeen.

3. Agammaglobulinemia : Agammaglobulinaemia is a recessive gene disease, wherein r-globulin

synthesis fails to occur. In this disease, the patient shows a great deficiency or total absence of plasma cells and unusual lymph nodes with fewer lymphocytes than normal. The failure of antibody synthesis in this disease, makes the subjects more prone to viral and bacterial infections especially of the chest .This disease mostly affects boys.

4. Albinism : It is an inherited disorder of melanin metabolism characterized by the

absence of melanin in the skin, hairs and eyes. The clinical characteristics of this disease are the milk-white coloured skin and marked photophobia. Albinism is an inborn error metabolic disease, In this, the genes by undergoing mutation do not produce particular enzymes, which take part in the metabolic pathways. The metabolism of one amino acid phenylalanine proceeds in chains of enzyme-mediated reactions. The change or absence of enzyme due to defective genes, results in physiological abnormalities. In albinism, complete lack of melanin pigment (a dark brown pigment) causes the albino to

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suffer. The incidence of albinism in human has been reported to be from 1:5000 to 1:25000. The albinism may be generalized albinism, localized albinism of the eye (ocular albinism) or partial albinism (skin and hair). The recessive genes ‘aa’ do not produce the tyrosinase enzyme, which converts DOPA (3,4 – dihydroxy phenyl alanine) into melanin in the melanocytes.

5. Huntington’s chorea : This is a fatal disease caused by an autosomal dominant gene in

human. The onset of the disease is between 35 and 40 years of age. It is characterized by uncontrolled jerking of the body due to involuntary twitching of voluntary muscles. It leads to progressive degeneration of the central nervous system accompanied by gradual mental and physical deterioration. Huntington’s disease was the first completely dominant human genetic disease to come to light. The affected gene is located on chromosome 4. Other characteristics of this disease are deterioration of intellectual faculty, depression, occasional hallucination and delusions and other psychological problems. This disease is incurable.

6. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) : This is an extremely rare inherited disease affecting children. The gene

for the disease called ADA (Adenine deaminase) is located on chromosome 20. The children suffering from the syndrome completely lack the immune defense mechanism against infection due to rapid death of all white blood cells. SCID is also called Bubble Boy Syndrome. The child is kept in a sterile bubble. Unless given bone marrow transplant, the child’s life span is short lived.

62. What is bio-sphere reserve? Explain various Zones and mention bio-sphere reserves in India.

Biosphere reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal or marine ecosystems or its amalgamation. The biosphere reserve network was launched in 1976, two years after the initiation of MAB- Man and the biosphere programme. Government of India established 18 biospheres in the country (categories generally relating to IUCN Category V Protected areas).

Biosphere reserves have three unified zones that aim to fulfill three harmonizing and mutually reinforcing functions:

1. The core area: It involves an entirely secured and protected ecosystem that contributes to the preservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species and genetic variation.

2. The buffer zone: It encompasses or adjoins the core areas. It is utilized for

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activities compatible with sound ecological practices that can fortify scientific research, monitoring, training and education.

3. The transition area: It is the part of the reserve where the greatest activity is permitted to promote economic and human development that is sustainable.

Number of Biosphere Reserves in India There are 18 notified Biosphere reserves in India. Out of them, 10

Biosphere Reserves are in the UNESCO’s MAB World Network. These Biospehere Reserves and their respective years of including in MAB network are as follows: Nilgiri (2000), Gulf of Mannar (2001), Sunderban (2001), Nanda Devi(2004), Nokrek (2009), Pachmarhi(2009), Similipal (2009), Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (2012) , Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve (2013) and Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve (2016).

List of Biosphere Reserves in India S.No. Year Name States

1. 2008 Kachchh Biosphere Reserve

Gujarat

2. 1989 Gulf of Mannar Tamilnadu 3. 1989 Sunderbans West Bengal 4. 1988 Nanda Devi Uttrakhand

5. 1986 Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve

Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka

6. 1998 Dehang Debang Arunachal Pradesh 7. 1999 Pachmarhi Madhya Pradesh 8. 1994 Similipal Orissa

9. 2005 Achanakamar-Amarkantak

Chhatisgarh, Madhya Pradesh

10. 1989 Mans Assam 11. 2000 Kanchanjunga Sikkim 12. 2001 Agasthyamalai Kerala

13. 1989 Great Nicobar Andaman and Nicobar Islands

14. 1988 Nokrek Meghalaya 15. 1997 Dibru-saikhowa Assam 16. 2009 Cold Desert Himachal Pradesh 17. 2010 Sheshachalam Hills Andhra Pradesh

18. 2011 Panna Biosphere Reserve

Part of Panna and Chhattarpur districts in Madhya Pradesh