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1Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
: Cal
cula
tion
for
Prot
ectio
n, A
pplic
atio
nan
dJu
dgin
gFa
ult
Con
sequ
ence
sC
once
rnin
gSa
fety
ofPe
ople
Uni
v.-P
rof.
Dip
l.-In
g. D
r. Lo
thar
Fic
kert
Dip
l.-In
g. D
r. Er
nst S
chm
autz
erD
ipl.-
Ing.
Tho
mas
Mal
lits
www.
ifea.tugr
az.at
Inst
itute
of E
lect
rical
Pow
er S
yste
ms
Uni
vers
ity o
f Tec
hnol
ogy
Gra
z
2
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
3
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
We
are
oblig
edto
: tru
thob
ject
ivity
neut
ralit
y
Philo
soph
yan
dA
ctiv
ities
Uni
v.-P
rof +
Ao.
Uni
v.-P
rof +
Sen
ior S
cien
tist
3
Uni
v.-A
ss. +
Uni
v.Pr
ojec
t-Ass
.3 +
13
=
16
Stud
ent-e
mpl
oyee
s7
Gue
st le
ctur
ers
15
Part
ners
/ con
tact
s10
5el
ectr
icity
indu
stry
auth
oriti
es(A
T, E
U)
priv
ate
indu
stry
AT, I
T, D
E, C
Z, T
R,
BLG
, FYR
OM
, TR
, GB
, C
H, R
Oco
rpor
atio
ns P
roje
cts
(per
yea
r) ~
60
4
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
Typi
calf
aults
in p
ower
grid
s
shor
tcirc
uit
eart
hfa
ults
Presentation 12.1
OMICRON - Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference
5Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
Line
to g
roun
dfa
ult
Hig
h vo
ltage
OH
L on
gro
und
6
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
Sim
plifi
edca
lcul
atio
nm
etho
dfo
rear
thfa
ults
7
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
Theo
ryan
d R
ealit
y of
Ear
th F
aults
Sym
met
rical
Com
pone
nts
(1)
Cab
leLa
ndlin
e
Pete
rsen
coil
1)1)
Pete
rsen
coi
l(19
17):
arc
supp
ress
ion
coil
Wal
dem
ar P
eter
sen
Rel
ay
8
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
Faul
t cal
cula
tion
in s
ymm
etric
alco
mpo
nent
s
I0=
I E/3
=
(I Pet
IC
E)/3
X CE0
= 3*
UN/I C
E
R0
= 3*
Rtr
ans
Sym
met
rical
Com
pone
nts
(2)
Rel
ay
Neu
tral
impe
danc
eH
ealth
y ne
twor
kX P
et0
= 3*
UN/I P
et
Presentation 12.2
OMICRON - Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference
9Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
Step
1
isol
ated
neut
ral
I F=
UN/
Rtr
ans2
+ X N
etw
ork,
cap2
X Net
wor
k,ca
p=
(UN/
3) /
I
Sim
plifi
edC
alcu
latio
n(1
)
X Net
wor
k,ca
p
Rtr
ans
10
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
I F=
UN/
Rtr
ans2
+ X r
esid
ual2
Step
2
neu
tral
with
arc
supp
ress
ion
coil
(ASC
)
X res
idua
l= (U
N/
3)/ (
m* I
CE)
X res
idua
l
Rtr
ans
Sim
plifi
edC
alcu
latio
n(2
)
11
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
I F=
UN/
Rtr
ans2
+ X r
esid
ual2a
ccur
acy,
e.g
. for
Rtr
ans
=0:
Z 1=
(UN/
3)/ I
sc
X res
onan
t= (U
N/
3)/ (
m* I
CE)
I F=
3*(U
N/
3)/ (
2 Z
1 +
3*X r
esid
ual)
=
(UN/
3)/ (
2/3Z
1+
X r
esid
ual)
=
2/3
Z 1/
X r
esid
ual
=
2
/3*(
m*I C
E) /
Ik
=
2
/3*
60A
/ 4
000A
=
1
%
Rtr
ans
Sim
plifi
edC
alcu
latio
n(2
)
X res
idua
l
Step
2
neu
tral
with
arc
supp
ress
ion
coil
(ASC
)
12
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n I F=
UPh
ase
/ [(R
Stp
// X r
esid
ual)
+ Z L
(1+k
E) +
Rtr
ans]
Step
3
neu
tral
with
arc
supp
ress
ion
coil
(ASC
) and
neu
tral
resi
stor
Z L k 0*Z
L
Rtr
ans
Sim
plifi
edC
alcu
latio
n(3
)
Presentation 12.3
OMICRON - Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference
13
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
Que
stio
ns: I
nflu
ence
of th
e le
ngth
to g
roun
d? S
oilr
esis
tivity
? G
rass
etc
?
U =
800
V +
120
*I=
R(I)
*I =
U(I)
Res
ista
nce
of a
line
to g
roun
dfa
ult
14
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
050100
150
200
250
300
05
10
- 2
,000
4,0
00 6
,000
8,0
00 1
0,00
0 1
2,00
0 1
4,00
0
05
10H
[m]
H[m
]
U[Volt]
R[/m]
Res
ista
nce
of tr
ees
15
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n Glo
bal E
arth
ing
Syst
em
16
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
Dan
ger
Tole
rabl
e To
uchi
ngVo
ltage
Dur
atio
n in
ms
Voltagein V
Presentation 12.4
OMICRON - Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference
17
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
I Ear
th
Uto
uchi
ng, m
ax
Gro
und
Cur
rent
(1)
REa
rth
=
/ (2
r 1)
UEa
rth
= I E
arth
REa
rth
(r
) = U
Eart
h r
1 /r
Uto
uch,
max
= U
E [
1 -r
1 /(r
1+
1m)]
U
E 1
m /
r 12
1/r2
18
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
I Ear
th
I Ear
th
Gro
und
Cur
rent
(2)
~
19
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
I Ear
th
I Ear
th
Gro
und
Cur
rent
(3)
Prin
cipa
llyw
rong
!!
~
20
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
Impa
ct o
n cu
rren
tdis
trib
utio
n
Indu
ctan
ceco
nduc
tor-
eart
h-lo
op
Impe
danc
e-re
latio
ns o
f who
lese
tup
(par
alle
l con
duct
ors)
Ret
urn
path
follo
ws
itsco
nduc
torc
lose
ly
Late
ral v
iew
Top
view
Like
Thi
s!
Gro
und
Cur
rent
(4)
Presentation 12.5
OMICRON - Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference
21
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
Sour
ce
Cur
rent
flow
in p
ower
grid
(1)
22
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
Sour
ce
3%
Ear
th fa
ult c
urre
nt
Cur
rent
flow
in p
ower
grid
(2)
23
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
Typi
cals
ituat
ions
low
ove
rall
resi
stan
ce is
hel
pful
, but
is n
ot a
gua
rant
eel
ow fa
ult c
urre
nt le
vel
sui
tabl
e ca
ble
shea
th re
duct
ion
fact
or o
r ear
th w
ire re
duct
ion
fact
ors
hort
faul
t dur
atio
nv
erifi
catio
n by
typi
cal m
easu
rem
ents
or c
alcu
latio
nss
ubst
atio
n su
rrou
nded
by
build
ings
with
foun
datio
n ea
rth e
lect
rode
s an
d in
terc
onne
cted
ear
thin
g sy
stem
s c
ity c
entre
or d
ense
ly b
uilt
up a
reas
sub
stat
ion
with
man
y di
strib
uted
ear
th e
lect
rode
s in
terc
onne
cted
by
prot
ectiv
e ea
rth c
ondu
ctor
s of
low
vol
tage
sys
tem
man
y ne
arby
sub
stat
ions
man
y ou
tgoi
ng e
arth
ele
ctro
des
fee
ding
ext
ende
d in
dust
rial a
reas
sub
stat
ion
is p
art o
f sys
tem
with
mul
ti ea
rthed
hig
h vo
ltage
neu
tral
cond
ucto
r
Glo
bal e
arth
ing
syst
em: T
ypic
alap
plic
atio
ns
24
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
Glo
bal e
arth
ing
syst
em
criti
cals
ituat
ions
Exce
ptio
ns/ c
ritic
alsi
tuat
ions
Mea
sure
men
ts(C
alcu
latio
ns)
M
itiga
tion
Exam
ple:
Situ
atio
nsat
the
frin
ges
of s
ettle
men
ts
Out
liers
: C
able
rise
r pol
es(m
.v.)
Out
lyin
gR
MU
s (
recr
eatio
nho
me
)O
utly
ing
Bui
ldin
gs (
Saus
age
stan
d in
the
woo
ds)
Ins
talla
tions
at th
e fr
inge
sof
den
sely
use
area
s
Con
nect
ion
of l.
v. e
arth
(TN
) and
m.v
. ear
th a
nd u
nd tr
ansf
erre
dpo
tent
ials
(EPR
F
UTP
: ce
men
tmix
erin
the
back
yard
with
ext
ensi
onlin
e)
Presentation 12.6
OMICRON - Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference
25
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n Glo
bal e
arth
ing
syst
em: r
ealit
y(1
)
Tran
sfor
mer
sta
tion
Glo
bal e
arth
ing
syst
em
26
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
UW
Exam
ple
forc
ritic
alpo
ints
Glo
bal e
arth
ing
syst
em: r
ealit
y(2
)
27
Uni
v.-P
rof.
DI D
r.L.
Fic
kert
Shor
t Circ
uits
and
Eart
h Fa
ults
Sing
apor
e, O
ctob
er 1
5th
-16t
h , 20
14
Inst
itutf
r E
lekt
risch
e An
lage
n
Sum
mar
y: trad
ition
ally
:ty
p 6
0A
60
Vol
t
lin
ear s
calin
g
300A
30
0 Vo
lt
for