SEVEN LAYER MONUMENTS OF THE EARLY OLD KINGDOM

FORTHCOMMING

شاء هللا إن

FUNERARY PYRAMIDS

Are: Stepped, Bent, Benben , or of True forms with some PROPERTIES namely:

1 - Correctness of SHAPE, 2 - STABILITY of Edifice, 3 - Maintain Ancestral TRADITIONS, 4 - Solar, Oserian, Astral and Royal CULTS.

7 LAYER MONUMENTS OF THE EARLY OLD KINGDOM

Are NOT tombs, and are missing the PROPERTIES of Funerary Pyramids:

1 -Their plans are FAULTY, and their ultimate shape is UNCERTAIN,

2 - Their stability is QUESTIONABLE,

3 –There are no architectural FORERUNNERS that we know of,

4 – Only a few signs of RELIGIOUS RITUALS.

Early Old Kingdom Masonry

Third Dynasty Façades

Third Dynasty Layer Masonry

Early O.K. Outer Facing

Geographical Location

Layer Monument Masonry

Seila

Hebenu

Sinki

El Kula

L. M. Concretions, Granite, Lime and Sand Stone

Map of The Nile Fayum Divide

Contour Map of the Site of Seila

and an Icon Showing Relevant Bearings

Seila, Section by Lauer, Plan by Bakai - Lesco

Seila: North and South Sides

Seila: East and West Sides

Seila Principal Plan

Seila

Seila, North, South and West Descending Wadies

The Eastern Chapel Embankment

Seila Embankment, Eastern Chapel

Seila, Trench in The South of the Embankment

Looking East

Looking West

Seila, Robbers Trench

Written Material in the Robbers Trench

Seila, Bones in the Robbers Trench

Similarity of Foundations of Outer Facing at Seila, Sinki and Elephantine

Outer Facing at: Seila, Hebenu and Sinki

Seila, Outer Facing Herders and Stretchers

Seila, The Step and Slope: Stone Objects ‘B’, ‘C’, and ‘H’

Seila, Step and Slope

S O ‘B’

S O ‘C’

Possibilities of the Ultimate Shape of the Layer Monuments

From the

Northern Chapel

From the

Step Pyramid

Seila: the Step Pyramid Option

Seila: the Benben Option

Seila, History of Destruction

Seila, Early Fourth Dynasty Pottery in of the Northern Chapel

Seila, M.K. Finds in the Spalls Over the Eastern Pavement

Amphora from 3-4 Century AD and Coin of Philomator in

the Latest Rubble covering the Spalls

Hebenu, Zawyet el Mayiteen

Hebenu, Zawyet el Mayiteen

and an Icon Showing Relevant Bearings

Hebenu: Section by Lauer; Profile by Maragioglio and Renaldi

Hebenu, Zawyet el Mayiteen North and South sides

Hebenu, Zawyet el Mayiteen, East and West sides

Hebenu, Zawyet el Mayiteen

Sinki

Map of Sinkiand an Icon Showing Relevant Bearings

Plan of Under Ay

Sinki: Plan and Section by Dreyer

Sinki, North and South Corners

Sinki, East and West Corners

Sinki, Principal Plan

Sinki

Sinki, Parasitic Burials

Finds at Sinki

Nubt Naqada

Nubt, Naqada, Map and an Icon Showing Relevant Bearings

Nubt: Plan and Section by Petrie

Nubt, North and South Sides

Nubt, East and West Sides

Nubt

Naqada Tumuli

The Southern Tumulus at Naqada

El Kula

Map of El Kula;and an Icon Showing Relevant Bearings

El Kula: Sections by Lauer and Stenon and Plan by Stenon

El Kula, North and South Corners

El Kula, East and West Corners

El Kula

El Ghenimiya

El Ghanimiya, South and West Sides

Elephantine

Map of Elephantine

and an Icon Showing Relevant Bearings

Elephantine: Plan and Section by Dreyer

Elephantine, North and South Sides

Elephantine, East and West Sides

Elephantine

Elephantine: the Name Huni and Other Cross Markings

The Famous Funerary Pyramids are Close to Perfection; But

NO ANCIENT RECORDS HAVE BEEN FOUND ON:

1. PLANNING of a Funerary Pyramid, Except for some Remote Ones.

2. LOGISTICS and Organization of the Building Process.

3. TECHNIQUES of Building .

4. ADMINISTRATION of the Project.

NO ANCIENT RECORDS HAVE BEEN FOUND AT OUR L. M. BUT

INTERESTING INFORMATION WAS FOUND ON:

1. Construction on UNLEVELED Rock or LEVELED Desert.

2. SUPPLIES of Building Material.

3. Brick MARKERS for Planning.

4. RAMPS for Construction.

5. CORRECTING Builders Mistakes.

Leveled Desert

Unleveled Bedrock

Planning and Controlling by Brick Markers

Ramps at Sinki

Rough Attempt to Correct a Faulty Plan at Sinki

Monitoring the Angle of Layer 2 at Seila East Side

Correcting Builders Mistake in the Slope by Stone Object ‘A’

At Seila Masonry and Mortar from the Surrounding Djebel El Rus

Lake Sediment, Eocene Limestone and the Pliocene Conglomerate

Lime Stone at El Fayum; Concretions in Middle Egypt; Beds of Lime or Sand Stone in Upper Egypt and Granite at Elephantine

Religious Rituals, Seila: The North and East Chapels

A Stone Table in the Northern Chapel

A Triple Basin from the Northern Chapel

Fragments of a Seated Statue in the Northern Chapel

Stele at the Eastern Chapel

Hr Neb Maat

Niswbity

Snofrw

Roof of a Shrine for a Model Boat ? In the Eastern Chapel

Seila and Sinki: Mysterious Pits