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Sadlier School Professional Development Series | Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction 1
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ed.PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SERIES
Sadlier® School
Wiley Blevins, MEd
Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction
www.SadlierSchool.com/FPR
Sadlier School
PHONICS
Sadlier School Professional Development Series | Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction 2
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Readiness Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Scope and Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Blending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Dictation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Word Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
High-Frequency Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Reading Connected Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Related Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Back Cover
Sadlier School Professional Development Series | Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction 3
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The important role of phonics in building the necessary foundational skills for reading has been well documented by research over the past 60 years (Chall, 1967; Anderson et al, 1985; Adams, 1990; Snow et al, 1998; NICHD 2000; Hattie, 2012; Wong, 2015). But not all phonics instruction is equal. In addition to being explicit and systematic, strong phonics instruction must include seven key ingredients for student success (Blevins, 2017, 2011, 2006, 2001). These include the following and are cornerstones of the Sadlier From Phonics to Reading™ program.
INTRODUCTION
Sadlier School Professional Development Series | Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction 3
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Sadlier School Professional Development Series | Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction 4
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Sadlier School Professional Development Series | Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction 4
The two best predictors of early reading success are phonemic awareness and alphabet recognition (Adams, 1990; Beck and Juel, 1995; Chall, 1996; Stanovich, 1992). These skills open the gate for reading. Without a deep knowledge of the English letters and an awareness that words are made up of sounds, students cannot learn to read. Phonemic awareness is the understanding that words are made up of a series of discrete sounds, called phonemes. A range of subskills is taught to develop phonemic awareness with oral blending and oral segmentation having the most positive impact on reading and writing development. These skills are known as the power skills (Blevins 2017; Reutzel, 2015) and are the emphasis of instruction. Alphabet recognition involves learning the names, shapes, and sounds of the letters of the alphabet with fluency (Bear, Templeton, Invernizzi, and Johnston, 1996). Phonemic awareness and alphabet recognition are focused on primarily in Kindergarten and Grade 1.
1READINESS SKILLS
Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction
Short u
■
■
■
■
■
Oral Blending Tell children they will be blending, or putting together, sounds to make words. Say the following sound sequences:/u/ /s / /k/ /u/ /t / /h/ /u/ /m/ /l / /u/ k/ /r / /u/ /n/ /h/ /u/ /g/ /h/ /u/ /g/ /z/Ask children to blend the sounds together to make a word. Provide corrective feedback by modeling how to stretch together (or sing) the sounds. Introduce the short u sound-spelling in Learn and Blend.
Learn and Blend • Student Book, page 51
Introduce short u spelled u. Write up and bug, underline the short u spelling in each word, and model blending. Then read aloud the rhyme several times. Prompt children to join in, emphasizing the /u/ sound.
Blend It • Student Book, page 51
Model blending the first two words in Line 1. Compare and contrast the words, noting the position of the letter u and the short u sound. Then have children chorally blend the remaining words. Lines 2–4 contain short u words with minimal contrasts; 5–6 contain context sentences; 7–8 review words to build fluency; 9 challenge words for advanced learners.
Corrective Feedback When children make an error, say: My turn. Make the sound correctly. Have them repeat the sound. Tap under the letter and say: What’s the sound? Children chorally respond. Return to the beginning of the word. Say: Let’s start over. Blend the word with children again.
1. Phonemic Awareness 5MIN
2. Introduce Sound-Spelling 10MIN
[1541-4_AR_051: a bug hiding under a rug; boldface word indicates target sound and needs to “pop”]
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Blend ItDirections: Chorally read the words.
IntroDucE
1. up cup pup but cut hut
2. cup cut bug bun hug hum
3. cap cup pop pup bug bag
4. bus dug fun gum jug nut
5. The big red bug hid.
6. The big red bug hid under the rug.rEvIEw
7. map led hip rock dot rip
8. fell tap fog beg tan lidchallEngE
9. truck stuck struck fluff stuff plug
■ Build Fluency ■ Mark It short u ■ Spell It ■ Write About It
Daily Practice
Learn and BlendDirections: Listen and join in.
u…u…u…Up goes the umbrella.
Short uu
Introduction
51Lesson 4 • Short u
1541-4_SE1__0000051 51 8/24/18 10:10 AM
TEACHER TABLE
ENGLISH LEARNERS
Sound Transfer In Cantonese and Mandarin, there is an approximate transfer for short u. There is no transfer in Spanish, Hmong, Korean, or Farsi. Focus on articulation. Model correct mouth position. Have children use hand mirrors to focus on mouth position as they pronounce the sound.
Vocabulary Each day, select several words from the Blend It lines on Student Book, page 51. Focus on words whose meanings can be explained or demonstrated in a concrete way. For example, show a picture of a cup, pup, hut, or jug. Demonstrate the meaning of hum, hug, and cut.
Note: Children will complete the Daily Practice activities on Student Book, page 51 throughout the week. Whenever you see children will return to previous pages to reinforce their learning.
Lesson 4 • Day 1
OBJECTIVES
Short u 51
INDEPENDENT/PARTNER WORK
Reread Connected Text Have partners reread “Fun in the Sun” on Student Book, page 53. Ask children to list any words they struggle with. Review these words with children as time permits. Prompt partners to write new sentences describing something that is fun to do in the sun or something that is not fun to do in the sun.
Short u
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■
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Oral Segmentation Tell children they will be segmenting, or breaking apart, words. Say the following words, one at a time: bud; cup; hum; mud; fuss; nuts; runs; hums. Ask children to segment each word sound by sound, then count the number of sounds. Provide corrective feedback by modeling how to segment the word using sound boxes and counters. Stretch the sounds in the word. Place one counter in each box as you move from sound to sound.
Cumulative Quick Check Display sound-spelling cards for all the previously taught phonics skills, one at a time. Have children chorally say each sound. Mix the card set, then repeat.
Blend It • Revisit Student Book, page 51
Have children reread the Blend It lines to a partner to build fluency. Circulate, listen in, and provide corrective feedback. Then have children complete the Mark It activity.
Review Reteach the high-frequency words little, with, have, and are using the Read-Spell-Write routine.
Extend Ask children to create oral sentences for each word. Have them say each sentence to a partner, and then write the sentence (e. g., Look at the little cat). Prompt children to expand on one sentence by adding descriptive details or combining two ideas using and (e.g., Look at the little gray cat and the little tan cat).
1. Phonemic Awareness 5MIN
2. Sound-Spelling/Blending 5MIN
3. High-Frequency Words 5MIN
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Think and WriteDirections: Listen to each picture name. Write the spelling for each sound in a separate box.
1.
s u n2.
r u g3.
n u tListen and SpellDirections: Write each word and sentence that you hear.
1. cut 2. fun 3. up 4. bug
5. The cup is not hot.
Dictation
55Lesson 4 • Short u
1541-4_SE1__0000055 55 8/24/18 10:10 AM
OBJECTIVES
Lesson 4 • Day 2
Short u 55
From Phonics to Reading Level A, Teacher’s Edition
Sadlier School Professional Development Series | Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction 5
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Sadlier School Professional Development Series | Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction 5
Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction
A strong scope and sequence builds from the simple to the complex in a way that takes advantage of previous learning. The sequence allows for many words to be formed as early as possible and focuses on teaching high-utility skills before less useful sound spellings (Hanna, Hodges, Hanna, and Rudolph, 1966). The sequence also has built-in review and repetition to ensure mastery over time. While there is no “right” scope and sequence, programs that strive to connect concepts and move through a series of skills in a stair-step way offer the best chance at student success. The phonics in the From Phonics to Reading sequence teaches new skills and concepts in this manner. As with most early reading skills, differentiated support is provided for the scope and sequence to meet the needs of all students.
From Phonics to Reading
Main Skill Word Study or Extra Focus Phonemic Awareness Main Skill Word Study Phonemic Awareness Main Skill Word Study Main Skill Word Study
Mm Alphabet Recognition • Recognize Rhyme • Clap Syllables • Blend Syllables • Identify Words in a Spoken Sentence
Short a Plurals • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Recognize and Produce Rhyme
Short Vowels Inflectional Ending -s Short Vowels Closed Syllables
Short a Alphabet Recognition • Recognize Rhyme • Clap and Count Syllables • Blend Syllables • Identify Words in a Spoken Sentence
Short i Inflectional Ending -s • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Alliteration
Closed Syllables “Reading Big Words” Strategy
Long a Open Syllables
Ss Alphabet Recognition • Oral Blending • Isolate Beginning Sounds • Alliteration • Identify Words in a Spoken Sentence
Short o Double Final Consonants (ll, ss, zz) • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Recognize and Produce Rhyme
Consonant + le Syllables
“Reading Big Words” Strategy
Long o Vowel Team Syllables
Tt Alphabet Recognition • Recognize Rhyme • Blend Syllables • Isolate Beginning Sounds • Identify Words in a Spoken Sentence
Short u Double Final Consonants (dd, ll, zz) • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Alliteration
l-Blends, r-Blends, s-Blends
Inflectional Ending -ing Long e Final Stable Syllables
Pp Alphabet Recognition • Oral Blending • Clap and Count Syllables • Isolate Beginning and Ending Sounds • Identify Words in a Spoken Sentence
Short e Plurals (review) • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Recognize and Produce Rhyme
Final Blends Inflectional Ending -ed Long i Final e Syllables
Nn Plural Nouns with -s • Oral Blending • Recognize Rhyme • Isolate Beginning and Ending Sounds
l-Blends Possessives • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Categorize Sounds
Final e Soft c and Soft g Long u Context Clues: General Clues
Short i Inflectional Ending -s • Oral Blending • Recognize Rhyme • Isolate Beginning and Ending Sounds
s-Blends Final Blends • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds
Final e Syllables Inflectional Endings (drop e)
r-Controlled Vowels (/är/, /ôr/)
r-Controlled Vowel Syllables
Cc Ending _ck • Oral Blending • Recognize and Produce Rhyme • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
r-Blends Contractions • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Categorize Sounds
Consonant Digraphs (sh, ch, tch, th)
Possessives r-Controlled Vowels (er, ir, ur)
Abbreviations
Ff Distinguish Initial and Final Consonant Sounds
• Oral Blending • Recognize and Produce Rhyme • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Digraphs sh, th Inflectional Ending –ed • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds
Consonant Digraphs (wh, ph, ng/nk)
3-Letter Blends Long oo and Short oo Compound Words
Dd Distinguish Initial and Final Consonant Sounds
• Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Digraphs ch, tch, wh Inflectional Ending –ing • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Categorize Sounds
Long a Contractions Diphthongs /ou/ and /oi/ Hard and Soft g
Hh Inflectional Ending -s • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Digraphs ng, nk 3-Letter Blends • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds
Open Syllables Inflectional Endings (double final consonants)
Variant Vowel /ô/ Final Stable Syllables
Short o Distinguishing Initial and Medial Vowel Sounds
• Oral Blending • Recognize and Produce Rhyme • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Final e (a_e, i_e) Soft c and g • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Distinguish Long and Short Vowel Sounds
Long e Inflectional Endings (change y to i)
Closed Syllables Suffixes with Spelling Changes
Rr Ending _ck • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation• Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Final e (o_e, u_e, e_e)
Inflectional Ending –ing and –ed
• Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Distinguish Long and Short Vowel Sounds
Vowel Team Syllables
Silent Letters (kn, wr, gn, mb)
Open Syllables Sounds Suffixes with Spelling Changes
Bb Plural Nouns with -s • Oral Blending • Recognize and Produce Rhyme • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Single Letter Long Vowels (e, i, o)
Prefixes (re-, un-) • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Substitute Sounds
Long i Suffixes (-y, -ly) Final Stable Syllables Context Clues: Definitions, Synonyms
Ll Double Final Consonants • Oral Blending • Recognize and Produce Rhyme • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Long a (ai, ay) Compound Words • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Distinguish Long and Short Vowel Sounds
Long o Compound Words Vowel Team Syllables Context Clues: Antonyms, General Clues
Kk Ending _ck • Oral Blending • Recognize and Produce Rhyme • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Long e (ee, ea) Short e Spelled ea • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Sounds
Long u Prefixes (un-, re-, dis-)
r-Controlled Vowel Syllables
Homophones
Short e Distinguishing Initial and Medial Vowel Sounds
• Oral Blending • Recognize and Produce Rhyme • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Long o (oa, ow) Suffixes (-ful, -less) • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Substitute Sounds
Consonant + le Syllables
Homophones Final e Syllables Adding Suffixes with Spelling Changes
Gg Inflectional Ending -s • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Isolate Medial Sounds Long i (y, igh) Comparatives and Superlatives (-er, -est)
• Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds
r-Controlled ar Comparative Suffixes (-er, -est)
Unaccented Final Syllables Contractions
Ww Plural Nouns with -s • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Alliteration Long u (u, ew, ue) Compound Words • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Sounds
r-Controlled er, ir, ur
Suffixes (-ful, -less) Inflectional Endings -ed, -ing with Spelling Changes
Using Morphology: Related Words
Xx Plural Nouns -es • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Recognize and Produce Rhyme
r-Controlled ar Transition to Longer Words
• Phonemic Manipulation: Substitute Sounds • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds • Categorize Sounds
r-Controlled or, ore, oar
Abbreviations Irregular Plurals More Irregular Plurals
Vv Blends • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Recognize and Produce Rhyme
r-Controlled er, ir, ur Transition to Longer Words • Phonemic Manipulation: Substitute Sounds • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds • Categorize Sounds
r-Controlled are, air, ear
Homographs Prefixes (dis-, un-, pre-, re-) Using Morphology: Prefixes, Roots
Short u Distinguishing Initial and Medial Vowel Sounds
• Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Recognize and Produce Rhyme
r-Controlled or, ore, oar
Prefixes (dis-, pre-) • Phonemic Manipulation: Substitute Sounds • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds • Categorize Sounds
r-Controlled Vowel Syllables
Irregular Plurals Suffixes (-er, -or) Homographs
Jj Plural Nouns with -s • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Recognize and Produce Rhyme and Alliteration
Short oo and Long oo
Suffixes (-ly, -y) • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Sounds
Consonant + le Syllables
Inflectional Endings with Spelling Changes
Suffixes (-able, -ful, -less, -ness, -y, -ly)
Using Morphology: Related Words
Qu Inflectional Ending -s • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Diphthong /ou/ (ou, ow)
Compound Words • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Sounds
Short oo and Long oo
Suffixes (-ful, -less, -y, -ly) Prefixes (im-, in-, non-, and others)
Using Morphology: Prefixes, Roots
Yy Double Final Consonants • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Diphthong /oi/ (oi, oy)
Transition to Longer Words • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Syllables
Diphthong /ou/ Compound Words Related Words Using Morphology: Related Words
Zz Blends • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Recognize and Produce Rhyme and Alliteration • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Syllables
Complex Vowel /ô/ (au, aw, alk, alt, all)
Inflectional Endings (review) • Categorize Sounds • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Syllables • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Syllables
Diphthong /oi/ Prefixes (un-, re-, dis-, pre-, mis-)
Homophones Context Clues: Examples, Definitions
Short Vowel Review
Compare Short and Long Vowel Sounds
• Oral Blending • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds and Syllables • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Syllables
r-Controlled are, air, ear
Transition to Longer Words • Categorize Sounds • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Syllables • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Syllables
Complex Vowel /ô/ More Irregular Plurals Homographs Context Clues: Synonyms, Antonyms
Long Vowels
Compare Short and Long Vowel Sounds
• Oral Blending • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds and Syllables • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Syllables
Long i (ild, ind) Long o (old)
Transition to Longer Words • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Add and Delete Syllables
Vowel Team Syllables
Inflectional Endings with Spelling Changes
Compound Words Using Morphology: Roots
Final e (a_e)
Compare Short and Long Vowel Sounds and Spellings
• Oral Blending • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds and Syllables • Phonemic Manipulation: Substitute Initial Sounds
Long i (ie)Long o (oe)
Transition to Longer Words • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Add and Delete Syllables
Review Syllable Types
Related Words Abbreviations More Abbreviations
Final e (o_e, i_e)
Compare Short and Long Vowel Sounds and Spellings
• Oral Blending • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Syllables and Phonemes • Phonemic Manipulation: Substitute Initial Sounds
Long e (y, ey, ie)
Transition to Longer Words • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Add and Delete Syllables
Final Stable Syllables
Related Words Contractions More Contractions
Grade 2, Level B Grade 3, Level C
From Phonics to Reading • Scope and Sequence xiii
1551-3_TE1__000xiii 13 11/9/18 1:28 PM
Grade K, Level KMain Skill Word Study
or Extra Focus Phonemic Awareness Main Skill Word Study Phonemic Awareness Main Skill Word Study Main Skill Word Study
Mm Alphabet Recognition • Recognize Rhyme • Clap Syllables • Blend Syllables • Identify Words in a Spoken Sentence
Short a Plurals • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Recognize and Produce Rhyme
Short Vowels Inflectional Ending -s Short Vowels Closed Syllables
Short a Alphabet Recognition • Recognize Rhyme • Clap and Count Syllables • Blend Syllables • Identify Words in a Spoken Sentence
Short i Inflectional Ending -s • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Alliteration
Closed Syllables “Reading Big Words” Strategy
Long a Open Syllables
Ss Alphabet Recognition • Oral Blending • Isolate Beginning Sounds • Alliteration • Identify Words in a Spoken Sentence
Short o Double Final Consonants (ll, ss, zz) • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Recognize and Produce Rhyme
Consonant + le Syllables
“Reading Big Words” Strategy
Long o Vowel Team Syllables
Tt Alphabet Recognition • Recognize Rhyme • Blend Syllables • Isolate Beginning Sounds • Identify Words in a Spoken Sentence
Short u Double Final Consonants (dd, ll, zz) • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Alliteration
l-Blends, r-Blends, s-Blends
Inflectional Ending -ing Long e Final Stable Syllables
Pp Alphabet Recognition • Oral Blending • Clap and Count Syllables • Isolate Beginning and Ending Sounds • Identify Words in a Spoken Sentence
Short e Plurals (review) • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Recognize and Produce Rhyme
Final Blends Inflectional Ending -ed Long i Final e Syllables
Nn Plural Nouns with -s • Oral Blending • Recognize Rhyme • Isolate Beginning and Ending Sounds
l-Blends Possessives • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Categorize Sounds
Final e Soft c and Soft g Long u Context Clues: General Clues
Short i Inflectional Ending -s • Oral Blending • Recognize Rhyme • Isolate Beginning and Ending Sounds
s-Blends Final Blends • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds
Final e Syllables Inflectional Endings (drop e)
r-Controlled Vowels (/är/, /ôr/)
r-Controlled Vowel Syllables
Cc Ending _ck • Oral Blending • Recognize and Produce Rhyme • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
r-Blends Contractions • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Categorize Sounds
Consonant Digraphs (sh, ch, tch, th)
Possessives r-Controlled Vowels (er, ir, ur)
Abbreviations
Ff Distinguish Initial and Final Consonant Sounds
• Oral Blending • Recognize and Produce Rhyme • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Digraphs sh, th Inflectional Ending –ed • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds
Consonant Digraphs (wh, ph, ng/nk)
3-Letter Blends Long oo and Short oo Compound Words
Dd Distinguish Initial and Final Consonant Sounds
• Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Digraphs ch, tch, wh Inflectional Ending –ing • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Categorize Sounds
Long a Contractions Diphthongs /ou/ and /oi/ Hard and Soft g
Hh Inflectional Ending -s • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Digraphs ng, nk 3-Letter Blends • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds
Open Syllables Inflectional Endings (double final consonants)
Variant Vowel /ô/ Final Stable Syllables
Short o Distinguishing Initial and Medial Vowel Sounds
• Oral Blending • Recognize and Produce Rhyme • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Final e (a_e, i_e) Soft c and g • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Distinguish Long and Short Vowel Sounds
Long e Inflectional Endings (change y to i)
Closed Syllables Suffixes with Spelling Changes
Rr Ending _ck • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation• Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Final e (o_e, u_e, e_e)
Inflectional Ending –ing and –ed
• Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Distinguish Long and Short Vowel Sounds
Vowel Team Syllables
Silent Letters (kn, wr, gn, mb)
Open Syllables Sounds Suffixes with Spelling Changes
Bb Plural Nouns with -s • Oral Blending • Recognize and Produce Rhyme • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Single Letter Long Vowels (e, i, o)
Prefixes (re-, un-) • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Substitute Sounds
Long i Suffixes (-y, -ly) Final Stable Syllables Context Clues: Definitions, Synonyms
Ll Double Final Consonants • Oral Blending • Recognize and Produce Rhyme • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Long a (ai, ay) Compound Words • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Distinguish Long and Short Vowel Sounds
Long o Compound Words Vowel Team Syllables Context Clues: Antonyms, General Clues
Kk Ending _ck • Oral Blending • Recognize and Produce Rhyme • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Long e (ee, ea) Short e Spelled ea • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Sounds
Long u Prefixes (un-, re-, dis-)
r-Controlled Vowel Syllables
Homophones
Short e Distinguishing Initial and Medial Vowel Sounds
• Oral Blending • Recognize and Produce Rhyme • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Long o (oa, ow) Suffixes (-ful, -less) • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Substitute Sounds
Consonant + le Syllables
Homophones Final e Syllables Adding Suffixes with Spelling Changes
Gg Inflectional Ending -s • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Isolate Medial Sounds Long i (y, igh) Comparatives and Superlatives (-er, -est)
• Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds
r-Controlled ar Comparative Suffixes (-er, -est)
Unaccented Final Syllables Contractions
Ww Plural Nouns with -s • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Alliteration Long u (u, ew, ue) Compound Words • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Sounds
r-Controlled er, ir, ur
Suffixes (-ful, -less) Inflectional Endings -ed, -ing with Spelling Changes
Using Morphology: Related Words
Xx Plural Nouns -es • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Recognize and Produce Rhyme
r-Controlled ar Transition to Longer Words
• Phonemic Manipulation: Substitute Sounds • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds • Categorize Sounds
r-Controlled or, ore, oar
Abbreviations Irregular Plurals More Irregular Plurals
Vv Blends • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Recognize and Produce Rhyme
r-Controlled er, ir, ur Transition to Longer Words • Phonemic Manipulation: Substitute Sounds • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds • Categorize Sounds
r-Controlled are, air, ear
Homographs Prefixes (dis-, un-, pre-, re-) Using Morphology: Prefixes, Roots
Short u Distinguishing Initial and Medial Vowel Sounds
• Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Recognize and Produce Rhyme
r-Controlled or, ore, oar
Prefixes (dis-, pre-) • Phonemic Manipulation: Substitute Sounds • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds • Categorize Sounds
r-Controlled Vowel Syllables
Irregular Plurals Suffixes (-er, -or) Homographs
Jj Plural Nouns with -s • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Recognize and Produce Rhyme and Alliteration
Short oo and Long oo
Suffixes (-ly, -y) • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Sounds
Consonant + le Syllables
Inflectional Endings with Spelling Changes
Suffixes (-able, -ful, -less, -ness, -y, -ly)
Using Morphology: Related Words
Qu Inflectional Ending -s • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Diphthong /ou/ (ou, ow)
Compound Words • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Sounds
Short oo and Long oo
Suffixes (-ful, -less, -y, -ly) Prefixes (im-, in-, non-, and others)
Using Morphology: Prefixes, Roots
Yy Double Final Consonants • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Isolate Beginning, Medial, and Ending Sounds
Diphthong /oi/ (oi, oy)
Transition to Longer Words • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Syllables
Diphthong /ou/ Compound Words Related Words Using Morphology: Related Words
Zz Blends • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Recognize and Produce Rhyme and Alliteration • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Syllables
Complex Vowel /ô/ (au, aw, alk, alt, all)
Inflectional Endings (review) • Categorize Sounds • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Syllables • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Syllables
Diphthong /oi/ Prefixes (un-, re-, dis-, pre-, mis-)
Homophones Context Clues: Examples, Definitions
Short Vowel Review
Compare Short and Long Vowel Sounds
• Oral Blending • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds and Syllables • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Syllables
r-Controlled are, air, ear
Transition to Longer Words • Categorize Sounds • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Syllables • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Syllables
Complex Vowel /ô/ More Irregular Plurals Homographs Context Clues: Synonyms, Antonyms
Long Vowels
Compare Short and Long Vowel Sounds
• Oral Blending • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds and Syllables • Phonemic Manipulation: Delete Syllables
Long i (ild, ind) Long o (old)
Transition to Longer Words • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Add and Delete Syllables
Vowel Team Syllables
Inflectional Endings with Spelling Changes
Compound Words Using Morphology: Roots
Final e (a_e)
Compare Short and Long Vowel Sounds and Spellings
• Oral Blending • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Sounds and Syllables • Phonemic Manipulation: Substitute Initial Sounds
Long i (ie)Long o (oe)
Transition to Longer Words • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Add and Delete Syllables
Review Syllable Types
Related Words Abbreviations More Abbreviations
Final e (o_e, i_e)
Compare Short and Long Vowel Sounds and Spellings
• Oral Blending • Phonemic Manipulation: Add Syllables and Phonemes • Phonemic Manipulation: Substitute Initial Sounds
Long e (y, ey, ie)
Transition to Longer Words • Oral Blending • Oral Segmentation • Phonemic Manipulation: Add and Delete Syllables
Final Stable Syllables
Related Words Contractions More Contractions
Grade 1, Level A
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xii From Phonics to Reading • Scope and Sequence
1551-3_TE1__0000xii 12 11/9/18 1:28 PM
2 SCOPE AND SEQUENCE
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This is the main strategy for teaching students how to sound out words and must be frequently modeled and applied (Resnick and Beck, 1976; Haddock, 1978; Rosenshine and Stevens, 1984). It is simply the stringing together of letter sounds to read a word. It is the focus of early phonics instruction, but still plays a role when transitioning students from reading one-syllable words to multisyllabic words.
Two types of blending exist—
—and each plays an important role in phonics instruction.
final and successive
Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction
[1541-4_AR_051: a bug hiding under a rug; boldface word indicates target sound and needs to “pop”]
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Blend ItDirections: Chorally read the words.
INTRODUCE
1. up cup pup but cut hut
2. cup cut bug bun hug hum
3. cap cup pop pup bug bag
4. bus dug fun gum jug nut
5. The big red bug hid.
6. The big red bug hid under the rug.REVIEW
7. map led hip rock dot rip
8. fell tap fog beg tan lidCHALLENGE
9. truck stuck struck fluff stuff plug
■ Build Fluency ■ Mark It short u ■ Spell It ■ Write About It
Daily Practice
Learn and BlendDirections: Listen and join in.
u…u…u…Up goes the umbrella.
Short uu
Introduction
51Lesson 4 • Short u
From Phonics to Reading Level A, Student’s Edition
3 BLENDING
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To best transfer students’ growing phonics skills to writing, dictation (which is guided spelling with teacher think-alouds) is critical and begins in Kindergarten.
While not a spelling test, this activity can accelerate students’ spelling abilities and understanding of common English spelling patterns and can assist them in using these phonics skills in writing.
Used in combination with word building and structured and unstructured writing experiences in phonics instruction, students have increased opportunities to “try out” their developing skills to express ideas in written form.
Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction
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Think and WriteDirections: Listen to each picture name. Write the spelling for each sound in a separate box.
1.
2.
3.
Listen and SpellDirections: Write each word and sentence that you hear.
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
Dictation
55Lesson 4 • Short u
From Phonics to Reading Level A, Student’s Edition
4 DICTATION
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Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction
While the introduction to phonics skills is best when explicit and systematic, students also need opportunities to play with words and experiment with how words parts combine in order to solidify and consolidate their understanding of how English words work. Word sorts and word building are key activities to increase students’ word awareness (Bear, Templeton, Invernizzi, and Johnston, 2016; Beck and Beck, 2013). In word building, students are given a set of letter cards and are asked to create a series of words in a specific sequence. This increases their ability to work with letter-sounds flexibly and to fully analyze words for their component sounds and spellings. In word sorts, students look for common spelling patterns, engage in discussions about what they learn about words from this examination, and increase their ability to notice larger chunks in words (an important skill as they transition from one-syllabic to multisyllabic words).
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Sort It OutDirections: Read each word. Then sort the words. Write each word in the correct box.
bat can cat fan fat
hat man pan ran sat
at an
What did you learn about how words work?
es t
ra nWord Sort
12 Short a • Lesson 1
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Word LadderDirections: Listen to each clue. Then write the word. Start at the bottom and climb to the top.
You see this on top of the letter “i.”Change one letter. A flower can be planted in this.Change one letter. You might feel this on a sunny summer day.Change one letter. You can do this on one foot.Change one letter. This is a toy you can spin.Change one letter.
Start m o p
Word Building
48 Short o • Lesson 3
From Phonics to Reading Level A, Student’s Edition
5WORDAWARENESS
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High-frequency words are the most common words in English. Some are irregular; that is, they do not follow common English sound-spellings. Others are regular and are needed by students during reading before they have the phonics skills to sound them out (Johns, 1980; Adams, 1990; Carroll, Davies, and Richman, 1971; Fry, Kress, and Fountoukidis, 1993; Rinsland, 1945). The top 250-plus words are taught in Grades K–2. Past Grade 2, when the majority of the key high-frequency words have been introduced, students need to be continually assessed on their mastery of these words, as a lack of fluency can impede comprehension. Some words are more difficult to master (e.g., reversals like no/on and was/saw, of/for/from, and words that begin with wh- or th-). These words receive more instructional time and assessment in the From Phonics to Reading program.
Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction
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Read-Spell-WriteDirections: Write each word two times. Say each letter as you write it.
1. little
2. with
3. have
4. are
Use in ContextDirections: Complete each sentence with a word from above. Read the finished sentences to a partner.
1. I hug my pup.
2. We fun on the bus.
3. What did I do the six cups?
4. My cap and bat in the mud.
High-Frequency Words
52 Short u • Lesson 4
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Build FluencyDirections: Complete each sentence. Use at least one word with short u.
1. This is .
2. I have .
3. The little .
4. Jim and I .
Directions: Write a sentence using each word pair.
5. bus, hot
6. cup, mat
Cumulative Review
61Lesson 4 • Short u From Phonics to Reading Level A, Student’s Edition
6 HIGH-FREQUENCY WORDS
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Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction
The goal of phonics instruction is to develop students’ ability to read connected text independently (Adams, 1990). Controlled, decodable text (also known as accountable text) at the beginning level of reading instruction helps students develop a sense of comfort in and control over their reading growth and should be a key learning tool in early phonics instruction. The tight connection between what students learn in phonics and what they read is essential for building a faster foundation in early reading (Juel and Roper-Schneider, 1985; Blevins, 2017). This is especially critical when students encounter less-controlled leveled readers during small group lessons. These accountable (phonics-based) texts need to be reread to build fluency, discussed to develop comprehension, and written about to provide opportunities for students to apply their growing phonics skills in writing. The accountable texts in the From Phonics to Reading program were written to be instructive, engaging, and comprehensible—using standard English language sentence patterns and high-utility words to benefit early readers.
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Connected TextDirections: Read the story. Then answer the questions.
Interact with the TextDirections: Mark the text.
1. Circle all the words with short u.
2. Draw a box around the words that rhyme with sun.
Directions: Write about the text.
3. How can we have fun in the sun? Tell a partner. Then write about it.
Fun in the Sun
We can have fun in the sun.Lots of fun!We can run up to the sea and jump in.But too much sun is not goodfor our skin.So after a swim we get our hatsand sit under a big umbrella.
Read Connected Text
53Lesson 4 • Short u
Bugs can fly.
Bugs have wings.
Bugs can buzz.
Bugs can sting.
Bugs are little.
Bugs are big.
Bugs sit on a leaf.
Bugs crawl on a twig.
Copyright © by William H. Sadlier, Inc. All rights reserved.
Name
Little Bugs, Big Bugs
14
F
old
F
old
Read Connected
Text
F
old
F
old
57Lesso
n 4 • Short u
7 READING CONNECTED TEXT
From Phonics to Reading Level A, Student’s Edition
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PLUSYOU, THE TEACHER
Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction
The power and impact of phonics instruction rests on the shoulders of a skilled, informed teacher. For example, a teacher with expertise in linguistics and research-based phonics routines improves the language of instruction in order to avoid student confusion and better assesses students’ instructional needs (Moats, 1995). Differentiated support is often needed for teachers based on their teaching experience or when they move across grade-level bands (K-2, 3-5, 6-8) as each band requires a nuanced understanding of phonics and word study instruction. Point-of-use professional development resources are provided in From Phonics to Reading.
Ensuring these seven (plus one) characteristics are in place is a critical first step in developing a phonics instructional strand that will meet the needs of early readers. The From Phonics to Reading program contains these characteristics through instruction that is active, engaging, and thought-provoking—the kind of instruction that creates active word learners on the path to becoming successful independent readers who love reading.
CONCLUSION
Short u
■
■
■
■
■
Oral Blending Tell children they will be blending, or putting together, sounds to make words. Say the following sound sequences:/u/ /s / /k/ /u/ /t / /h/ /u/ /m/ /l / /u/ k/ /r / /u/ /n/ /h/ /u/ /g/ /h/ /u/ /g/ /z/Ask children to blend the sounds together to make a word. Provide corrective feedback by modeling how to stretch together (or sing) the sounds. Introduce the short u sound-spelling in Learn and Blend.
Learn and Blend • Student Book, page 51
Introduce short u spelled u. Write up and bug, underline the short u spelling in each word, and model blending. Then read aloud the rhyme several times. Prompt children to join in, emphasizing the /u/ sound.
Blend It • Student Book, page 51
Model blending the first two words in Line 1. Compare and contrast the words, noting the position of the letter u and the short u sound. Then have children chorally blend the remaining words. Lines 2–4 contain short u words with minimal contrasts; 5–6 contain context sentences; 7–8 review words to build fluency; 9 challenge words for advanced learners.
Corrective Feedback When children make an error, say: My turn. Make the sound correctly. Have them repeat the sound. Tap under the letter and say: What’s the sound? Children chorally respond. Return to the beginning of the word. Say: Let’s start over. Blend the word with children again.
1. Phonemic Awareness 5MIN
2. Introduce Sound-Spelling 10MIN
[1541-4_AR_051: a bug hiding under a rug; boldface word indicates target sound and needs to “pop”]
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Blend ItDirections: Chorally read the words.
IntroDucE
1. up cup pup but cut hut
2. cup cut bug bun hug hum
3. cap cup pop pup bug bag
4. bus dug fun gum jug nut
5. The big red bug hid.
6. The big red bug hid under the rug.rEvIEw
7. map led hip rock dot rip
8. fell tap fog beg tan lidchallEngE
9. truck stuck struck fluff stuff plug
■ Build Fluency ■ Mark It short u ■ Spell It ■ Write About It
Daily Practice
Learn and BlendDirections: Listen and join in.
u…u…u…Up goes the umbrella.
Short uu
Introduction
51Lesson 4 • Short u
1541-4_SE1__0000051 51 8/24/18 10:10 AM
TEACHER TABLE
ENGLISH LEARNERS
Sound Transfer In Cantonese and Mandarin, there is an approximate transfer for short u. There is no transfer in Spanish, Hmong, Korean, or Farsi. Focus on articulation. Model correct mouth position. Have children use hand mirrors to focus on mouth position as they pronounce the sound.
Vocabulary Each day, select several words from the Blend It lines on Student Book, page 51. Focus on words whose meanings can be explained or demonstrated in a concrete way. For example, show a picture of a cup, pup, hut, or jug. Demonstrate the meaning of hum, hug, and cut.
Note: Children will complete the Daily Practice activities on Student Book, page 51 throughout the week. Whenever you see children will return to previous pages to reinforce their learning.
Lesson 4 • Day 1
OBJECTIVES
Short u 51
From Phonics to Reading Level A, Teacher’s Edition
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REFERENCESHaddock, M. (1978). Teaching blending in beginning reading instruction is important. The Reading Teacher, 31, 654–658. Hanna, P. R., Hodges, R. E., Hanna, J. L., & Rudolph, E. H. (1966). Phoneme- grapheme correspondences as cues to spelling improvement. Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Education. Hattie, J. (2012). Visible learning for teachers: Maximizing impact on learning. New York, NY: Routledge. Johns, J. L. (1980). First graders’ concepts about print. Reading Research Quarterly, 15, 529–549. Juel, C., & Roper-Schneider, D. (1985). The influence of basal readers on first-grade reading. Reading Research Quarterly, 20(2), 134–152. Moats, L. C. (1995). Spelling: Development, disability, and instruction. Timonium, MD: York Press. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2000). Report of the National Reading Panel: Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction. (NIH Publication No. 00–4769). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Resnick, L., & Beck, I. (1976). Designing instruction in reading: Initial reading. In A. J. Harris & E. R. Sipay (Eds.), Readings on reading instruction. New York, NY: Longman. Reutzel, D. R. (2015). Early literacy research: Findings primary-grade teachers will want to know. The Reading Teacher, 69(1), 14–24. doi:10.1002/trtr.1387 Rinsland, H. D. (1945). A basic vocabulary of elementary school children. New York, NY: Macmillan. Rosenshine, B., & Stevens, R. (1984). Classroom instruction in reading. In P. D. Pearson, R. Barr. M. L. Kamil, & P. Mosenthal (Eds.), Handbook of reading (pp. 745–798). New York, NY: Longman. Snow, C. E., Burns, M. S., & Griffin, E. (Eds.). (1998). Preventing reading difficulties in young children. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Stanovich, K. E. (1992). Speculations on the causes and consequences of individual differences in early reading acquisition. In P. B. Gough, L. C. Ehri, & R. Treiman (Eds.), Reading acquisition (pp. 307–342). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Wong, M. (2015, May 29). Brain wave study shows how different teaching methods affect reading development. Medical Xpress. Retrieved from medicalxpress. com/news/2015-05-brain-methods-affect.html
Adams, M. J. (1990). Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Anderson, R. C., Hiebert, E. H., Scott, J. A., & Wilkinson, I. A. G. (1985). Becoming a nation of readers: The report of the Commission on Reading. Champaign, IL: Center for the Study of Reading and National Academy of Education.
Bear, D. R., Templeton, S., Invernizzi, M., & Johnston, F. (2016). Words their way: Word study for phonics, vocabulary, and spelling instruction (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Bear, D. R., Templeton, S., Invernizzi, M., & Johnston, F. (1996). Words their way: Word study for phonics, vocabulary, and spelling instruction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Merrill/Prentice-Hall.
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Blevins, W. (2001). Teaching phonics and word study in the intermediate grades. New York, NY: Scholastic.
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Fry, E. B., Kress, E., & Fountoukidis, D. L. (1993). The new reading teacher’s book of lists. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Sadlier School Professional Development Series | Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction 13
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Sadlier School Professional Development Series | Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction 13
Wiley Blevins has taught elementary school in both the United States and South America. A graduate of Harvard Graduate School of Education, he has written over 15 books for teachers (including Phonics from A to Z, A Fresh Look at Phonics, Building Fluency, and Teaching Nonfiction), authored elementary reading programs, conducted research on topics ranging from fluency to using decodable text, and regularly trains teachers throughout the United States and Asia. His current interests include using adaptive technology and working with districts to correct instructional and material deficits. Wiley lives in New York City and also writes children’s books.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Wiley Blevins is the author of Sadlier’s new From Phonics to Reading for Grades K–3. This program is a comprehensive foundational skills program that incorporates Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction. Embedded professional development along with a critical review and repetition cycle make early reading mastery possible for every student.
Wiley Blevins [email protected]
Sadlier School Professional Development Series | Seven Key Characteristics of Strong Phonics Instruction 14
and
Sad
lier®
are
reg
iste
red
trad
emar
ks o
f Will
iam
H. S
adlie
r, In
c. F
rom
Pho
nics
to R
eadi
ng™
is a
trad
emar
k of
Will
iam
H. S
adlie
r, In
c. C
opyr
ight
©20
19 b
y W
illia
m H
. Sad
lier,
Inc.
All
right
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serv
ed.
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c. F
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Pho
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eadi
ng™
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illia
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. Sad
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