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Historical development of the city of Delhi: with special mention of Shahjahanabad
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4.1 Delhi Traditional
Seven Cities of Delhi4.1A
Shahjahanabad: Planning and Spatial Structure4.1B
Shahjahanabad: Demographics 4.1D
Shahjahanabad: Spatial Hierarchy4.1C
Shahjahanabad: Beyond the Walled city4.1E
Evolution of the city post 18574.1F
Creation of Lutyen’s Delhi: The 8th city of Delhi
4.1G
4.1A
4.1B
4.1D
4.1C
4.1E
4.1 ASeven cities of Delhi
4.1G
4.1F
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As many as seven cities evolved in the region collectively known as Dilli/Delhi. New Delhi was the eighth city founded by the Britishers.Favorable location of Delhi made it a capital of many Emperors.
• Converging point of trade routes from Lahore, Ajmer, and Patna.• Fertile flood plains of river Yamuna.• Protection of Aravali Ridge on the west.
Seven cities of Delhi:
Lal-Kot (1060) founded by Anang Pal II
Siri (1303) founded by Alaudin Khilji
Tughluqabad (1321) founded by Ghiyasud-din Tughlaq
Firuzabad ( 1354) founded by Firuz Shah Tughlaq
Purana Quila (1533) founded by Humayun
Shahjahanabad (1639) founded by Shahjahan
Purana Quila (1533) founded by Humayun
1533 A journey in time…1321
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4.1 ASeven cities of Delhi : Lal Kot
INITIAL SETTLEMENT
Anang Pal II built the strongly fortified town of Lal Kot some ten kilometres away from Suraj Kund (built by earlier Tomar Ruler) on a more prominent and easily defended hillock. Original wall of Lal-Kot were 3.6 kms with a population of 5-6000 people.
LATER
Chauhans captured Delhi from the Tomars in mid 12th century. Prithvi Raj Chauhan III further increased the size of Lal-Kot, known as Qila Rai Pithora. • City extended four times.• Walls were 8 kms long. • Had several gates and many structures
including a Temple. • A heterogeneous population including
bazaars and public spaces, Hauz-i-Shamsi being the most prominent.
• Stratified residential spaces.
(intach, 2005)
4.1A
4.1B
4.1D
4.1C
4.1E
4.1 ASeven cities of Delhi : City of Siri
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Figure ground for Shahpur Jat (present)
On the plains of Siri (present Khel Gaon) and much closer to Mehrauli, the palace fortress was laid out with heavy fortifications and several gates. The settlement came to be known as Siri.
Hauz-i-khas reservoir was built outside the fortified city for water supply of the city.
FORTIFIED CITY OF SIRI
Nothing much is known about the original city pattern of Siri. Only the ramparts remain today.
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4.1 ASeven cities of Delhi : Tughluqabad (1321) founded by Ghiyasud-din Tughlaq
Built on a hillock in just 2 years during Ghiyasud-din Tughlaq short reign from 1320-1324.
A palace cum city complex.• 6.25 km Outer wall contain the palace.• Inner walls contain the citadel.
AGates
BExcavated layout of city
CPalace
DUnderground pits
ETanks
FCitadel
GJami masjid
HGhiyasud-din Tomb
IAdilabad
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4.1B
4.1D
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4.1E
4.1 ASeven cities of Delhi : Jahanpanah (1327) founded by Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
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4th city of delhi was created by linking Lal-Kot and Siri by two walls.The city contains:A. Hauz KhasB. AdhchiniC. BeghumpurD. Sarai ShahjiE. Seikh SaraiF. Somi NagarG. Chirag DilliH. KhirkiI. Satpula
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4.1 ASeven cities of Delhi : Firuzabad ( 1354) founded by Firuz Shah Tughlaq
Baoli
Royal palace
Jaami masjid
Main entrance
Diwan-i-khaas
Diwan-i -aam
After ascending the throne Firuz Shah Tughlaq founded a new city for himself at the northern plains of Delhi.The city covered an area of 10 sq miles and included many villages.
It comprised:
• Localities• Places of education• Sarais• Reservoirs• Canals• Market places• Garden and hunting lodges
Only the remains of the citadel are present these days.
4.1A
4.1B
4.1D
4.1C
4.1E
4.1 ASeven cities of Delhi : Shahjahanabad (Historical Background)
4.1G
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SALIMGARH FORT
HUNTING LODGE
EXTENSION OF FIRUZABAD
ROAD FROM AJMER
ROAD FROM LAHORE
FAIZ NAHAR
THE SITE WAS NOT VIRGIN LAND
Once a forest, a 30 km long canal Nahr-i-Bihist or Faiz Nahr, existed before the founding of Shahjahanabad.
The canal was built by Firuz Shah, taking water from the Jamuna at Khizrabad, and it flowed through his gardens.The canal was put to reuse by shahjahan.
The area south of Chandni Chowk was also dotted with structures of extended Firuzabad.Salim Garh fort was constructed by Islam Shah before Shahjahanabad. Delhi was an active urban centre even when the capital was Agra during the reign of Akbar and Jahanghir.
MOVING CAPITAL FROM AGRA TO DELHI• Congested city of Agra.• Strategic location of Delhi.
• Shahjahan’s desire to mark an impact by founding a new city inspired by Persian city of Isfahan.
• Erosion of river banks of agra due to deep cut ravines causing many structures along the water’s edge to collapse.
• Important trade routes.• Delhi had the largest mint after Agra.• Heterogeneous population of Delhi to look
after the various functions.• An important religious and pilgrimage
centre.
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4.1 BShahjahanabad: Planning and Spatial Structure
CITYSCAPE ORGANIZED AT TWO LEVELS:
Highly developed spaces encompassing near perfect architectonic symmetry for the royalty and the nobility.
Spaces earmarked simultaneously, to be built upon with greater spontaneity by sections of society comprising merchants, professional groups, middle and lower ranking officialdom and the urban poor.
GARDENS
• The fort surrounded by garden on all sides except outside the Lahori Gate.
• Anguri Bagh towards north.• Buland Bagh towards south.• Gulabi Bagh facing west.• Bagh-i-Sahibabad(1650)
CITY WALL
Initially a mud wall as the city wall. Later constructed in stone and mortar.11 monumental gateways.
4.1A
4.1B
4.1D
4.1C
4.1E
4.1 BShahjahanabad: Planning and Spatial Structure
4.1G
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ROADS
Two major roads were :
• Between lahori gate of the fort and fathpuri masjid(east-west axis) dividing the city into two unequal halves.
• Between lahori gate of the fort and akbarabadi gate(north-south axis)
Other than these two there were other 8 important roads.
Photograph of Chandni Chowk during Brithish Rule.
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4.1 BShahjahanabad: Planning and Spatial Structure
SETTLEMENT PATTERN
• Many localities arranged themselves around the mosques interspersed with bazaar streets.
• Bazaar were specialized and so were the localities.
• Nobles and members of the royalty built their havelis surrounded by beautiful gardens.
• Merchants lived in houses on top of their warehouse and shop lining the bazaar streets.
• Houses intermixed with small houses of troopers, servants built with mud, and thatched with straw.
BAZAARS
Along the main streets there were baazaars, markets for specialised goods.Bazaar towards LahoreFaiz bazarChowri bazaar etc,
BUILDING MATERIALS
Royal havelies were built with stones.Houses of merchants, traders were in stone and mortar
MOSQUES
Mosques were important part of planning.
• Initially, there were two important mosques: Fatehpuri masjid and Akbarabadi masjid.
• Jama Masjid was constructed in1650 due to growing population.
Jama Masjid and the Bazaars
4.1A
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4.1D
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4.1E
4.1 BShahjahanabad: Planning and Spatial Structure
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SOME TRADITIONAL TERMINOLOGY AND HEIRARCHY
A bazar is a market place with a mixture of residential and commercial uses.A mohalla is a section of the town or city with residential land commercial activity fronting the street(may include a few housing typologies.Mahal in shajahanabad is a large house of Muslim noblemen. It is an Islamic style building.Havelis and kothis are medium size houses for Hindu noblemen. Koocha, Persian term for alley or lane. abodes of specific castes and communities can be seen.Serai, Persian for inn or lodging for Muslim pilgrims and travellers
IMPORTANT LOCALITIES
MaliwaraKucha-i-ChelanFarrashkhanaGali RajanImam ka KuchaKatra NilCharkhenwalan
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4.1 DShahjahanabad: Demographics
42.67
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RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
AS PER 17TH CENTURY PLAN
21ST CENTURY CONDITION
56 4 haRESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
RELIGIOUS
INSTITUTIIONAL
LAND USE
MAPPING
