Session a2 Wit Ten Berg

8/4/2019 Session a2 Wit Ten Berg

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European CommissionEnterprise and Industry

RMI | A. Wittenberg | 03.12.2010 | 1/26

The EU Raw Materials Initiative

- Critical Raw Materials for the EU -

TransTrans--Atlantic WorkshopAtlantic Workshop

Rare Earth Elements and Other Critical Materials for a Clean Energy FutureBoston, 03 December 2010

European CommissionEnterprise and Industry Antje WittenbergMetals, Minerals, Raw Materials


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Main challenges

EU highly dependent on imports ofimportant raw materials (metals and industrial

minerals) which are increasingly affected bymarket distortions

Still potential in Europe (self-sufficient supplyfor construction materials, potential for other raw

materials), but exploration and extraction

face ongoing increasing competition fordifferent land uses and a highly regulatedenvironment


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The Raw Materials Initiative

Integrated strategybased on three pillars

Rightframework conditions

within the EU

in order to fostersustainable supply

from Europeansources

Ensuring access

to raw materials fromInternational Markets

under the

same conditions as otherindustrial competitors

Boostingresource efficiency

and recycling

to reduce the EU'sconsumption of

primary raw materials


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Trade policy actions 1st pillar

Challenging unjustified trade distortive measures

Bilateral negotiations on export restrictions

Raising awareness

Trade Annual Activity Report 2009


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Development policy 1st pillar

agreement African Union Commission / EuropeanCommission in Addis Ababa, June 2010, to launch a

bilateral co-operation in three areas:Governance

Infrastructure / investment

Geological knowledge / skills

Based on African Mining Visionand EU Raw Materials Initiative


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Access to land 2nd pillar

Promote the exchange of best practice in

land use planning and administrativeconditions for exploration and extraction

Encourage better networking betweennational geological surveys to increase the

EU's knowledge base

Develop guidelines the compatibility between Natura

2000 and extractive activities


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Promote research 2nd pillar

Under FP7 new funding opportunities haverecently been created for projects on:

Advanced underground technologies forintelligent mining

Substitution of critical raw materials

Coordination of activities in Member States in thearea of the industrial handling of raw material


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Efficiency & recycling 3rd pillar

Huge potential of EUs Urban Mines

Tackle illegal shipment of waste to third

countries through a more harmonised

enforcement of Waste Shipment

Regulation

Develop best practices in the area of

collection and treatment of key waste

streams

Develop eco-design measures aimed at

fostering more efficient use of raw

materials in products


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Increase resource efficiency 3rd pillar

The Commission plans to publish a Roadmap on how tomove towards a resource efficient Europe by summer

2011.

The roadmap will set out specific resource efficiency

objectives, and how to meet them, based on actions up to2020 with a time perspective of up to 2050.


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Define critical raw materials


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Methodology

41 raw materials analysed

Time horizon: 10 years

A pragmatic approach

Three main aggregated indicators

economic importance

supply risks environmental country risks


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41 raw materials analysed

Aluminum Antimony Barytes Bauxite

Bentonite Beryllium Borates Chromium

Clays (incl. kaolin) Cobalt Copper Diatomite

Feldspar Fluorspar Gallium Germanium

Graphite Gypsum Indium Iron ore

Limestone Lithium Magnesite Magnesium

Manganese Molybdenum Nickel NiobiumPerlite Platinum Group Metals (PGMs)

Rare earths (REE) Rhenium Silica sand

Silver Talc Tantalum

Tellurium TitaniumTungsten Vanadium

Zinc


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Economic importance

Importance for economic value chain andemerging (key) technologies

Renewable energy:solar cells, wind turbines

Energy efficiency:

hybrid and electric cars, LED lighting,batteries

Electronics:flat screens, mobile phones

Aerospace:light weight alloys


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Emerging technologiesRawmaterial

Production2006 [t]

Demandemergingtech. 2006 [t]

Demandemergingtech. 2030 [t]

Demand/prod. 2006

Demand/prod. 2030

Factor

Gallium 152 28 603 0.18 3.97 22

Indium 581 234 1.911 0.40 3.29 8.2

Germanium 100 28 220 0.28 2.20 7.9

Neodymium 16.800 4.000 27.900 0.23 1.66 7.2

Platinum 255 very small 345 0 1.35

Tantalum 1.384 551 1.410 0.40 1.02 2.5

Silver 19.051 5.342 15.823 0.28 0.83 2.9

Cobalt 62.279 12.820 26.860 0.21 0.43 2.1

Palladium 267 23 77 0.09 0.29 3.2

Titanium 7.211.000 15.397 58.148 0.08 0.29 3.6

Copper 15.093.000 1.410.000 3.696.070 0.09 0.24 2.7


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Emerging technologies (2)

Raw material Emerging technologies

Antimony Antimony-Tin-Oxide (~ In-Sn-O), micro capacitors

Cobalt Li-ion batteries, synthetic fuels

Gallium Semi-conductors, thin layer photovoltaics, IC,WLED

Germanium Fibre optic cable, IR optical technology

Indium Displays, thin layer photovoltaicsPlatinum (PGM) Fuel cells, catalysts

Palladium (PGM) Catalysts, seawater desalination

Niobium Micro capacitors, ferroalloysNeodymium (REE) Permanent magnets, laser technology

Tantalum Micro capacitors, medical technology


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Critical raw materials

High supply risks

High share of the worldwide production

China (antimony, fluorspar, gallium, germanium, graphite, indium,magnesium, REE, tungsten)

Russia (PGM)

Congo (cobalt, tantalum)

Brazil (niobium, tantalum)

Low substitutability

REE, PGM

Low recycling rates

When used in very low concentrations


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Environmental country risk

Ranking of eligible raw materials according to their environmental country risk

Rare

Earths

Antim

ony

Germ

aniu

Mag

nesiu

Galliu

m

Niobiu

m

Berylliu

m

Indium

Fluo

rspa

r

Grap

hite

Tungsten

PGM

Mag

nesite

Lith

ium

Chro

miu

Coba

lt

Vanadium

Borate

Bentonite

Iron

Tellu

riu

Alum

inu

Limestone

Nick

el

Silica-sand

Copp

erTitan

iu

Zinc

Tan

talu

m

Bauxite

Manganese

Molybde

nu

Rheniu

0,10 0,60 1,10 1,60 2,10 2,60 3,10 3,60 4,10

REE


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Risk analysis

REELithium


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Critical raw materials

Borate

Fluorspar

Gallium

Iron

Magnesium

PGM

Tellurium

Aluminum Bauxite

Antimony

Barytes

Bentonite

Beryllium

Chromium

Clays

Cobalt

Copper

Diatomite

Feldspar

Germanium

Graphite

Gypsum

Indium

Limestone

LithiumMagnesite

ManganeseMolybdenum

Nickel

Niobium

Perlite

Rare Earths

Rhenium

SilicaSilverTalc

Tantalum

Titanium

Tungsten

Zinc

Vanadium

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

5,0

3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0

Economic Importance

Sup

plyRisk


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14 critical raw materials

Graphite

Rare Earth Elements (REE)

Fluorspar

Platinum Group Metals (PGM)


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Recommendations

Two types of recommendations

follow-up and further support

policy-oriented recommendations(areas where measures should be

undertaken)


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Follow up and further support

Up-date the list every 5 years and enlarge thescope

Improve the availability and quality of statisticalinformation and prepare a Yearbook

Carry out further studies, e.g. competition to landuse, cradle-to-grave LCAs, emergingtechnologies

Establish a sub-group of the Raw Material SupplyGroup on criticality


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Policy-oriented

Access to primary resources

Land use and permitting in the EU

Company exploration as research (fiscal issues)

Promote RTD

Promote good governance in developing countries

Trade and investment

Maintain and strengthen the EU trade policy, pursue dispute settlementin WTO, engage in consultations

Raise awareness in multilateral fora

A new EU-wide policy on foreign investment

Coherence of EU policies with respect to raw materials


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Policy-oriented (2)

Recycling

Improve collection

Prevent illegal exports of End-of-Life products Promote research

Substitution Promote research

Material Efficiency Minimise the raw material used

Minimise raw material losses


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The Raw Materials Initiative

Integrated strategy

based on three pillars

Rightframework conditions

within the EU

in order to fostersustainable supply

from Europeansources

Ensuring access

to raw materials fromInternational Markets

under the

same conditions as otherindustrial competitors

Boostingresource efficiency

and recycling

to reduce the EU'sconsumption of

primary raw materials


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Thank you for your attention !

References:

Report on critical raw materials:http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/critical/index_en.htm

Report on best practices in area of land use planning, permitting and geological knowledge:http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/sustainable-supply/index_en.htm

Natura 2000 guidelines:http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/management/guidance_en.htm

Trade raw materials activity report 2009:http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2010/june/tradoc_146207.pdf

Communication on the EU 2020 Flagship Initiative Innovation Union:

http://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/pdf/innovation-union-communication_en.pdf


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1,E+02

1,E+03

1,E+04

1,E+05

1,E+06

1,E+07

1,E+08

1,E+09

1,E+10

Crush

ed

sto

ne

Sand

s

Gravel

and

pebble

s

Lim

esto

nes

Monumen

tal

sto

neaggregate

s

Cla

ys

and

sh

ale

s

Dolo

mit

e

Calca

reous

massiv

es

tone

M

arble

and

travertin

e

Granit

Sand

sto

ne

Sla

te

M

arble

and

travertin

e

Natu

ralbit

umen

/a

sph

al

Granit

e

total

Sili

ca

sand

s

Gypsum

and

anh

yd

rite

Oth

erch

emic

aland

fertili

sermin

eral

Marble

aggregate

s

Kaoli

n

Ch

alk

Fir

ecla

y

Kaoli

nitic

cla

ys

Ab

rasiv

es

Bento

nit

e

Natu

ral

ph

osph

ate

s

Precio

us

/semi-

precio

usst

ones

(ecl.

ind

s.

dia

m

Precio

us

metals

total

Iron

(excl

.roasted

iron

pyrite

s)

Mix

tures

of

e.g

sla

g

Alu

miniu

m

Nick

el

U

nroasted

iron

pyrite

s

Lead

,zin

ca

nd

tin

Copper

Oth

ernon

-ferrous

meta

total

volume[kg]

1,E+02

1,E+03

1,E+04

1,E+05

1,E+06

1,E+07

1,E+08

value[tds.

]

volume [kg]

value [tds ]

NE Extractive Industry EU27

Construction Materials Industrial Minerals Metals

EU 2007, Eurostatlast up date 09/09/2010


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Risk analysis

ZincClays


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World Metal Price 1995-2010

6.08.2010

accident in asmall sizeCu-mine, Chile


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World Metal Price 1995-2010


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R&D - preliminary findings

Documents

Session a2 Wit Ten Berg