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Sessions 3 & 4Affordances
Dr. Wang Qiyun
(Jonassen, 1996)
Semantic Organization Tools
Databases; and
Semantic networking (concept mapping) tools
Dynamic Modeling Tools
Spreadsheets (good for answering “what if”), a sample: http://mycpf.cpf.gov.sg
Expert Systems
Systems Modeling Tools http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/run.cgi?TrafficGrid.697.573
Information Interpretation Tools
Visualization Tools
Knowledge Construction Tools Hypermedia
Knowledge Forum
How can Photoshop or Video editor be used as cognitive tools?
Conversation Tools
Review: Types of Cognitive Tools
Review: Characteristics of Cognitive Tools
Cognitive tools are (Jonassen, 2000):
Cognitive amplification and reorganization tools exceed the limitations of the human mind by doing things more
accurately and at a higher speed, and extend the use of other tools.
Generalizable tools Can be used in many settings, not specific to any purpose
Critical thinking devices Enable learners to think for themselves
Intellectual partners Each is responsible for what they can perform best
a concept a way of thinking about using ICT and other technology
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Contents
The definitions of affordance
How to understand affordance
How to analyze affordances of ICT tools for teaching and learning
Door handle
Affordance: definitions
Affordances are what an object can afford Affordances are opportunities for action Affordances are the interactive relationships
between an object and a user
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Different Opinions
Affordances are actual properties. They are independent of perception. They exist whether the perceiver cares about them or not (real affordances, Gibson, 1979)
Affordances are perceived properties. They are relationships exist between the object and the organism that are acting on the object (Norman, 1999).
Properties interactive relationships
Show/Hide Video
Affordances: definitions
Affordances are the perceived and/or actual fundamental properties of a thing that determine how the thing could possibly be used
Relationship
Examples?
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Making a tool more perceivable
Use metaphors
Add additional description
Back Next
Making the affordance of a design more perceivable
Making the affordance of a design more perceivable
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Making the affordance of a design more perceivable
Making the affordance of a design more perceivable
Making the affordance of a design more perceivable
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Affordances of (ICT) tools
John & Sutherlan (2005): “affordances, opportunities and the pedagogical implications of ICT”
Affordances are about effectivity
Affordances are about perceptions
Affordances are cognitive constructs
The same object, learning environment or tool can be used quite differently by different people or in different (cultural) contexts.
Affordances of (ICT) tools
An identical affordance may be presented by using different signs/symbols.
Affordances of (ICT) tools
An identical affordance may be presented by using different signs/symbols.
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Some issues
The actual affordances should be consistent with the perceived affordances
The (physical) context may inform or restrict affordances
The affordances of an object may be misused.
Group activity
Discuss in groups , answer questions and post to Edx:
1. What are the actual affordances of the tool?
2. How is the tool used in the example? What are the perceived affordances of the tool by the teacher/students?
3. What are the possible constraints of the tool?
4. How to effectively use the tool?
Hands-on
http://t3hrawr.blogspot.sg/ (The tool is blogspot)
https://www.facebook.com/groups/404569715276/ (the tool is facebook group)
https://educators.pbworks.com/w/page/21613965/Examples (the tool is pbwiki, choose one example from the page)
https://sites.google.com/site/doreenscyberjournal/ (the tool is google site)
https://trello.com/b/4LjNpPV1/pre-calculus-learning-goals (The tool is Trello)
Do it on: http://bit.ly/affor
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Reminder for next session
Online learning
Go through the remaining slides and supporting materials on http://cogtools.weebly.com/analysis-of-affordances
Do the activity on the above web site
Submit the filled out form on the web site
Reflection
Reflection
What have you learned?
How to apply?
About 500 words
By mid night of the following Sunday
The following slides are for Session 4
More detailed information: http://cogtools.weebly.com/analysis-of-affordances
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Affordances of (ICT) tools
Three affordances
Pedagogical (or educational)
Social
Technical
Pedagogical affordances
Pedagogy: The art or science of teaching; Strategies of instruction, or styles of instruction
Pedagogy encompasses: what is taught/learned - the content how it is taught or learned - approaches to
teaching and learning why it is taught or learned - the underpinning
values, philosophy or theory.http://tlp.excellencegateway.org.uk/tlp/pedagogy/introducingthe1/introducingthe1/
index.html
What pedagogical affordances should we look at?
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Learning theories
Behaviorist
Cognitivist
Social constructivist
Pedagogical affordances
Gagne’s nine events of instruction (1965) in “Conditions of learning”
(1) gaining attention (reception) (2) informing learners of the objective (expectancy) (3) stimulating recall of prior learning (retrieval) (4) presenting the stimulus (selective perception) (5) providing learning guidance (semantic encoding) (6) eliciting performance (responding)
Learning Approaches
Problem-based learning
Project-based learning
Case-based learning
Inquiry-based learning
Collaborative learning
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Curricular Spider Web(Van den Akker, 2003, 2009)
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Rationale
Pedagogical affordances
Learning objectives?
Teacher-centered or student-centered？ Individual learning or collaborative
learning？ Self reflection or online discussion？ Problem-based or content-based learning？ Fixed learning or flexible learning？ Open system or closed system?
Process or product oriented？ Motivate students?
Discussion
What are the pedagogical affordances of Zoom.us?
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Social affordances
Properties of an artifact that act as social-contextual facilitators relevant to the learner's social interaction
What should we look at?
Social affordances
Rules/norms
Provide a comfortable learning environment
Interactivity（content，peer，teacher） Synchronous or asynchronous（chat,
discussion forum） Using various forms (text, audio, or video)
to communicate
Are they the same as pedagogical affordances?
Technical affordances
Mainly refer to usability
What does usability mean? Easy to learn
Easy to use
Easy to access
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Technical affordances
Technical support
Easy to use and access
Support multimedia representation
Interface customization (Templates, colors…)
Relationship
Effective design of pedagogy or social interaction very much depends on the availability of technological support. Without sufficient support of technology, undoubtedly many pedagogical and social design activities such as 3D simulations or asynchronous online discussions will be hard to implement. However, the primary factor that influences the effectiveness of learning is not the availability of technology, but the pedagogical design and social design (Mandell, Sorge & Russell, 2002).
Relationship
Technology is a supporting tool, pedagogy and social are the key elements
Technology is the means, provide support for pedagogical and social design
Technical
Pedagogical Social
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Pedagogical Affordances
Social Affordances
TechnicalAffordances
Usefulness ofTechnology
P‐T Affordances
S‐T Affordances
P‐TAffordances
Context
Technological Affordances of ICT Tools
E-learning design
Bower, M. (2008). Affordance analysis: matching learning tasks with learning technologies
Practical considerations
What educational and social affordances do you really want?
If the tool or environment can provide those affordances?
If the technical affordances are satisfying?
“Designs based primarily on the features of a new technology are often technically aesthetic but functionally awkward” (Gaver, 1991, P.79)
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Individual Activity
Study the following examples of using web 2.0 tools, and discuss the P.S.T affordances of the tools based on the template. Upload the filled out template to
1. http://sc-eed249.blogspot.com/
2. http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=404569715276
3. http://forever25.pbworks.com/
4. Edmodo
5. Search for an example of using iPad for learning
6. Zoom.us
Microsoft Word Document
