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Serial Conscious Processing
• Slower than parallel processing• Allows us to solve new problems which
require focus
• Volunteers?
Selective Attention
• Relate back to bias– Class experience: awareness of your nose, fingers,
hands, feet, smells, sounds, sights – or are you just taking notes?
• Selective Attention: focusing conscious awareness on PARTICULAR stimulus
Selective Inattention
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvo
Selective Inattention• Inattentional Blindness: failing to see visible
objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
• Change Blindness: failing to notice changes in the environment
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkrrVozZR2c
Other types of blindness
• Choice-blindness: people seldom notice deception and will in fact readily explain a wrong preference– Johansson experiment (2005)
• Choice-blindness blindness: people tend believe they have the ability to perceive deception when it occurs
Pop-out phenomenon
• When stimuli are so powerful and strikingly distinct, we don’t choose to attend to the stimuli, they draw our eye and demand our attention
Review Brain Games: Pay Attention• Inattentional blindness
– Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
• Change blindness– Failing to notice changes in the environment
• Choice blindness– People seldom notice deception, and will readily explain a
wrong choice• Choice-blindness blindness
– When asked if they would notice deception in an experiment in which they were deceived, most insist they would
• In other words – it’s a blindness of their blindness
Unit 4: Sensation and Perception• Sensations: take stimuli in• Perception: what we do with it
• Psychophysics: study of relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them
Thresholds• Absolute threshold – try a riddle?– Gustav Fechner
• Signal detection theory– Totally depends on you and your experience– Think of airport security baggage screeners
• Subliminal– Literally “below threshold”– Is it legit? Yes – how does absolute threshold explain it?– Can advertisers use it to persuade us? No – explain using the word fleeting– What is the end result? Much of our information occurs automatically, out of sight, off
the radar screen of our conscious mind– Priming?
• Difference threshold– Also called just noticeable difference (JND)– Detectable difference increases with size of stimulus– Weber’s law (proportion – not amount)
• Sensory adaptation– Why does your fart only smell for a little bit?– Darting eyes
Vision
• The eye receives light waves and converts energy into neural impulses by a process called Transduction.
http://www.exploratorium.edu/learning_studio/cow_eye/video_big_all.htmlhttp://www.exploratorium.edu/learning_studio/cow_eye/video_big_all.html
The Process• Light energy hits the rod or cone which
creates a photochemical reaction • Photochemical reaction creates an
electrical impulse sent to bipolar cells, which funnel the electricity to ganglion cells
• Ganglion cells, whose combined axons create the Optic Nerve,
• which leads to the brain. The spot where the Optic nerve leaves the eye is a blind spot.
Where feature detectors detect.
Visual Processing
• Feature detectors: – Separate neurons/neural networks in the
brain– sensitive to specific stimuli, angles, lines,
edges, shapes or movements– allowing brain to differentiate individual
objects or movements to concentrate on.
• Wavelength = hue• Amplitude = brightness
Problems
• If the lens or cornea is distorted in relation to the eye then it affects the acuity or sharpness of the image seen.
• One is said to be either nearsighted or farsighted when this occurs.