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The Spice of Life – Part 1September 22-24, 2009
Dr. Fred Provenza
The Spice of LifePart 1 of 3
Variety
Culture Chemistry
Biodiversity
Landscape (what’s available)
Culture (how to use it)
Lifestyle (need for it)
Diet (what’s used)
Foods (what’s possible to use)
Compounds (what’s processed)
Cells and Organs (how its processed)
His
tory
Necessity
Chance
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The Spice of Life – Part 1September 22-24, 2009
Dr. Fred Provenza
Palatability is the relationship between flavor and postingestive feedback from cells and organs in response to primary and secondary compounds. It is influenced by an animal’s physiological condition, a
food’s chemical characteristics, and an animal’s experiences with the food.
If that’s all there is to palatability,
then why…
Total Mixed Rationversus
Free Choicecorn, barley, alfalfa, corn silage
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The Spice of Life – Part 1September 22-24, 2009
Dr. Fred Provenza
Why do sheep eat clover in the morning
and grass in the afternoon?
…on the mix of the plants
from hell?
Why do cattle perform
so well… sericea
tall fescue
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The Spice of Life – Part 1September 22-24, 2009
Dr. Fred Provenza
How to spend a token?
VarietyMonotony
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The Spice of Life – Part 1September 22-24, 2009
Dr. Fred Provenza
Primary Compounds
Secondary Compounds
Primary Compounds
SecondaryCompounds
Flavor
SatietyHypothesis
Satiety-Malaise ContinuumNutrients and SCs both cause satietySatiety is mildly to strongly aversive
Food aversions cause varied diets
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The Spice of Life – Part 1September 22-24, 2009
Dr. Fred Provenza
Variety Satiety
Explore Aversion
Food and Habitat Selection
Familiar Unknown
Flavor-SpecificSatiety
Flavor-Specific SatietyMaple eaten previously Coconut eaten previously
Inta
ke
of
am
mo
nia
ted
str
aw
, g
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The Spice of Life – Part 1September 22-24, 2009
Dr. Fred Provenza
Nutrient-SpecificSatiety
Nutrient-Specific Satiety
PreferenceEnergy ProteinMeal
Energy
Protein
What’s fed in the barn…
…influences what cows eat on pasture…
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The Spice of Life – Part 1September 22-24, 2009
Dr. Fred Provenza
Devising means to reduce depredation of trees by bears…
…with strategic supplementation
Importance of Alternatives
Day
Inta
ke
Hig
h-E
ne
rgy
Te
st F
oo
d,
g
No Alternative
High Protein
Alternative
High Energy
Alternative
Toxin
Dose
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Secondary Compound-Specific
Satiety
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The Spice of Life – Part 1September 22-24, 2009
Dr. Fred Provenza
All plants contain secondary compounds…
Secondary compounds limit how much of any one
food an animal can eat
Intake is Cyclic
Lark
spur, %
of
die
t
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The Spice of Life – Part 1September 22-24, 2009
Dr. Fred Provenza
Understanding how palatability and variety are
related…
can enhance systems and
reduce reliance on fossil fuels…
Everybody’s DifferentFingerprints and odors
Organs (brain, stomach, liver)
Endocrine glands (appetites, emotions)
Use Statistics CarefullyA group of people is like a
collection of marbles of all sizes and compositions. Try to “average”
these marbles, and you come out with nonsense. You can “average” their
color by mounting them on a circular disk and rotating it rapidly. The color
comes back a dirty gray. But there isn’t a dirty-gray marble in the lot!
Roger Williams
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The Spice of Life – Part 1September 22-24, 2009
Dr. Fred Provenza
Variation among Lambs
Inta
ke
(g/d
)
Individual lamb
Variation among Goats
Inta
ke o
f B
lackbru
sh
(CS
G, g
/d)
Trials with snowshoe hares
fed diverse diets…
Diminishing diet diversityIntake and weight responsesVariation among individualsSurviving hare cycles
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The Spice of Life – Part 1September 22-24, 2009
Dr. Fred Provenza
Ranchers are beginning to select for locally adapted
families…
… based on epigenetic and
learned abilities of matrilines to use diets and habitatsTurner Enterprises
Brett Selman
Biodiversity MattersBiochemical diversity enables individuals to
regulate intake of primary and secondary compounds
Choice increases performance and reduces costs… Confinement
PasturesRangelands
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The Spice of Life – Part 1September 22-24, 2009
Dr. Fred Provenza
Confinement
Total Mixed Rationversus
Free Choicecorn, barley, alfalfa, corn silage
Mixed Ration vs ChoiceChoice ate a little less than mixed
Same protein:energy ratio
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The Spice of Life – Part 1September 22-24, 2009
Dr. Fred Provenza
Mixed Ration vs ChoiceChoice ate a little less than mixed
Gained weight at the same rateSimilar gain/unit food consumed
Mixed Ration vs ChoiceChoice ate a little less than mixedGained weight at the same rate
Choice cost less to feed than mixed $1.49/kg gain vs $1.84/kg gain
