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THE BRAINSeptember 18, 2013
WAYS WE STUDY THE BRAIN 52-54
CAT Scan PET Scan MRI Functional MRI
LESIONS
Removal or destruction of some part of the brain.
Frontal Lobotomy
WHAT IS IT? Jellylike mass of fat and protein Weighs about 3 pounds (1/45th of the
body’s weight) 100 billion neurons make up the "gray
matter” Millions of dendrites and axons are the
"white matter"
BRAIN STRUCTURES 54-62
• Hindbrain• Midbrain• Forebrain• Cerebral Cortex (part of
forebrain)
“OLDER” BRAIN STRUCTURES-HINDBRAIN Brainstem
Oldest and innermost partWhere spinal cord enters brain (medulla)Controls heartbeat, breathing, & blood
pressureCrossover point for nerves
Injury results in death
OLDER BRAIN STRUCTURES, CONT’D.-HINDBRAIN Cerebellum
Extends from back of brainstem (bottom rear of brain)
Means “little brain” Involves coordination of
voluntary movementCoordinates fine muscle
movements.Habitual motor skills
OLDER BRAIN STRUCTURES, CONT’D.-HINDBRAIN
PONS Located just
above the medulla.
Connects hindbrain with midbrain and forebrain.
Involved in facial expressions.
MIDBRAIN Coordinates simple
movements with sensory information.
Most important structure in Midbrain is the Reticular Formation: controls arousal and ability to focus our attention.
If Destroyed
If stimulated
MIDBRAIN CONT’D
ThalamusLocated at top of
brainstemSensory “switchboard”
of brainReceives sensory signals
from the spinal cord and sends them to other parts of the forebrain.
Every sense except smell.
MIDBRAIN CONT’D Limbic System
Border between older brain and two halves
Amygdala – aggression and fear
Hypothalamus – hunger, thirst, body temperature, sex
Hippocampus - memory
AMYGDALA
Involved in how we process memory with emotions.
Emotions connected to survival: anger, fear, disgust
The emotion of anger has not changed much throughout evolution.
HYPOTHALAMUS
Maybe most important structure in the brain.
Controls and regulates Body temperature Sexual Arousal Hunger Thirst Endocrine System
The most powerful structure in the brain.
Rat with an Implanted Electrode in pleasure
center of Hypothalamus
HIPPOCAMPUS
Involved in the processing and storage of new memories.
IN WHAT BRAIN REGION WOULD BRAIN DAMAGE BE MOST LIKELY TO …
… disrupt your ability to jump rope?
… disrupt your ability to hear sounds?
… leave you unable to move faster in a threatening situation?
… leave you unable to breathe?
FOREBRAIN 58-62 What makes us
human. Largest part of the
brain. Made up of the
Cerebral Cortex.
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Layer of densely packed neurons “gray matter” and “glial cells”(glue), that support brain cells & cover the cerebral hemispheres.Wrinkles are called fissures.
80% of brain’s weight Divided into four regions
Frontal lobesParietal lobesOccipital lobesTemporal lobes
FRONTAL LOBES Abstract thought and
emotional control. Contains Motor Cortex:
sends signals to our body controlling muscle movements.
Contains Broca’s Area: responsible for controlling muscles that produce speech.
Damage to Broca’s Area is called Broca’s Aphasia: unable to make movements to talk.
PARIETAL LOBES Contain Sensory
Cortex: receives incoming touch sensations from rest of the body.
Most of the Parietal Lobes are made up of Association Areas.
Where would this girl feel the most pain from her sunburn?
OCCIPITAL LOBES Deals with vision. Contains Visual
Cortex: interprets messages from our eyes into images we can understand.
TEMPORAL LOBES Process sound sensed
by our ears.
NOT LATERALIZED.
Contains Wernike's Area: interprets written and spoken speech.
Wernike's Aphasia: unable to understand language: the syntax and grammar jumbled.
CEREBRAL CORTEX, CONT’D.
ASSOCIATION AREAS Any area not associated with receiving
sensory information or coordinating muscle movements.
CEREBRAL CORTEX, CONT’D. MOTOR FUNCTIONS
Sends messages out to bodyHow do scientists know what it does?
electrical stimulation of different parts neural prosthetics
CEREBRAL CORTEX, CONT’D. SENSORY FUNCTIONS
Receives information from skin’s sensesMore sensitive body regions have greater
area of sensory cortex devoted to them
Motor and Sensory Cortexes
LOCALIZATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION How do scientists
know the functions of different parts of the brain?“Old” methods
phrenologyBrain damage case
studies Example: Case of
Phineas GageModern technology
EEG, CT, MRI, PET
ACCIDENTS
Phineas Gage Story Personality changed
after the accident.What does this tell
us? That different part
of the brain control different aspects of who we are.
Specialization and Integration in Language
HEMISPHERES
Divided into two hemispheres.
Contralateral control: right controls left and vice versa.
In general,Left Hemisphere: logic
and sequential tasks.
Right Hemisphere: spatial and creative tasks.
Brain Activity when Hearing, Seeing, and Speaking Words
BRAIN PLASTICITY The idea that the
brain, when damaged, will attempt to find news ways to reroute messages.
Children’s brains are more plastic than adults.
THE CORPUS CALLOSUM
Divides the 2 hemispheres.
SPLIT BRAIN PATIENTS
Those who suffer from epilepsy, have their corpus callosum severed partially.
Testing the Divided Brain
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMLzP1VCANo