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PARTS OF SPEECH
Parts of speech are used to produce sentences.
Parts of speech :
1. Noun
2. Verb
3. Adjective
4. Adverb
5. Preposition
6. Conjunction
7. Interjection
8. Article
Noun
Noun is the part of speech that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality, or
action.
Types of nouns :
1. Common and Proper Nouns
Common nouns describe a class of entities (such as city, planet, or
person). Proper nouns are nouns representing unique entities (such as
Jakarta, Earth, or James).
2. Concrete and Abstract Nouns
Concrete nouns refer to physical entites that can br observed by at least
one of the sense (for instance, avocado, table). Abstract nouns refer to
abstract objects, ideas, or concepts (such as justice or hatred).
3. Count and Mass Nouns
Count nouns are common nouns that can take a plural, can combine with
numerals or quantifiers, and can take an indefinite article (for example,
book, bed). Mass nouns can’t take plural or combine with number words
or quantifiers (for example, sugar, salt)
4. Animate and Inanimate Nouns
Animate nouns are nouns which refer to people, animals, and living being.
Inanimate nouns refer to things that are not alive.
Verb
Verb is the part of speech that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a
state of being.
Types of Verbs :
1. Auxiliary
Auxiliary is a verb functioning to give further semantic or syntactic
information about the main or full verb following it.
2. Intransitive and Transitive Verbs
Intransitive verb does not take an object. Transitive verb is a verb that
requires both a direct subject and one or more objects.
3. Irregular and Regular Verbs
Irregular verbs are those verbs that fall outside the standard patterns of
conjugation in the languages in which they occur. Regular verb is any verb
whose conjugation follows the typical grammatical inflections of the
language it belongs to.
4. Modal Verb
Modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality
(such as can, must, may)
5. Linking verb
A linking verb connects a subject to a subject complement which identifies
or describes the subject
Adjective
Adjective is the part of speech that modifies a noun or a pronoun.
Adjective order:
1. Article or pronoun used as adjective
2. Intensifier
3. Qality
4. Size
5. Age
6. Color
7. Participle
8. Proper adjective
9. Noun used asadjective
10. Headnoun
Adjective forms:
1. Positive (for example : big)
2. Comparative (for example : bigger)
3. Superlative (for example : biggest)
Adverb
Adverb is the part of speech (or word class) that modifies a verb, adjective, or
other adverb.
Types of adverbs:
1. Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of manner provide information on how someone does something
(For example : Jini dances gracefully.).
2. Adverb of time
Adverbs of time prodide information on when something happens (For
example : We will get the jacket next week.).
3. Adverb of place
Adverbs of place prvide information on where something happens. (For
example : My book is in my bag)
4. Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of frequency provide information on how often something
happens. (For example : They usually go to school at 6.30 am)
5. Adverbs of degree
Adverbs of degree provide information concerning how much of
something is done (For example : He likes playing football a lot.).
6. Adverbs of comment
Adverbs of comment provide a comment or opinion about a situation (For
example : Fortunately, they were enough seats for the concert. )
Preposition
A preposition is a parts of speech that shows the relationship between a noun or
pronoun and other words in a sentence. For example : The dog sleeps on the sofa.
Conjunction
Conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases, or clauses
together.
Types of conjunctions :
1. Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions that join two or more items of
equal syntatic importance.
For : indicates reason or purpose
And : used to connect words, phrases, or clauses
Nor : presents an alternate negative idea
But : indicates a contrast or exception
Or : presents opinions, alternates, or subtitutes for ideas of equal
importance
Yet : connects idea that follow logically and are contrary
So : show the consequences of related ideas
2. Correlative conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together to
coordinate two items. For examples :
Both… and…
Either… or…
Neither… nor…
Not… but…
Not only… but also…
Not… nor…
Whether… or…
3. Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions or subordiators are conjunctions that introduce
a dependent clause.
Subordinate clause connector
Subordinate adjective clause connector Subordinate noun clause connector
Who Who When Whether
Whom Whoever Where If
Which What Why That
That Whatever How
Subordinate Adverb Clause Connectors
Time Cause Condition Contrast Manner Place
After
As
As long as
As soon as
Before
By the time
Once
Since
Until
When
Whenever
While
As
Because
In as much as
Now that
Since
If
In case
Provided
Providing
Unless
Whether
Although
Though
Eventhough
While
Whereas
As
In that
Where
Wherever
Interjection
An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey emotion. Usually, we
follow an interjection with an exclamation mark.
Article
An article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference
being made by the noun.
Parts of speech Function Example
Noun As a subject
As a direct object
As an indirect object
As a subjective
complement
As an object of
preposition
My little brother wants to
be a pilot.
I bought a second-hand
bag yesterday.
Uncle John will give me
some money next
summer.
David is a doctor.
I couldn’t escape the lure
of the beach.
Verb As the predicator I bought a second-hand bag
yesterday.
Adjective Modifying a noun or a pronoun This handsome boy is my
classmate.
.
Adverb
Modifying a verb
Modifying an adjective
Modifying an adverb
Modifying the whole
sentence
I warned her but she
completely ignored me.
It is physically and
mentally demanding.
She can speak Spanish
very fluently.
Usually , my host-dad is a
laid-back-man.
preposition shows a relationship between
a noun (or pronoun) and other
words in a sentence
Up
Over
Against
By
for
conjunction joins words, phrases, and
clauses
and
but
interjection expresses emotion ah
whoops
ouch
article identifies and specifies a noun A
An
the
SUBJECT, PREDICATE, AND OBJECT
Subject
Subject is the part of a sentence or clause that indicates what it is about. The
subject is usually a noun--a word that names a person, place, or thing.
Predicate
Predicate is one of the two main parts of a sentence or clause, modifying the
subject and including the verb, objects, or phrases governed by the verb. The
predicate usually follows the subject and identifies an action or a state of being.
Object
Nouns may also function as objects in sentences. Objects receive the action and
usually follow the verb. So, object is a noun or pronoun in a sentence that receives
the action of a transitive verb.
PHRASE, CLAUSE, AND SENTENCE
Phrase
A phrase is a group of words functioning as a single unit in the syntax of a
sentence.
Types of phrases :
1. Prepositional phrase
Prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and
ends with a pronoun, noun, or noun phrase. For example : in love, over the
rainbow, etc.
2. Noun phrase
Noun phrase takes a noun as its head. For example : the black cat, the
thick book, etc.
3. Verb phrase
Verb phrase takes a verb as its head. For example : jump up, jump down,
etc.
4. Adjectival phrase
Adjectival phrase takes an adjective as its head. For example : full of toys,
fraught with guilt, etc.
5. Adverbial phrase
Adverbial phrase takes an adverb as its head. For example : very
gracefully.
Clause
Clause is a group of words that has both a subject and a verb. A main clause is an
independent clause that has both a subject and a verb and expresses a complete
thoght. A main clause is not introduced by a subordinate clause connector and can
stand alone as a sentence by itself. Subordinate clause is a dependent clause that
has both a subject and a verb and is introduced by a subordinate clause connector.
A dependent clause does not express a complete thought and can not stand alone
as a sentence by itself.
There are three main types of dependent clauses :
1. Noun clauses
A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in
another clause or phrase. Noun clause begins with what, when, where,
who, whom, which, whose, that, whether, or sometime if.
2. Adjetive clauses
An adjective clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an
adjective in another clause or phrase. Adjective clause begins with a
relatife pronoun such as who, whom, which, whose, or that, or with a
relative adverb such as where or when.
3. Adverb clauses
An adverb clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb
in another clause or phrase. Adverb clause begins with an adverbial
subordinator such as when, while, because, although, if, so, that, etc.
Sentence
A sentence is a grammatical unit that is composed of one or more clauses and
expresesses a complete thoght.
KINDS OF SENTENCES
Sentences can be classified based on the number and types of finite clauses :
1. Simple sentence
2. Compound sentence
3. Complex sentence
4. Compound complex sentence
Simple sentence
A simple sentence is a sentence containing only one main clause and no
subordinate clause. So, a simple sentence contains one subject and predicate. But,
a simple sentence may contain a compound subject and predicate to express
complex ideas while maintaining a single main clause.
Using correct simple sentence :
1. A simple sentence is a sentence with one clause
2. A simple sentence must have both a subject and a verb
3. A simple sentence may not be introduced by a subordinate adverb clause
connector
Examples :
Seeing a beautiful scenery, she decided to paint it anyway.
My cousin and I saw a bank robbery last night. (compound
subject)
One day I left my car at home and went by train to my campus
(compound predicate)
Compound sentence
A compound sentence is composed at least two independent or main clause.
The clauses may be joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction, a comma
and a correlative conjunction, or a semicolon with no conjunction. It is possible to
uise adverb transitions in compound sentence. It is important to note that adverb
transition are not conjunctions, so either a semi-colon or a coordinate conjunction
with a comma is needed.
Transition expressions
Therefore
For instance
In addition
Nevertheless
Interestingly
As a result
In conclusion
Moreover
Nonetheless
Thus
In summary
Furthermore
However
Consequently
In fact
In contrast
Fortunately
For example
Indeed
On the other
hand
Suprisingly
Using correct compound sentence :
1. A compound sentence is a sentence with more than one clause.
2. The main clauses in a compound sentence may be joined with either a
semicolon or a coordinate conjunction (and, but, or, so, yet) and a comma
3. An adverb transition can be used in a compound sentence, but either a
semicolon or a coordinate conjunction and a comma is still needed
Examples :
Anna tried to make him laugh, but the baby got scared.
Mike forgot to do his homework; it was something that she had never done
before.
Jack studies hard; as a result, he gets high grade.
Jack studies hard, so, as a result, he gets high grade.
Complex sentence
A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more
dependent/subordinate clauses.
Using correct complex sentence :
1. A complex sentence is a sentence with one main clause and one or more
subordinate clause
2. Noun clauses, adjective clauses, and adverb clauses are subordinate
clauses
3. When a subject comes before an adjective clause, you should not add an
extra subject after the adjective clause
4. When a noun clause is used as a subject, you should not add an extra
subject after the noun clause
Example :
The teacher whose advice I remember to this day was my ninth grade
teacher.
Compound complex sentence
A compound-complex sentence consists of multiple independent clauses, at least
one of which has at least one dependent clause.
Example :
The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could
check the contents.
Sentences can also be classified based on their purposes :
1. Declarative sentence
A declarative sentence or a declaration commonly makes a statement. For
example : I am going to school.
2. Interrogative sentence
An interrogative sentence or a question is commonly used to request
information. For example : Where are you going to school?
3. Exclamatory sentence
An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic
form of statement expressing sudden and strong feeling. For example :
What a bad day this is!
4. Imperative sentence
An imperative sentence or command is a sentence that gives advice or
instructions or that express a request or a command or tells someone to do
something. For example: Clean your bedroom after you get up in the
morning!
Reference
Harris, Michael, et. al. 2007. New Opportunities Education for Life Upper
Intermediate. Pearson Education Limited: Harlow
Kusnadi, Cindy, et. al. 2006. Enrich 1 High Intermediate. Pusat Penerbitan LIA:
Jakarta
Kusnadi, Cindy, et. al. 2006. Enrich 2 High Intermediate. Pusat Penerbitan LIA:
Jakarta
Phillips, Deborah. 2006. Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test.
Pearson Education: New York
Supriyanto, Bambang. 2008. Academic Writing English for Academic Purposes
for University Undergraduates. Penerbit ITB: Bandung
www.en.wikipedia.org
www.esl.about.com
www.learnenglish.de
www.google.com
www.grammar-about.com
www.usingenglish.com
www.writingcenter.uottawa.ca