Sensory enrichment through textiles for people living with ... · Sensory enrichment through textiles for people living with dementia A. Jakob1 & L. Collier2 1. Kingston University

JAKOB&COLLIER

©2017TheAuthors.PublishedbyLoughboroughUniversity.ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBY-NClicense(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

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Sensoryenrichmentthroughtextilesforpeoplelivingwithdementia

A.Jakob1&L.Collier2

1. KingstonUniversityLondon,UK2. UniversityofSouthampton,UK

ThisitemwassubmittedtotheproceedingsoftheLoughboroughUniversityTextileDesignResearchGroupINTERSECTIONSConference2017byDrAnkeJakobandDrLesleyCollier.Citation: Jakob, A. & Collier, L. (2017) Sensory enrichment through textiles for people living withdementia. In Proceedings of Intersections: Collaborations in Textile Design Research Conference, 13September 2017, Loughborough University London, U.K. Available from www.lboro.ac.uk/textile-research/intersections.AdditionalInformation:Publisher:LoughboroughUniversity(©TheAuthors)Rights:ThisworkismadeavailableaccordingtotheconditionsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International(CCBY-NC4.0)licence.Fulldetailsofthislicenceareavailableat:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/PLEASECITETHEPUBLISHEDVERSION.

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Abstract:The paper discusses the role of textiles in facilitating sensory enriched environments andmeaningfulactivitiesforpeoplelivingwithdementia.Itisbasedonrecentinterdisciplinaryresearch,acollaborationbetweendesignandhealthcare,investigatingtheprovisionofmulti-sensoryexperienceforpeoplewithdementialivingincare-homes,particularlythequalityanddesignofMulti-SensoryEnvironments(MSEs).Resultsfromanethnographicstudyconductedin16UKcare-homesrevealedthatset-upanddesignofexistingMSEswereoftennotappropriateandsuitableforolderpeople,andfacilitationofmulti-sensoryactivitiesbystaffwaspoor.Theabsenceoftextilesanditsappropriateusewasnoticeable,althoughthemulti-sensoryqualities intrinsic to textilesoffermanybenefits.Basedon these findings,designcriteriaimprovingusabilityandaccessibilityforolderpeoplewithdementiawereestablishedanduser-centreddesignrecommendationsdeveloped,includingtheuseoftextilesasanessentialaspect.Keywords:dementiacare,well-being,interdisciplinary,sensoryIntroductionThis paper discusses the role of textiles in enhancing thequality of life of people livingwith dementia,particularly in later stages of the disease, and their carers and caregivers. It is based on ongoinginterdisciplinary,collaborativeresearchinvestigatingtheprovisionofsensoryenrichedenvironmentsandfacilitation of meaningful sensory activities in dementia care. The research evolved from a broaderconsideration of the role of design in dementia care and how design interventions can contribute toimprovedcarepractice.Thepapertherebyaddressestheconferencetopicsofwell-beingaswellascross-andinterdisciplinarycollaborations.RationalandContextCaringforpeoplelivingwithdementiaDementiaisanumbrellatermcoveringarangeofseveralprogressive,neurodegenerativedisorders,suchas Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies, detrimentally affectingperception, communication and memory. The process of cognitive decline and loss of brain functionimpacts a person’s ability and capacity to cope with and adjust to their environment, to take part ineveryday activities and personal care, to interact with others and to meet their own needs (Cohen-Mansfieldetal.,2015).Peoplelivingwithdementiacanpresentpsychological,behaviouralandemotionalsymptoms, particularly in the later stages of the disease. Changes in mood and behaviour - such asagitation,depression,anxiety, irritability,apathy,ordisinhibition -areoftenanexpressionofaperson’sconfusionorfrustrationresultingfromlimitedabilitiestocommunicateandinteract,loneliness,needformeaningfulactivity,toomuchortoolittlestimulation,anddiscomfort(Cohen-Mansfieldetal.,2015).Thereiscurrentlynocurefordementia.Recenttreatmentandcaremethodsthereforefocusonoptimisinglivingconditionsforpeoplewithdementiafosteringasenseofwellbeing.Particularlyinlaterstagesofthedisease,carepracticeneedstosupportpeople livingwithdementia inmaintainingqualityof life,dignityandcomfort(Strometal.,2016)bymeetingtheirspecificneedsandbyalleviatingbehavioural,emotionaland psychological changes through non-pharmacological, person-centred approaches (Goris, Ansel, andSchutte,2016;BidewellandChang,2011).Today47millionpeoplelivewithdementiaworldwideanditisexpectedthatthisnumberwillhaverisentomore than131millionby2050 (Princeetal., 2016).According to theAlzheimer’s SocietyUK, thereare850,000peoplewithdementiaintheUK,withnumberssettogrowtoover1millionby2025and2millionby 2051 (Alzheimer’s Society UK). This rapid rise of people affected by dementia as well as a growingageingpopulationhasbroughtonanurgentneedforeffectiveandappropriateinterventionsinsupportingdementiacareandcareforolderpeople-inparticularinrespecttooneofthemostimportantaspect:thefacilitationofmeaningfuloccupationandleisureactivitiesaswellasenvironmentsappropriateforpeopleliving with the condition in residential homes. With 70% of the people in living in care-homes having

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dementia,careprovidersfaceahugechallenge.Increasingly,itisquestionedwhatthepotentialimpactisof design on the quality of life and wellbeing of people with dementia, as well as their carers andcaregivers.TheMulti-SensoryEnvironmentindementiacare:whatarethechallenges?People with living dementia are often at risk of sensory deprivation due to their limited abilities anddependency.Ontheotherhand, theymightsuffer fromsensoryoverstimulation, forexample inacare-home environment where common areas can be very noisy with too much going on. Both situationspresent a significant challenge to wellbeing and health potentially aggravating behavioural symptoms.Facilitatingappropriatemulti-sensoryexperiencesandenvironmentstailoredtotheneedsoftheindividualis therefore essential, particularly in late-stage dementia when activities requiring a certain level ofcognitiveabilitiesarenolongersuitable.Inanattempttoprovideasolution,theconceptoftheMulti-SensoryEnvironment(MSE)wasintroducedindementiacare.TheMSE–sometimesalsoreferredtoas‘SensoryRoom’or‘Snoezelen’–isadesignatedspace that aims to provide an enabling, stress-free, positive environment offering sensory enrichedexperiencesandactivities -either forstimulationorhelpingtorelaxtoenhancefeelingsofcomfortandwellbeingandtomaximiseaperson'spotentialtofocus.Itaddressesthesensesofvision,touch,hearing,smell, taste,andmovementwith limitedornoneedforhighercognitiveprocessing.FirstestablishedbyDutch therapists in the 1970’s for people with learning disabilities unable to participate in moreconventionaloccupation(HulseggeandVerheul,1987),theconcepthasbeensuccessfullyappliedwitharange of users including people with autism, stroke recovery, or small children. Initially featuringequipment and accessories for activities on amulti-sensory level theMSE, however, has recently beencriticised for toomuch emphasis on sight neglecting other senses and the predominance of high-techequipment(Gaudion,2011).ResearchstudiesevidencedthattheuseofMSEswithpeoplewithdementiaasaresourceformeaningfulengagementhasbeneficialeffects,suchasalleviatingbehaviouralsymptoms,e.g.disruptivebehaviourandagitation (Masedaetal.,2014)and improving function (Collieretal.,2010).Although little researchhasbeenpublishedconsideringtheactualdesignincludingfunctionalityandaestheticsofMSEsanditsimpactonengagementandwellbeing,manyMSEsweresetupinUKcare-homesoverthelastdecade.However,ithadbeen reported that theuseof such spaces inpracticehasbeen inconsistent and limited (Andrews,2015;Andersonetal.,2011).ItwouldappearthatMSEswereinstalledwithlittlethoughttotheirdesignorhow they are to be used, and anticipated benefits for residents had not been achieved. Consequently,care-home staff had become discouraged, perceiving the space of little value, resulting in the roomsthemselvesbecomingabandoned(DalkeandCorso,2011).TheprojectInterdisciplinaryresearchintosensorydesignfordementia-acollaborationbetweentextiledesignandhealthcareWithin this context interdisciplinary research into the use of Multi-Sensory Environments (MSEs) indementia care evolved, critically investigating the quality and design of such facilities in relation to thespecificneedsofpeoplewithdementia.(JakobandCollier,2017).Theinvestigationemergedfrompriorresearchbytheauthors.Bothresearchersindependentlyidentifiedessential problems and recognised the need for evidence-based research into the functionality andaestheticsofMSEsforpeoplewithdementia,culminating inauniquecollaborationbetweendesignandoccupational therapy. Anke Jakob is a design researcher and practitioner with a background in textiledesign. Her work is concerned with the design for environments related to therapeutic and sensoryexperiences, and the applicationof textiles, light anddigitalmediawithin such spaces.Anoccupationaltherapistbyprofession,LesleyCollier’sresearchexploressensoryprocessinginpeoplewithmoderatetosevere dementia, in particular the efficacy of multi-sensory stimulation in improving occupationalperformanceaswellasmoodandbehaviour.Further,collaborativepartnershipswereformedwithexperts

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andprofessionals fromdesignandhealthcare, including independentproviderofhealthandsocialcareservicesCAREUK.Theresultingprojecttitled‘TheMulti-SensoryEnvironment(MSE)indementiacare:theroleofdesign’wasfunded by the Arts&Humanities Research Council UK (AHRC). The overall aim of the researchwas toestablish new knowledge to inform the development of coherent, user-centred design solutionscontributing towards improved care services for those living with dementia. In this respect, based onfindings from the ethnographic study conducted as part of the research, design recommendation andadviceweredevelopedonhowtocreateanddesignsensoryenrichedenvironmentsthatbettersuittheneedsofpeoplelivingwithdementiaincare-homesettings.

Figure1.ExamplesofexistingMSEsincare-homesvisitedduringthestudy.TheroomsfeaturetypicalMSE

equipmentsuchasbubblecolumn,fibre-opticstrands,projectorwithrotatingimagewheel,glitter/discoball.Photos:AnkeJakob

Thestudy:ExistingMSEsinUKcare-homesInordertomoreestablishevidencewhyexistingMSEshadnotbeensuccessful,anethnographicstudywascarriedoutinvolving16care-homesinLondonandSouthEngland.ThecurrentuseofMSEs,theirsetupanddesignwere recorded, aswell as opinionsof 32 staff describing the sensory facilities available and

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theirexperienceinusingtheexistingMSEroomswithresidents.Ethnographicmethodsemployedincludedsemi-structured interviews; observation of the design and spatial set-up of the facilities; listing sensoryequipmentand itemsavailableundereachofthesensorydomains;observingsensorysessionsfromthepoint of view of the person with dementia; a focus group workshop with activity co-ordinators fromseveralhomes.TheresultsfromthiscriticalsurveyconfirmedthatmostMSEsincare-homesettingsdonotreachtheirfullpotentialinprovidingappropriatemulti-sensoryexperienceandenrichmentfortheirresidents(CollierandJakob,2016). The findings revealed that, inmost cases, set-upanddesignof theseexistingMSEs isnotappropriateandsuitableforolderpeople,andresidentsstruggletoengagewiththespaceappropriately(JakobandCollier,2017).Thespacesoftendonotfeatureanappropriaterangeofsensoryequipmentandaccessories addressing all senses. Equipment available is predominantly focused on visual and tactilestimulation.Someofthespacesareperceivedastootechnicaland‘cold’inappearance.Someroomsfeltoverwhelmingduetothenumberofobjectsandequipmentofferedatthesametime,orwereproblematicregarding the juvenile aesthetic of some of the imagery and items used. The lack of textiles and itsappropriate use was noticeable, although the multi-sensory qualities intrinsic to textiles offer manybenefits.Another important finding was that in the absence of sufficient information and guidance for carepractitioners,facilitationofsensoryenrichedenvironmentsandmulti-sensoryactivitiesbystaffwasoftenvery poor. Often the care-homes relied on suppliers of multi-sensory equipment and environments todesignandsetuptheroomwithlittleornoinvolvementofcare-homestaff.Thisalsoledtotheprevalentassumption that setting up a multi-sensory facility is cost-intensive because of the expensive specialequipment involved(i.e.bubblecolumns,fibre-opticstrands,projectors,vinyl-coveredfurniture–ascanbeseeninFigure1).Designingmulti-sensoryexperiencesforpeoplelivingwithdementiaIn response to these results of the ethnographic study (see above), the research team went on toinvestigateandanalysewhat,incontrast,wouldrepresent‘good’design(designthateffectivelyproducesthe desired benefits). Applying a mixed-method approach, the process of identifying essential designcriteria was informed by: conclusions drawn from the study; reviewing recent research and literature;evaluatingbest-practiceexamples;theresearchers’professionalexpertiseandpracticalexperience.ExamplesofbestpracticeExamplesfromorganizationsparticipatinginthestudyaswellasotherhealthcareandMSEfacilitiesinUKand Finland were evaluated, and successful methods, activities and practices recorded and analysed.Particularly inspiringand insightfulwerevisits tomulti-sensoryspaces in fourhomes forolderpeople inHelsinki(Finland)-designedandsetupbycarehomemanagerandtextileartistSariHedman(Figure2).The noticeable difference of these rooms to facilities seen in UK care homeswas the extensive use oftextilesandfabric.Particularlystrikingwhenfirstenteringaroomwastheemploymentofplain,neutral-colouredcurtainscoveringthewallsandtheuseoflight-weight,softfabric‘floating’beneaththeceiling.Further,theroomfeaturedneutralcolouredfurnishingandsheepskins,softblanketsandcushionsspreadacrosssofasandarmchairs.Theuseoftextilesincombinationwithcarefullightinghadtransformedtheseroomsintosoft,calmspaces,userfriendlyandappropriateforthisagegroupintermsofbothaestheticsandaccessibility. Theneutral appearanceof the fabricsoffered flexibility forplayingwith coloured lightandaccessoriesmakingitpossibletoadaptthespacetothepreferencesoftheuser.Furtherexamplesofapplyingtextilesandtextiletechnologyapproachesaretheuseofsocalled‘tactile/sensory cushions’. These cushions designed for peoplewith dementia aim to provide tactile and visualexperiencesthroughtheapplicationofribbons,buttons,zips,differenttextures,embroideryetc.attachedtothecushion.Theyhavebeenfoundbeneficialprovidingsoothinghandoccupationaswellasstimulation.Atthetimeofthestudysuchitemswerenotedinonly2oftheparticipatingcarehomes.Inrecentyears,‘tactile/sensorycushions’havebeenincreasinglyintroducedincare-homes,eitherthroughpurchasefromforexample special suppliersofmulti-sensoryequipment,orby staffmaking such items themselves fortheirresidents.(Figure3)

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Figure2.MSEsincare-homesinHelsinki,designandinstalledbyartistandcare–homemanagerSariHedman.Noticeableheretheextensiveuseoftextilesandplain,neutral-colouredfabricscoveringwalls,ceilingandfurniture.Sheepskins,softblanketsandcushionssupportthefeelingofwarmthandsoftnessandprovide

tactileexperienceforstimulationorrelaxation.Photos:AnkeJakob

EmergingkeycriteriaFromtheresearchprocess,itemergedthatinordertomakeamulti-sensoryspacewhichmaximisesthebenefits forpeoplewithdementiaand supports thedailyworkof their carersand caregivers, followingcriteriashouldbeconsidered(JakobandCollier,2014):• comfortableandsafe• meaningfulandfamiliar• multi-sensoryexperience• stimulationandrelaxation• controlandinteraction• age-appropriateandusable• flexibleandcost-effectiveCreatinganenvironmentwhere theuser feels comfortableand safe is vital as this supports thepersonwithdementiatorelaxreducingstressandanxietyandhelpingtobetterfocusonactivitiesoffered.Similar

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important is to offer familiar, personal andmeaningful experiences relevant to the individual’s life andstageofdementiaasthiswillmotivateresidentstojoininthesensoryactivities.AnMSEshouldaddressalltheprimarysensestomaximizethedesiredeffectaswellasshouldofferarangeofexperiencesthatcanbeeitherstimulatingorcalming.Thiswillenablethecarertobetterrespondtoindividualpreferencesandneeds.Within their capacitiesusers shouldbeallowedandencouraged tocontroland interactwith theenvironment, includingmodifyingtheamountandtypeofstimulatingexperiencereceivedandexploringthespaceorinterventionattheirownpace.Encouragingandempoweringtheusertoplayamoreactiveroleincreasesconfidenceandfeelingsofself-worth(Valenzuela,2008)andisconsideredamoreeffectivecare method than passive (receptive) interventions (Sanchez et al., 2016). The space should containequipmentanditemsthatarenotperceivedasjuvenileorchildish,particularlyregardingtheaesthetics,tosupportdignityandrespectfortheindividuallivingwithdementia(HopeandWaterman,2004).Further,amulti-sensory space in residential homes shouldbe flexible andadaptableprovidingopportunities for arangeofactivitiesandcost-effectiveintheirimplementationovercomingeconomicbarriers.Based on these key criteria, design recommendations for setting up a successful and effectiveMSE forpeople with dementia were developed considering aspects including the use of textiles, lighting,accessibility,material, use of technology, climate, andmaintenance. These initial guidelinesweremadeaccessible through an online hand book titled ‘How to make a Sensory Room for people living withdementia’(JakobandCollier,2014),availableinPDFformatonkingston.ac.uk/sensoryroom.Thisresourceoffersadviceandrecommendationsonsettingupasensoryspacetailoredtowardstheneedsofpeoplewithdementiaalongsideappropriatelydesignedactivities.

Figure3.Examplesoftactile/sensorycushionsfoundintwoofthevisitedcare-homes.Embellishedwith

ribbons,zips,buttonsetc.theycanprovidesoothinghandoccupation,actasastimulantor/andconversationbroker.

Photos:AnkeJakob

TheroleoftextilesindementiacareIn the course of the research project, the important role of textiles to support dementia care becameincreasinglyapparent.Asmentionedbefore,theuseoftextiles(blankets,cushions,plaincurtains,covers,knits, fabrics and accessories) proofs to offer benefits on many levels meeting the design criteriamentionedabove.Neutral,plain,softfabricscoveringwalls,ceiling,doors,partitioninglargerareasorrooms,orsurroundingaroomcansoftenacousticsandlight-subsequentlycreatingawarm,intimateandcalmatmosphere.The

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softnessofsuchtransformedspacessupportfeelingsofsafetyandcomforthelpingtorelax.Thiscanbefurtherenhancedbywrappingtextilesaroundthebodyprovidingafeelingofprotectionandsecurity.Further,themulti-sensoryaspectoftextiles isan intrinsicqualityaddressingallprimarysenses. It isnotjust the colourwhich can stimulatevision; it is rather the complex,multi-layeredvisualexperience thattextilesandnon-wovenscanofferthrougharangeofopticalqualitiesofthesurface,suchasshine,texture,reflection, transparency, print. The contrast betweenopposing qualities (e.g. smooth/textured) and theplayoflightaddstotheexperienceandplayfulencounterwithtextiles.Themultifacetedtactilequalitiesoftextilesareanotherimportantaspectprovidinghapticandbodilyexperiences.Touchingvelvetandfurforexample can create feeling of warm softness; silk pleases the skin and body through its smoothness,lightness and sensual touch. The texture of knitted or woven items can provide reassurance andstimulation. The senseof smell canbe stimulatedby thematerial’s inherent scent (e.g. sheep skin andwool)butalsothroughfragrancesaddedtothetextile (e.g.essentialoilssuchas lavender).Textilesandtextile itemscancreatesounds (e.g. rustlingsatin,clackingbeads,cracking foil) stimulating thesenseofhearing.Theycanevenprovidetheexperienceoftaste(chewingasasoothingoccupation).Largerupperbodyexerciseandheadmovementisencouragedwhenapersonobservesorreachesouttotouchbuntingwithtactilethreadsorsilkscarfsattached(TreadawayandKenning,2016).The versatility of textiles provides both relaxation and stimulation. For example, observing slowmovementsof fabric floating in thewind canbemeditative and calming. Sensory armchair coverswithpocketsandotheraccessoriesfor‘fiddling’canprovideinstantsensoryexperienceandallowresidentstocalmdownandtoself-soothewithoutdrawingattention.Encouragingoccupationviathehandscanalsobeastimulatingexperienceincreasingemotionalwellbeingandusefulforstartingadialoguebetweenthepersonwithdementiaandothers(TreadawayandKenning,2016).Fabricandtextileobjects,suchassensorycushions,blankets,textilebooksandclothingmadefromvarioustextile materials, with zips, ribbons, buttons, pockets and imagery attached, can encourage playfulengagementand interaction,andmeaningfuloccupationprovidingexperiencesofpleasure (Treadaway,Fennell, et al. 2016), particularly important for individuals in late stage dementia. Combining low-techtextile technologies such as stitching and knitting with more sophisticated techniques such as digitalprinting and integrating sound technology allows personalising items to the individual’s preferences,includingphotosandpersonalobjects,favouritesongsorsmell.The flexibility of the medium ‘textile’ is an invaluable advantage making age-appropriate and cost-effectivesolutionspossible.Theuseoftextilescanmaketechnical itemsmoreaccessibleforthepersonwithdementiaandeasiertoconnectwith,forexamplecombiningLEDlightswithsheerfabricstosoftenthelightandaddothersensoryaspects(Figure4).FurtherworkTheresearchresultsandoutcomespresentedinthispaperprovideaninitialunderstandingofthedesignfeaturestobeconsideredwhensettingupmulti-sensoryfacilitiestoimproveandenhancetheexperiencesoftheusersandtosupportthedailyworkofcarers.Theprojectalsoestablishedthesignificantroleandimportanceofemploying textiles in this context. Theon-lineguidebook titled ‘How tomakea SensoryRoomforpeoplelivingwithdementia’,developedthroughthisresearchandthefirstofitskind,providesadvice and information enabling carers and care providers to design conditions that promote thewell-beingofpeoplelivingwithdementiaandtheircaregivers.Theguidehasbeenverywellreceivedamongstthehealthcarecommunity;carepractitionershavepraisedtheguideas‘veryinspiring’and‘useful,clearandreadable’.However,initspresentformitonlyservesasafirststeppingstoneintermsoftacklingamorecomplexproblem.Feasibilityandtheneedforadditionalconvincing evidence relating to the benefits of multi-sensory spaces in dementia care requested fromstakeholders (e.g. care home managers) have not been addressed in depth yet. Therefore, continuedresearchandproof-of-conceptwork is required to implement, test,evaluateand, if foundnecessary, toadjustthedesignbrief.ThiswillinvolvetheparticipationoftheactualusersofMSEs,viz.thepeoplewithdementia themselves.Theirdirect involvementhadbeenoutside theoriginal research remit.Evaluating

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their experienceof the new spaceswill deliver valuable knowledge for design optimisation andbenefitmaximisation.Essentially,furtherdesigninvestigationwillutiliseco-creationmethodsandparticipatorydesignactivitiescollaboratingwithend-users(ifpossible),withcarersandhealthcareprofessionals.Theco-designprocesswillgivecarersandcarepractitionerstheopportunitytosharetheirknowledge,concernsandideas,andprovidetheopportunitytolearnfromtheirexpertise.Activelyengagingcarersandhealthcarepractitionersin the process will also help to increase impact through direct knowledge exchange informing andeducatingcarersandcarepractitionersabouttheimportanceandrelevanceofsensorydesignindementiacare.Involvingthemascreators/co-creatorswillalsoensuringsustainableimpactofdesigninterventions.Itisimportantthatpeoplewhocareforindividualslivingwithdementiaareofferedtrainingandeducationon design skills and designmaking to empower them to adapt amore creative approach in their carepractice. Consequently, further research also needs to address how such skills and training can beconveyedtofurthertheunderstandingofthevalueofMSEsandsensoryactivitiesforolderpeoplelivingwithdementia.

Figure4.Creatingatmospheric,indirectlightingbycombiningsheerfabricwithLEDlights.Thetextileaddsa

tactilefeelaswellasdiffusesandsoftensthelight.Photos:AnkeJakob

AcknowledgementsThis research has been funded by the Arts & Humanities Research Council UK (AHRC): grant nos.AH/K003135/1.

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Goris,E.D.,Ansel,K.N.,andSchutte,D.L.(2016)QuantitativeSystematicReviewoftheEffectsofNon-pharmacologicalInterventionsonReducingApathyinPersonswithDementia.JournalofAdvancedNursing72(11):2612–2628.

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Sanchez,A.,Maseda,A.,Marante-Moarb,M.P.,Labrab,C.,Lorenzo-Lopeza,L.,andMillan-Calenti,J.C.(2016)ComparingtheEffectsofMultisensoryStimulationandIndividualizedMusicSessionsonElderlyPeoplewithSevereDementia:ARandomizedControlledTrial.JournalofAlzheimer’sDisease52(1):303–315.

Strøm,B.S.,Ytrehus,S.,andGrov,E-K.(2016)SensoryStimulationforPersonswithDementia:AReviewoftheLiterature.JournalofClinicalNursing25(13–14):1805–1834.

Treadaway,C.,Fennell,J.,Prytherch,D.,Kenning,G.,andWalters,A.(2016)DesigningforWellbeinginLateStageDementia.PaperPresentedatWell-Being2016:TheThirdInternationalConferenceExploringtheMulti-DimensionsofWell-Being,Birmingham,September5–6.

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DrAnkeJakobisadesignresearcherexploringthedesignofmultisensoryexperiencesandtherapeuticenvironmentsandtheirfacilitationinthehealthcareandwellbeingsector.a.jakob@kingston.ac.uk DrLesleyCollierisaseniorlecturerandHCPC-registeredoccupationaltherapistworkinginthefieldsofneurologyanddementiacare,focusingparticularlyonsensoryprocessingandstimulation.lesley.collier@soton.ac.uk

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Sensory enrichment through textiles for people living with ... · Sensory enrichment through textiles for people living with dementia A. Jakob1 & L. Collier2 1. Kingston University