Textiles and Production 1 Chapter 6 Textiles and Production Textiles and Fashion

Textiles and ProductionTextiles and Production

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Chapter 6


Textiles and FashionTextiles and Fashion


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Chapter Objectives

Discuss the fiber properties that determine appropriate end use and quality of fabrics.

Identify the main natural fibers.

Identify the main manufactured fibers.

Explain the importance of fabric in fashion.

Discuss how synthetic fibers are produced.

Identify the two primary methods for making fibers into fabrics.


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Fabrics and Fibers

The basic building blocks for all fabrics are fibers.

fabrics long pieces of cloth

Section 6.1

fibers thin, hairlike strands that are the basic units used to make fabrics and textile products

Fashion and Fibers

Section 6.1

Characteristics of Fibers

Different fibers have specific properties that affect the characteristics of fabric.

Appearance Strength Absorbency

Warmth Shrinkage Price

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Fabrics and Fibers

Yarns are spun from fibers and are used to make fabric.

yarns uninterrupted threads of textile fibers that are ready to be turned into fabrics

Section 6.1

Fibers are spun into yarn, and the yarn is used to make fabricFibers are spun into yarn, and the yarn is used to make fabric

Fashion and Fibers

Section 6.1

Types of Fibers

ManufacturedNatural

Plant Animal Synthetic

Chemical compounds derived from petroleum or natural gas

Cellulosic

Made from plants

combined with chemicals

Leathers and furs are not fibers, but they are used in the

apparel industry.

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Natural Fibers

Natural fibers are a main product in the fashion industry.

natural fibers textile fibers made from plants or animals

Section 6.1

Natural Fibers to Know:CottonLinen (Flax)WoolSilkLeather/SuedeFur

Natural Fibers to Know:CottonLinen (Flax)WoolSilkLeather/SuedeFur

Natural Fibers

Section 6.1

*Cotton

DisadvantagesAdvantages

• Comfortable• Absorbent• Washable• Strong• Inexpensive

• Shrinks in hot water• Wrinkles easily

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The most important textile fiber used by the fashion industry

*END USES: Wide range of apparel: blouses, dresses, skirts, pants, underwear, linens

Natural Fibers

Section 6.1

Linen


• Strong• Comfortable• Absorbent• Durable• Lint-free

• Wrinkles easily• Can be expensive• Shrinks• Holds creases

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Linen is a fabric made from the woody stem of the flax plant.

*END USES: dresses, suits, jackets, home furnishings, draperies, table linens,dish towelsLinen originally used for bedding – that’s where we got the name “linens”

*END USES: dresses, suits, jackets, home furnishings, draperies, table linens,dish towelsLinen originally used for bedding – that’s where we got the name “linens”

Natural Fibers

Section 6.1

*Wool


• Warm• Lightweight• Wrinkle-resistant• Absorbent• Comfortable• Durable

• Shrinks with heat andmoisture

• Needs special care,dry cleaning

• Scratchy on skin

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Wool fibers come from the shaved hair of sheep or lambs. Also can be from Cashmere or Angora goat hair fibers.

*END USES: sweaters, coats, suits, jackets, skirts, socks, scarves. Also: carpets, upholstery and blankets.

*END USES: sweaters, coats, suits, jackets, skirts, socks, scarves. Also: carpets, upholstery and blankets.


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Natural Fibers

Silkworm cocoons are used

to make silk fiber, the only natural-filament fiber.

filament a very long, fine, continuous thread

Section 6.1

Natural Fibers

Section 6.1

Silk


• Soft• Drapes well• Dyes and prints well• Very strong• Lightweight

• Expensive• Needs special care,

dry cleaning• Stains with water

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END USES: evening gowns, wedding gowns, lingerie, scarves, neckties. Also: curtains and decorative pillows

END USES: evening gowns, wedding gowns, lingerie, scarves, neckties. Also: curtains and decorative pillows

Natural Fibers

Section 6.1

Leather – made from animal skins through a process called “tanning”. Can be made into “suede” with special equipment.


• Durable

• Comfortable

• Warm

• Scarce

• Expensive

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*END USES: Coats, jackets, shoes, handbags, gloves, belts. Also: upholstery and decorating accessories

*END USES: Coats, jackets, shoes, handbags, gloves, belts. Also: upholstery and decorating accessories

Natural Fibers

Section 6.1

Fur- soft, hairy coat of an animal


• Durable

• Soft

• Flexible

• Warm

• Scarce

• Expensive

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*Some consumer groups advocate discontinuing the use of fur products, which has resulted in the production of faux, or imitation, fur.

END USES:coats, jackets, hats.Also: bed throws, rugs.

END USES:coats, jackets, hats.Also: bed throws, rugs.


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Manufactured Fibers

Manufactured fibers – costs less than natural fibers.

manufactured fibers fibers created by a manufacturing process of any substance that is not a fiber

Section 6.1

Manufactured Fibers to Know:RayonNylonPolyesterAcrylicSpandexMicrofibersLyocell

Manufactured Fibers to Know:RayonNylonPolyesterAcrylicSpandexMicrofibersLyocell


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Manufactured FibersNylon was invented in 1938 and was the first synthetic

fiber. Nylon is made from petrochemicals.

Acrylic was originally used for blankets and sweaters because it resembles wool. Today year-round sweaters and socks are made with acrylic.

Polyester was first produced commercially in 1953 and is the most widely sold synthetic fiber in the world.

Section 6.1


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Manufactured FibersSpandex dramatically changed the swimwear and

foundations (underwear) industry. Spandex can stretch over 500 percent without breaking. The brand name for spandex is Lycra®.

A new trend in fashion is the use of microfiber fabrics. Fabrics made from microfibers provide gentle drape and incredible softness.

Lyocell is the newest of the cellulosic manufactured fibers. The chemicals used in production are recycled, and lyocell is biodegradable.

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Manufactured Fibers

Microfiber technology produces fibers that weigh less than 1.0 denier.

denier a unit of measurement used to identify the thickness or diameter of a fiber

Section 6.1

Two times finer than silk

Three times finer than cotton

Eight times finer than wool

100 times finer than a human hair


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Fiber Trade Associations

The leading natural fiber trade associations include:

Section 6.1

Cotton Incorporated

National Cotton Council

Woolmark Americas, Inc.

Mohair Council of America


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What are the four main natural fibers?Cotton, linen, wool, silk

What are the primary advantages and disadvantages of leather/suede?Advantages: durable, comfortable, warm

Disadvantages: scarce, expensive

What are three more recent manufactured fibers? Spandex, microfiber, lyocell

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2.

3.

Section 6.1

6.16.1


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Chapter 6


Making TextilesMaking Textiles

Textile Processes: Past and PresentThe first modern factories for natural fiber textiles were built during the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century in England.

Section 6.2

Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793.

In 1801, Joseph Jacquard invented a loom that automated the placement of threads in the weaving process.

In the early 1800s, the steam engine powered more than 100,000 looms and 9 million spindles in Britain.

Today, technological advances have enabled the invention of synthetic fibers and computerized textile processes.

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Making Synthetic Fibers

Most synthetic and cellulosic manufactured fibers are created by extrusion.

A finished fabric is ready to be used for manufacturing garments

Section 6.2

extrusion a synthetic textile process in which solid raw materials are dissolved by chemicals or melted with heat to form a thick liquid that is extruded, or forced out, through the tiny holes of a device called a spinneret to create long fibers

finished fabric fabric that has gone through all the necessary finishing processes and is ready to be used in the manufacturing of garments


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How Fibers Become Fabrics:

Weaving and knitting are the two primary methods for making fibers into fabric.

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Weaves and Knits

• Weaves are usually made on a loom, which interlaces two sets of yarns at right angles to each other.

• Large quantities of fabrics are produced by industrial looms.

Section 6.2

weaves woven fabrics that are composed of two sets of yarns with one set running the length and the other set running crosswise


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Types of Weaves and Knits

Some knits have their yarns running along the length of the fabric, while others have their yarns running across the width of the fabric.

Section 6.2

knits knitted fabrics made from only one set of yarns that runs in the same direction

Knit fabrics are held together by looping the yarns around each other, which gives natural flexibility and stretch.


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Textiles and Fashion Marketing - Summary

Section 6.2


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What are the four main natural fibers?Cotton, linen, wool, silk

What are the primary advantages and disadvantages of leather/suede?Advantages: durable, comfortable, warm

Disadvantages: scarce, expensive

What are three more recent manufactured fibers? Spandex, microfiber, lyocell

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2.

3.

Section 6.1

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How are synthetic fabrics produced?Most synthetics are created by the extrusion process.

What are the two primary ways of turning fibers into fabric?Weaving and knitting

Name an invention that greatly increased speed of processing of fibers? Steam engine or loom or computerized processes

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Section 6.2

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8. Explain how and why natural fiber associations promote their industry.

Critical Thinking

Checking Concepts

Weaves are woven fabrics that are composed of two sets of yarns with one set running the length and the other set running crosswise. Knits are knitted fabrics made from only one set of yarns that runs in the same direction.

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7. Explain the difference between weaves and knits. Weaves are woven fabric composed of 2 sets of yarns running lengthwise and crosswise. Knits are knitted fabrics made from only 1 set of yarns running in same direction.

With the development of synthetic fibers in the 20th century, natural fiber industries had to compete to maintain markets. Thus, they formed associations to provide information to consumers and business and to promote natural fibers.

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Chapter Objectives

Discuss the fiber properties that determine appropriate end use and quality of fabrics.

Identify the main natural fibers.

Identify the main manufactured fibers.

Explain the importance of fabric in fashion.

Discuss how synthetic fibers are produced.

Identify the two primary methods for making fibers into fabrics.

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Textiles and Production 1 Chapter 6 Textiles and Production Textiles and Fashion