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8/3/2019 Seminar 792 Coral Diseases Prevalence in Karimunjawa National Park,
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Coral Diseases
Prevalence inKarimunjawa
National Park,Indonesia
PRESENTER : OKTIYAS MUZAKY LUTHFI
SUPERVISOR : PROF. MAKOTO TSUCHIYA
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Background
1. Coral disease has emerged as serious threat to coral reefsworld wide and a major cause of reef deterioration
2. The number of disease increasing in the last decade. TheAustralian Institute of Marine Science Long Term Monitoring
Program (AIMS LTMP) documented a 22- to 150-foldincrease in white syndrome between 1998 and 2003 on theGreat Barrier Reef (Willis et al. 2004)
3. In indo-pacific coral disease reported not only from GBR,recently report from remote island in the pacific area(Williams et al. 2008, 2011 and Vargas, 2009), AmericanSamoa (Work et al. 2005; Aeby et al. 2009), Marshall Is andPalau (Sussman et al. 2008), Indonesia (Haapkyla et al. 2007,2009)and Phillipine (Raymundo, 2005 and Kaczmarsky,2006)
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4. Disease emerges from a complex interplay between host,
agent and environment
5. Karimunjawa National Park is one of only seven national
marine parks in all of Indonesia
6. KJNPs coral reef resources are providing numerous goods
and services for the residents of Karimunjawa, including
cultural/traditional use, tourism, recreation, fisheries, and
shoreline/infrastructure protection.
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Wheres Karimunjawa NP?
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Statistical view:
- Located at 540' 557' S
dan 11004' 11040' E
- Area wide 111.625 ha
- Consists 27 island 4 of it
inhibitant
- Divided into 7 zonation
- Population more than 9000
person (census, 2006)
- Population density KJ
1.12/ha; Kemujan 0.56/ha;Parang 0.43/ha
- Have 24 hotel/resort/home
stay
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SURVEYSITES
Uz
Pz
Cz
Estimation
Distance each site
from downtown
Cz: 1.5-3 km
Pz: 7-10 km
Uz: 11-16 km
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1. Disease Survey :
Sampling was conducted between 04 -24 October 2011.
Survey held on 3 and 10 m of depth using belt transects (Englishet al. 1997) covering an area of1x10m with 3 replication each
depth All coral colonies inside belt transect were recorded using
photograph
Identification each coral colony in growth form, genus and lesionsign on it.
NIHs free Image J software was used to quantifying coral
percent cover
2. Disease Identification: identified by macroscopiccharacteristics of lesions according to photographs anddescription in Willis et al. (2004) and Beeden et al. (2008).
Material andMethod
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3. Environmental Parameters :
Alec Aqua Quality AAQ1183s-IF (http://www.jfe-alec.co.jp) was
used to quantified : Salinity, pH, temperature, conductivity,
depth, chlorophyll a and DO
Nitrite, nitrate and phosphate quantifying in Water and wastewater laboratory, the Ministry Of IndustrySemarang, while C/N
ratio was quantified using Sumigraph NC-22A
Temperature data also obtained from deploying HOBO Pro
temperature data loggers to the reef within the sites, and
recorded every 15 minutes.
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ResultENVIRONMENTFACTOR
Location Temp.
(deg)
Cond.
(mS/c
m)
Salinit
y
(PSU)
Chl-a
(g/L)
Turb.
(NTU)
pH DO
(mg/L)
Menjangan Besar 29.33 55.05 33.23 2.32 0.04 8.12 6.85
Menjangan Kecil 29.16 54.81 33.19 2.88 0.04 8.07 6.93
Cemara Kecil 29.16 54.81 33.19 2.88 0.04 8.07 6.93
Cemara Besar 29.40 55.08 33.21 2.32 0.05 8.14 7.08
Taka
Menyawakan
29.05 54.64 33.15 2.75 0.07 8.14 6.37
Taka Malang 29.05 54.64 33.15 2.26 0.05 8.14 6.34
Table 1. Mean of environmental parameters in all sites, Karimunjawa NP
Nitrite
(mg/L)
Nitrate
(mg/L)
Phospat
e
(mg/L)0.001 0.101 0.001
0.001 0.005 0.007
0.001 0.005 0.001
0.001 0.005 0.001
0.001 0.005 0.001
0.001 0.005 0.001
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Figure 1. Temperature in Karimunjawa NP waters, recorded by using HOBO
logger
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Live coral cover
The highest % cover in
depth of3 m was in Taka
Menyawakan (76.62%) and
the lowest in Menjangan
Kecil 24.25% or categorizedas broken
While in 10 m depth
almost all categorized as
moderate, the highest
value on Menjangan Besar(60 %).
Figure 2. Live coral cover on Karimunjawa NP
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Type ofsyndrome
DISEASED STATE DESCRIPTION
TL-FISH : tissue loss fish
bite
distinctive regular scars: scrapes bite marks that may involve
damage to coral skeleton
TL-SEB: Tissue Loss-
Skeletal Eroding Band
Black specks often clustered within corallite. Exposed skeleton
behind tissue front speckled by empty housing of the boring ciliate
TL-BBD:Tissue Loss-Black
Band Disease
black to reddish filamentous band between dead skeleton and healthy
tissue. Band contains cyanobacteria, is fairly dense, may containmobile ciliates
TL-BrB : Tissue Loss-
Brown Disease
newly-exposed skeleton bordered by brownish band
(which may be diffuse in some cases). Band contains mobile ciliates
NP-UWS : Tissue Loss
Non-Predation Ulcerative
White Syndrome
: discrete, focused white lesions, ~5mm diameter. Affects mostly
Porites, but other genera appear to have developed infections as well.
NP-WS: Tissue Loss Non-
Predation White
Syndrome
irregular patches of recently-killed, exposed skeleton. Border with
living tissue may be necrotic, with mucous secretion. No obvious
predators in immediate vicinity
NP-AtN: Tissue Loss
Atramentous Necrosis
Black sulphurous smelling deposit accumulates under white film or
bacterial filaments giving lesions a greyish-black appearance
Table 2. Summary of categories of poor health in corals observed in Karimunjawa National Park
Tissue Loss : Predation
Tissue Loss : Non Predation
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DISEASED STATE DESCRIPTION
TD-BL: Tissue Discoloration
Bleaching
Colony to reef wide loss of symbiotic algae (zooxanthelae)
TD-FBL: Tissue Discoloration
Focal Bleaching
TD-NFBL : TissueDiscoloration Non Focal
Bleaching
Coral is alive hence polyp visible; skeleton is not eroded nor colonized by
algae because tissue is present
TD-PR :Tissue Discoloration
Pigmentation Response
pigmentation appears to be a type of inflammation response mounted
by coral ; pigmented tissues typically associated with a healing response
rather than progressive tissue loss
GA-IG: Growth Anomaly
invert Galls/Enlarge
Skeleton (GA-ES)
hyperplasias or neoplasias; unusual skeletal deposition, may be
accompanied by different pigmentation, disorganized corallites, few
zooxanthellae
CH-CY, CH-SP, CH-SD
Compromised Health can
come from Cyanobacteria
(CY), Sponge (SP) and
Sediment (SD)
ill-defined signs of poor health, with no specific disease diagnosable:
pale coloration, old lesions of unknown cause, pigmentation response
(Porites), patchy bleaching, patchy necrosis .
Tissue Discoloration
Growth Anomaly
Table 2. continue
Compromised Health
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Syndromeprevalent
0.7
1.4
0.1
0.6
5.1
5.7
3.1
0.1
9.7
1.2
4.2
1.7
0.6
8.3
3.4
1.2
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
DiseasePrevalence(%
)
Disease
PREVALENCE
Figure 3. Mean of disease prevalence in 6 sites survey NOT A DISEASE
Fungiidae, Poritidae,
Faviidae, Acroporidaealmost all familyFungiidae, Poritidae,
Faviidae, AcroporidaePoritidae, Faviidae
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Diseaseprevalence in all sites
48.46
35.92
42.71
61.83
51.92
38.99
29.16
98.89
78.77
45.91
18.6721.50
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
DiseasePrevalen
ce(%)
Disease Prevalence 3m
Disease Prevalence 10m
Figure 5. Disease prevalence between zone in depth 3 and 10 m in 6 sites of survey
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Diseaseprevalence in different
zona
42.19
52.27
45.45
64.02 62.34
20.08
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
core Potection utilization
MeanDiseasePrevalen
ce(%)
Zonation
Disease Prevalence 3m
Disease Prevalence 10m
Figure 4. Mean of disease prevalence between zone in depth 3 and 10 m
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Whydiseaseprevalencehigh in the core
andprotection zone?
1. Over fishing
Compressor Diver take all resources in surrounding coral reef andimpact on balance of coral reef ecosystem
2. Sedimentation
Make physical stress to coral but also as pathogen reservoir (Vosset al. 2006)
3. Tourism activity
Coral disease was 15 times more prevalent at reefs with offshoretourism platforms than a nearby reef without platform (Lamb et
al 2010). Injured colony can became infected by BBD (Rutzler and Santavy,
1983)
In lab study organic UV filter from sunscreen inducezooxanthellae causing bleaching in Acroporid corals (Danovaro etal., 2008)
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Threats in KJNP
Compressor diver and harpoon Snorkeler kicking fin in coral area,
divers feeding fish holding coral
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Type ofsyndrome
Photos of
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Compromised HealthCompetition -AggressiveOvergrowth
Acropora sp vs Terpios
Acropora sp vs red filamentous
algae
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GrowthAnomaly
Unexplained GA on Pachyseris sp Unexplained GA on Montipora sp
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TissueLossNon Predation
SEB : black pecks clustered within corralite
Skeletal Eroding Banding (SEB) on Acropora sp (L) and Montipora sp
(R)
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TissueLossNon Predation
Ulcerative White Spots (UWS) on
Porites sp
White Syndrome (WS) on
tabulateAcropora sp
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TissueDiscoloration
Focal Bleaching on Fungia sp
Non Focal Bleaching on
Pachyseris sp (stripes)
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TissueDiscoloration PIGMENTATIONRESPONSE(NOTDISEASE)
Lesion may be caused by borers and competitors
PR on Porites sp commonly found in Karimunjawa NP
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Summary
1. This study is part ofCoral disease dynamic in Okinawa and
Karimunjawa NP Indonesia, and become preliminary
information disease prevalence in Karimunjawa National
Park.
2. Combination and long duration between overfishing,sedimentation and tourism activities could lead chronic
stress in coral and may impact the higher number disease
prevalence in Cz and Pz
3. Increasing number population and tourism in KJNP has been
suspected lead increasing number of disease prevalence in
KJNP
4. Over fishing in KJNP was very apprehensive and will be
serious threat for coral health in the future
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THANK YOU