SEMESTER V PSM 301 Production Technology of Spices and Plantation Crops (2 + 1)

Aim

To impart knowledge on production technology of important spices and plantation

crops

Theory

Unit I Major spices

Crops: Black pepper, cardamom, turmeric and ginger

Scope and importance –state, Indian and global scenario – classification –institutions

– commodity boards involved in research and development – import - export potential.

Principles of organic production – GAP and GMP.

Origin and distribution – area and production – composition and uses – soil and

climate –varieties – propagation – planting – irrigation and nutrient management – weed

control – training and pruning - mulching – intercropping – shade regulation –application of

growth regulators – harvest and yield –post harvest handling – processing - value addition

and storage.

Unit II Seed spices and herbal spices

Crops: Coriander, fenugreek, fennel, cumin, paprika, curry leaf, thyme, celery and

parsley

Origin and distribution – area and production – composition and uses – soil and

climate –varieties – propagation – planting – irrigation and nutrient management – weed

control – mulching – intercropping – shade regulation – application of growth regulators –

harvest and yield –post harvest handling – processing - value addition and storage

Unit III Tree spices and minor spices

Crops: clove, nutmeg, cinnamon, tamarind, all spice, kokum and vanilla,

Origin and distribution – area and production – composition and uses – soil and

climate –varieties – propagation – planting – irrigation and nutrient management - weed

control – training and pruning - mulching - shade regulation - mixed cropping -

intercropping, multi-tier cropping - cover cropping -– application growth regulators-

harvest and yield- post harvest handling – processing - value addition and storage.

Unit IV Major plantation crops

Crops: Coffee, tea, rubber, and cashew

Origin and distribution –area and production- composition and uses – soil and

climate – varieties – propagation– seed and vegetative propagation and planting systems -

methods – multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management -

weed control – training - pruning - mulching - cover cropping - shade regulation –

application of growth regulators – soil management – liming. Special horticultural practices

– tipping– top working- handling –harvest and yield - post harvest handling - processing –

value addition and storage.

Unit V Palms and cocoa

Crops: Coconut, arecanut, oil palm, palmyrah and cocoa

Origin and distribution –area and production- composition and uses – soil and

climate – varieties – propagation– seed and vegetative propagation - planting systems and

methods – multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management -

weed control – training - pruning - – mulching - cover cropping - shade regulation –

application of growth regulators –harvest and yield - post harvest handling - processing –

value addition and storage.

Practical

Spices: Identification of varieties - practices in propagation – main field preparation

and lay out –seed treatment– sowing / planting -irrigation and nutrient management – use

of herbicides and plant growth regulators – training and pruning - study of maturity indices

– harvesting – curing. Visit to processing, essential oil and oleoresin extraction units – visit

to spices research stations– Visit to private spice gardens raised under conventional system

and precision farming system. Visit to organic spice gardens and industries.

Plantation crops: Raising nursery - propagation – softwood grafting in cashew -

mother palm and seed nut selection of coconut – nursery preparation – sowing of seed nuts

– nursery management – practice in manuring and root feeding in coconut – drip and

fertigation – nutrient schedule – cropping systems and intercropping in coconut, arecanut

and palmyrah- visit to coffee board - study of varieties - nursery management –

intercropping and top working – harvesting and processing in coffee – visit to plantations

with multi tier cropping systems, high density planting systems - visit to cashew,

rubber and cocoa fields – visit to private plantations and working out cost economics

Lecture schedule

1. Scope and importance of spices – state, national and global scenario of spice

production – export and import of spices. Principals of organic production, GAP and

GMP

2. Classifications - spice development in India –institutions and commodity boards

involved in spices research and development.

3. Black pepper - importance - origin and distribution - area and production -

composition and uses – soil and climate - varieties - propagation - planting –

irrigation and nutrient management - weed control – training - pruning – mulching -

intercropping - shade regulation – application of growth regulators – harvest and

yield – post harvest handling - processing - value addition and storage.

4. Cardamom - importance - origin and distribution - area and production -

composition and uses – soil and climate - varieties - propagation - planting –

irrigation and nutrient management - weed control – mulching - intercropping -

shade regulation – application of growth regulators – harvest and yield – post

harvest handling -processing - value addition and storage.

5. Turmeric – importance - origin and distribution - area and production - composition

and uses – soil and climate - varieties - propagation - planting – irrigation and

nutrient management - weed control – mulching - intercropping - application of

growth regulators – harvest and yield – post harvest handling - processing - value

addition and storage .

6. Ginger - importance - origin and distribution - area and production - composition

and uses – soil and climate - varieties - propagation - planting – irrigation and

nutrient management - weed control – mulching - intercropping - shade regulation –

application of growth regulators – harvest and yield – post harvest handling -

processing - value addition and storage.

7. Coriander – importance - origin and distribution – area and production –

composition and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting –

irrigation and nutrient management – weed control – mulching – intercropping –

shade regulation – application of growth regulators – harvest and yield – post

harvest handling - value addition and storage.

8. Fenugreek and fennel - importance-origin and distribution – area and production –

composition and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting –

irrigation and nutrient management – weed control – mulching – intercropping –

application of growth regulators – harvest and yield- post harvest handling –value

addition and storage.

9. Cumin– importance - origin and distribution – area and production – composition

and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting – irrigation and

nutrient management – weed control – mulching – intercropping – application of

growth regulators – harvest and yield - post harvest handling – value addition and

storage.

10. Paprika – importance - origin and distribution – area and production – composition

and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting – irrigation and

nutrient management – weed control – mulching – intercropping – application of

growth regulators – harvest and yield – post harvest handling - value addition and

storage.

11. Curry leaf – importance - origin and distribution – area and production –

composition and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting –

irrigation and nutrient management – weed control – training – pruning – mulching

– intercropping – application of growth regulators – harvest and yield – post harvest

handling – processing - value addition and storage.

12. Thyme, celery and parsely – importance - origin and distribution – area and

production – composition and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation –

planting – irrigation and nutrient management – weed control – mulching –

intercropping – application of growth regulators – harvest and yield – post harvest

handling - value addition and storage.

13. Clove and nutmeg – importance - origin and distribution – area and production –

composition and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting –

irrigation and nutrient management – weed control – training - pruning – mulching -

intercropping - shade regulation – application of growth regulators – harvest and

yield – post harvest handling - processing - value addition and storage

14. Cinnamon and tamarind - importance- origin and distribution – area and production

– composition and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting –

irrigation and nutrient management – weed control – training and pruning –

mulching - intercropping - shade regulation – application of growth regulators –

harvest and yield – post harvest handling - processing - value addition and storage

15. All spice and kokum - importance-origin and distribution – area and production –

composition and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting –

irrigation and nutrient management – weed control - training - pruning –

intercropping – harvest and yield - post harvest handling – value addition and

storage

16. Vanilla – importance - origin and distribution – area and production – composition

and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting – irrigation and

nutrient management – weed control – training–processing - mulching –

intercropping – shade regulation – harvest and yield –post harvest handling –

processing - value addition and storage

17. Mid semester examination

18. History and development – scope and importance – state, national and global

scenario of plantation crops.

19. Area and production of plantation crops – export and import potentials – role in

national and state economy – institutions and commodity boards involved in

research and development of plantation crops.

20. Coffee - importance – origin and distribution – area and production- composition

and uses – soil and climate – varieties – propagation– planting systems and methods

– multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management -

weed control – training - pruning - – mulching - cover cropping - shade regulation

–application of growth regulators – soil management – liming. Special horticultural

practices – tipping– top working- handling –harvest and yield - processing – value

addition and storage.

21. Tea - importance – origin and distribution – area and production- composition and

uses – soil and climate – varieties – propagation – planting systems and methods –

multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management - weed

control – training - pruning – mulching - cover cropping - shade regulation –

application of growth regulators – soil management – liming. Special horticultural

practices – tipping – top working- handling –harvest and yield - processing – value

addition and storage.

22. Rubber - origin and distribution – area and production- composition and uses – soil

and climate – varieties – propagation– seed and vegetative propagation – planting

systems and methods – multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and

nutrient management - weed control – training - pruning – mulching - cover

cropping – intercropping - shade regulation – application of growth regulators –

soil management – liming – harvest and yield - processing – value addition and

storage.

23. Cashew - origin and distribution – area and production- composition and uses – soil

and climate – varieties – propagation– seed and vegetative propagation – planting

systems and methods – gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management - weed

control – training - pruning – mulching - cover cropping - intercropping - shade

regulation – application of growth regulators – Special horticultural practices – top

working – harvest and yield - processing – value addition and storage.

24. Coconut - importance – origin and distribution – area and production- composition

and uses – soil and climate – varieties – propagation– planting systems and methods

– multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management -

weed control – mulching - cover cropping – intercropping – multispecies cropping

system - shade regulation – application of growth regulators –harvest and yield -

post harvest handling - value addition and storage

25. Arecanut - importance – origin and distribution – area and production- composition

and uses – soil and climate – varieties – propagation– planting systems and methods

– multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management -

weed control – mulching - cover cropping – intercropping – multispecies cropping

system - shade regulation – application of growth regulators –harvest and yield -

processing - value addition and storage

26. Oil palm -importance – origin and distribution – area and production- composition

and uses – soil and climate – varieties – propagation– planting systems and methods

– multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management -

weed control – mulching - cover cropping – intercropping – multispecies cropping

system - shade regulation – application of growth regulators –harvest and yield –

processing - value addition and storage

27. Palmyrah - importance – origin and distribution – area and production- composition

and uses – soil and climate – varieties – propagation– planting systems and methods

– gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management - weed control – mulching - cover

cropping -application of growth regulators – special cultural practices - tapping ,

tending –harvest and yield - post harvest handling - value addition and storage.

28. Cocoa - Origin and distribution –area and production- composition and uses – soil

and climate – varieties – propagation– seed and vegetative propagation – planting

systems and methods – multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and

nutrient management - weed control – training - pruning - – mulching - cover

cropping- multispecies cropping system - shade regulation – application of growth

regulators –harvest and yield - processing – value addition and storage.

29. GAP in spices

30. GAP in plantation crops

31. Organic production of spices

32. Organic production of plantation crops

33. Role of commodity boards in plantation crops

34. IPR issues in spices and plantation crops

Practical schedule

1. Identification of major spices and plantation crops varieties - rapid multiplication

technique and nursery management in black pepper.

2. Seed spices – main field preparation – manuring - use of herbicides- seed treatment –

sowing and irrigation.

3. Turmeric and ginger - main field preparation – rhizome selection - treatment and

planting - nutrient, water and weed management –maturity indices, harvesting and

curing.

4. Tamarind and curry leaf - practices in propagation - nursery preparation and

maintenance - planting - nutrient, water and weed management –maturity indices

and harvest .

5. Tree spices – practices in propagation – manuring – harvest. Visit to spices gardens

6. Coffee – study of varieties - nursery management- training and pruning –

intercropping – harvesting and processing in coffee. Visit to coffee board – curing

unit

7. Coconut and arecanut - mother palm and seed nut selection - preparation of nursery

- sowing of seed nuts and nursery management.

8. Coconut – practice in manuring- study of nutritional disorders and correction - root

feeding of coconut tonic.

9. Harvesting, curing and cleaning of seed spices.

10. Cashew - raising nursery and practicing grafting techniques

11. Visit to HRS Pechiparai and rubber plantations - identification of spice crops and

varieties – tapping of latex – processing of rubber.

12. Visit to cashew, cocoa farmers field and cashew processing unit

13. Visit to spices processing, essential oil and oleoresin extraction units

14. Extraction of essential oil and oleoresin in spices

15. Visit to spices board and e- auction center for cardamom.

16. Working out cost economics of major spice crops

17. Practical examination

REFERENCES

Text Books

1. Nybe, E.V., N. Miniraj and K.V. Peter, 2007. Spices – Horticulture Science Series Vol.

5. New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi.

2. Parthasarathy,V.A., P.K.Chattopadhyay and T.K. Bose 2006.Plantation Crops. Vol

I and II. ParthasankarbasuNayaUdyog, Kolkata.

3. Ravindran, P.N., K.N. Shiva, Johny. A. Kallupurackal and K. Nirmalbabu, 2006.

Advances in Spices Research. Agrobios, India.

Further reading

1. Jitendra Singh, 2008. Spices and Plantation Crops. Aavishkar Publishers and

Distributors, Jaipur.

2. Alice Kurian and K.V. Peter, 2007. Commercial Crops Technology, Horticultural

Sciences Series Vol-8. ed. by K.V. Peter, New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi.

3. Shanmugavelu, K.G., N. Kumar and K.V. Peter, 2005. Production Technology of Spices

and Plantation Crops. Agrobios (India), Jodhpur.

4. Tiwari, R.S and AnkurAgarwal 2004. Production technology of spices. International

book distributing Co., Lucknow.

5. Chadha, K. L, (ed.) 2001. Handbook of Horticulture. ICAR Publication, New Delhi

6. Pruthi, J.S, 2001.Minor Spices and Condiments. Crop management and

Postharvest technology. ICAR publication, New Delhi.

7. SanjeevAgarval, E.V. DivakaraSastry and R.K. Sahrama, 2001. Seed Spices: Production,

quality and export. Pointer Publishers, Jaipur.

8. Pruthi, J.S, 1998. Major Spices of India. Crop management and Postharvest

technology. ICAR publication, New Delhi.

9. Chadha, K.L and P. Rethinam (ed.) 1994. Advances in Horticulture. Vol. 10 & 11. Spices

and Plantation Crops, ICAR publications, New Delhi.

10. Kumar, N, Md. Abdul Khader, P. Rangasamy, and I. Irulappan, 1994. Spices,

Plantation Crops, Medicinal and Aromatic plants, Rajalakshmi Publications,

Nagercoil

11. Purseglove, J. W., E.G. Brown, C. L. Green and S. R. J. Robbins. 1991. Spices, Vol. I and

II. Longman Scientific and Technical, England.

Journals

1. Indian journal, arecanut, spices and medicinal plants

2. Journal of plantation crops

3. Journal of spice india

4. Indian journal of horticulture

5. Indian journal of agriculture sciences

6. Journal of spices and aromatic crops.

Web resources

1 http://www.indiastat.com

2 http://www.cabi.org/

3 www.aicc.gov.ap

4 http://www.spices.rec.in

5 www.iisr.org

6 www.kissankerala.ner

7 www.coconutboard.nic.in

FLG 301 Protected and Precision Horticulture (2 + 1) (Team teaching – Horticulture & Remote sensing)

Aim

To impart knowledge on the precision and protected cultivation of vegetables, fruits

and flower crops.

Theory

Unit IScope, importance and methods of protected cultivation

Scope and importance of protected cultivation - different growing structures of

protected culture viz., green house, poly house, net house, poly tunnels, screen house,

protected nursery - environmental factors influence on green house production - cladding /

glazing / covering material - ventilation systems - cultivation systems including nutrient

film technique / hydroponics / aeroponic culture - growing media and nutrients.

Unit II Protected cultivation technology for fruit and vegetable crops

Crops: Tomato, capsicum, cucumber, gherkins, strawberry and melons

Hi-tech protected cultivation techniquesviz., soil sterilization - solarization-

fumigation -growing media preparation - bed formation - training and pruning - special

horticultural practices - drip and fertigation –mulching- plant growth regulators -

integrated pest and disease management - harvest and yield - storage - postharvest

management

Unit II Protected cultivation technology for flower crops

Crops:Dutchrose, chrysanthemum, carnation, gerbera, lilium, anthurium, orchids, cut

foliages(draecena, Spathiphyllum) and fillers (limonium/asparagus)

Hi-tech protected cultivation techniquesviz., soil sterilization - solarization- fumigation -

growing media preparation - bed formation - training and pruning - special horticultural

practices - drip and fertigation –mulching- plant growth regulators - integrated pest and

disease management - harvest and yield - storage - postharvest management

Unit IV Concepts and introduction to precision horticulture

Scope and importance of precision horticulture - principles and concepts -remote

sensing - sensors - aerial photographs and interpretation - data processing and image

classification – geo-referencing - role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) -GIS

softwares - Global Positioning Systems (GPS) - thematic maps - spatial variability - mobile

mapping system and its application in precision farming - Site Specific Nutrient

Management (SSNM).

Unit V Precision farming techniques for horticultural crops

Crops:Banana, grapes, tomato, chilli, bhendi, bitter gourd, cauliflower, cabbage,rose,

jasmine, chrysanthemum, marigold, turmeric, coriander, coleus and glorylily.Precision

farming technique viz.,protray seedlings - field preparation - raised bed formation -row

planting - drip irrigation - mulching- fertigation system - training systems – growth

regulators – plant protection – harvesting – grading and packing system.

Practical

Study of different kinds of protected structures - designs, components and

construction - types and structures of auto control systems in green house - heating and

cooling systems -different media, solarization and fumigation - special horticultural

practices for vegetables / flowers under protected cultivation - positioning systems viz., GPS

and positioning accuracy- utilization of GIS software - grid soil sampling - imagery

classification- visual image interpretation - canopy management in precision farming –

water use efficiency in annuals, perennials and landscape horticulture - visit to protected

cultivation units -project preparation for precision farming in vegetable/ flower crops.

Lecture schedule

1. Importance and scope of protected cultivation.

2. Different growing structures of protected culture viz., poly house, net house, poly

tunnels and screen house.

3. Study of environmental factors influencing protected culture, roofing materials and

ventilation systems.

4. Cladding / glazing / covering and roofing materials and ventilation systems.

5. Nutrient film techniques, hydroponics, aeroponic culture

6. Growing media and nutrients for protected cultivation.

7. Micro irrigation and fertigation management in protected culture.

8. Protected cultivation techniques for tomato

9. Green house cultivation techniques for cucumber, gherkins and melons.

10. Protected cultivation techniques for capsicum and strawberry

11. Integrated pest and disease management for vegetable crops in protected cultivation.

12. Integrated pest and disease management for flower crops in protected cultivation.

13. Protected cultivation techniques for roses and gerbera

14. Protected cultivation techniques for chrysanthemum and carnation.

15. Protected cultivation techniques for lilium, anthurium and orchids.

16. Protected cultivation techniques for cut foliages (draecena, spathiphyllum) and fillers

(limonium/asparagus)

17. Mid semester examination

18. Precision horticulture – definition, principles and concepts.

19. Geographic information system (GIS) and its application in precision farming.

20. Global positioning system (GPS) and its application in precision farming.

21. Mobile mapping systems and its application in precision farming.

22. Precision equipments for seeding and chemical application

23. Role of computers in developing comprehensive system needed in site specific

nutrient management (SSNM) system and postharvest process management (PPM)

24. Remote sensing and its application in precision farming.

25. Georeferencing and photometric correction

26. Sensors for information gathering, geostatistics and robotics in horticulture

27. Design, layout and installation of drip and fertigation in precision farming

28. Information and data management, crop growth models and GIS based modeling.

29. Precision farming techniques for grapes and banana.

30. Precision farming techniques for tomato, chilli and bhendi.

31. Precision farming techniques for bitter gourd, cauliflower and cabbage.

32. Precision farming techniques for coleus and gloriosa.

33. Precision farming techniques for rose, jasmine, chrysanthemum and marigold

34. Precision farming techniques for turmeric and coriander.

Practical schedule

1. Study of different protected structures – designs, components, orientation and

construction of greenhouse.

2. Types and structures of auto control system in green house.

3. Study of heating and cooling systems in green house.

4. Study of different media, solarization and fumigation for green house cultivation.

5. Study of special cultural practices for production of vegetable crops under protected

cultivation.

6. Study of special cultural practices for flower crops under protected cultivation.

7. Designing and layout of protected cultivation unit

8. Visit to protected culture units.

9. Project preparation of protected cultivation of important horticultural crops.

10. Positioning systems understanding of GPS, positioning accuracy specifications and

utilization of GIS software.

11. Study of soil salinity, soil compaction, soil test crop response (STCR) and gird soil

sampling.

12. Practicing design and layout of precision farming system

13. Canopy management in precision farming

14. Water use efficiency in annual, perennials and landscape horticulture

15. Visit to commercial computerized irrigation control unit.

16. Project preparation of precision cultivation in important horticultural crops

17. Practical examination

REFERENCES

Books

1. Adams, C.R. K.M. Bandford and M.P. Early. 1996. Principles of Horticulture.

CBS publishers and distributors. Darya ganj, New Delhi.

2. Joe.J.Hanan. 1998. Green houses: Advanced Technology for Protected

Horticulture, CRC Press, LLC. Florida.

3. Paul V. Nelson. 1991. Green house operation and management. Ball publishing

USA.

Further reading

1. David Reed. 1996. Water, media and nutrition for green house crops. Ball publishing USA.

2. Lyn. Malone, Anita M. Palmer, Christine L. VIoghatJachDangeermond. 2002. Mapping out world: GIS lessons for Education. ESRI press.

Journals

Journal of horticulture science Journal of horticultural technology Journal of floriculture today Journal of hi-tech horticulture

Web references www.icar.org.in/ciphet.html www.jains.com www.gisdevelopment.net www.lasercladding.com www.epa.gov.

VSC 301 Crop Production - I (0 + 1)

Aim

To provide hands on practical exposure on production technologies of horticultural

crops

Practical

Practical training on cultivation of vegetable / flower / spice crops - production of

any one of the transplanted crop (tomato/ brinjal/ chilli/ marigold/ gomphrena)– seed

treatment – raising nursery - sowing seeds- field preparation- transplanting – manuring –

irrigation - weed control - inter culture - plant protection and harvesting – postharvest

handling – seed extraction - maintenance of cultivation sheet - working out benefit/cost

ratio.

Practical Schedule

1. Practiceing in seed treatment

2. Sowing/ raising nursery

3. After care for transplanted crops

4. Nursery maintenance – irrigation- weeding –

5. Nursery maintenance - Plant protection - fertilizer and growth regulator application

6. Practicing application of FYM and main field preparation - basal dressing of manures

and fertilizers - formation of beds

7. Practicing pre emergence herbicide application and transplanting of horticultural

crops.

8. Practicing scheduling of irrigation and gap filling operation in transplanted crop.

9. Mid term evaluation

10. Practicing top dressing and earthing up operation in transplanted crop.

11. Practicing PGR preparation and application

12. Pesticide, fungicide application and other inter cultural operations in transplanted

crop.

13. Practicing assessment of harvesting indices and harvesting.

14. Seed extraction, processing,

15. Cleaning, grading, packaging

16. Working out of cost economics of crop production

17. Practical examination

REFERENCES

Text Books

1. Azhar Ali Farooqi, B.S. Sreeramu, K.N. Srinivasappa - 2005 Cultivation of spice

crops. Universities press India Pvt., Ltd., Hyderabad.

2. Battacharjee, S.K., & L.C. De, 2003. Advanced commercial floriculture (Vol. I&II),

Aavishkar publishers and distributers, Jaipur.

3. Bose, T.K., LP. Yadav, P. Pal, P. Das. V.A. Parthasarathy. 2002. Commercial flowers

(Vol. I&II), NayaProkash, Kolkatta.

4. Hazra, P. and M. G., Som. 1999. Technology for vegetable production and

improvement, NayaPrakash, Kolkatta.

5. Nem Pal Singh, A.K. Bharadwaj, Abnish Kumar and K.M.Singh.2004. Modern

technology on vegetable production. International Book Distributing company,

Lucknow.

6. Pal, A.K., A.B. Sarangi and U. Thapa. 2006. Varieties of horticultural Crops. Agro-

tech Publishing Academy, New Delhi.

7. Prem Singh Arya. 2002. A text book of vegetable culture, Kalyani publishers, New

Delhi.

Journals

1. Indian journal of horticulture

2. Journal of Indian farming

3. Journal of Indian agriculture

4. Kissan world

Web resources

1. www.ashs.org

2. www.ag.vidho.edu/mg/handbook/mgh 19.pdf

3. www.ikisan.com

4. http://www.hort.purdue.edu

5. http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu

6. http://www.avrdc.org

7. http://www.entm.purdue.edu/entomology

8. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu

9. http://www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub//vegetables

SST 321 Seed Production Techniques In Horticultural Crops (1 + 1)

Aim

To teach the students about the techniques involved in quality seed production of

varieties and hybrids in horticultural crops and make them seed entrepreneurs.

Theory

Unit I Introduction to seed production

Seed production - importance - seed and crop production - variety and hybrid seed

production - factors influencing seed production - synthetic seed production techniques.

Unit II Seed production in tropical vegetable crops

Seed production in tomato, brinjal and chillies - bhendi, cowpea, lablab and cluster

bean – pumkin, ashgourd, bittergourd, ribbedgourd, snakegourd and bottlegourd - onion -

amaranthus - moringa.

Unit III Seed production in temperate vegetable crops

Seed production in cabbage, cauliflower - carrot, beetroot - peas and french beans -

potato.

Unit IV Seed production in annual flowers and medicinal plants

Seed production in flower crops - marigold, petunia and cockscomb - medicinal

plants -ashwagandha, periwinkle, senna and davana.

Unit V Seed production in spices, plantation and fruits crops

Seed production in spices - coriander and fenugreek - seed handling in plantation

crops - cocoa, coffee and coconut - fruit crops - papaya.

Practicals

Planting design for hybrid seed production - morphological varietal descriptive

characters - identification of contaminants - purity maintenance - practicing emasculation

and dusting techniques (tomato / brinjal / okra) - study on pre germinated seed and ethrel

spray in cucurbits - fruit grading for seed quality - practicing different seed extraction

methods - visit to vegetable seed industry - practicing seed grading techniques - visit to seed

production plots of temperate vegetables - practicing seed upgradation techniques - study

on seed production standards for vegetative propagules - nursery techniques for vigourous

seedlings production - germination enhancement techniques in flower and medicinal crops -

practicing pre storage seed treatment and packing - seed storage godown maintenance -

study on recalcitrant seed storage - practicing synthetic seed production technology.

Lecture schedule

1. Seed production - importance - seed and crop production – variety and hybrid seed

production

2. Factors influencing seed production

3. Synthetic seed production technology for horticultural crops

4. Seed production in tomato, brinjal and chillies

5. Seed production in bhendi, cowpea, lablab and cluster bean

6. Seed production in pumpkin, ashgourd, bittergourd, ribbedgourd, snakegourd and

bottlegourd

7. Seed production in onion, amaranthus and moringa

8. Seed production in cabbage and cauliflower

9. Mid semester examination

10. Seed production in carrot and beetroot

11. Seed production in peas and french beans

12. Seed production in potato

13. Seed production in marigold, petunia and cockscomb

14. Seed production in ashwagantha, periwinkle, senna and davana

15. Seed production in coriander and fenugreek

16. Seed handling techniques in cocoa, coffee and coconut

17. Seed handling techniques in papaya

Practical Schedule

1. Planting design for hybrid seed production

2. Study of morphological varietal descriptive characters - identification of

contaminants - purity maintenance

3. Practicing emasculation and dusting techniques (tomato / brinjal / okra)

4. Practicing pre-germination techniques - enhancing floral ratio and improving seed

set in cucurbits

5. Fruit grading for seed quality

6. Practicing different seed extraction methods

7. Visit to vegetable seed industry

8. Practicing seed grading techniques

9. Visit to seed production plots of temperate vegetables

10. Practicing seed upgradation techniques

11. Study on seed production standards for vegetative propagules

12. Nursery techniques for vigourous seedlings production

13. Germination enhancement techniques in flower and medicinal crops

14. Practicing pre storage seed treatment, packing and seed storage godown

maintenance

15. Study on recalcitrant seed storage

16. Practicing synthetic seed production technology

17. Final practical examination

REFERENCES

Books

1. P.Geetharani, V.Swaminathan and V.Ponnuswami. 2012. Seed Technology of

Horticultural Crops. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi – 6.

2. K.Vanangamudi and K.Natarajan. 2008. Advances in Seed Science and Technology.

Vol.V. Quality Seed Production in Spices, Plantation, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops.

Agrobios (India). Jodhpur, India. Section : Part 2. Plantation Crops.

3. K.Vanangamudi, M.Prabu and S.Lakshmi. 2012. Advances in Seed Science and

Technology. Vol. VII. Agrobios (India), Jodhpur, India. Section : II Ornamental and

Loose Flowers.

Journals

1. Asian seed and planting material

2. Seed Research

3. Journal of Asian Horticulture

4. Indian Horticulture

5. Agriculture and industry survey

6. Seed Science and Technology

7. Journal of Seed Science Research

Web resources

1. www.dare.gov.in 2. http:sfci.nic.in 3. www.iar.org.in/Directorate1.htm 4. www.apsa.org 5. www.seedassociationofindia.com 6. www.apaseed.com 7. www.apaseed.org

CRP 321 Applied Crop Physiology (1 + 1)

Aim

To impart knowledge on laboratory techniques and analytical procedures for

estimation and interpretation of data for various physiological parameters associated with

crop production, abiotic stresses and plant growth regulators.

UNIT I Stress physiology

Classification of Environmental stress - Drought stress –Drought tolerance

mechanisms-Physiological traits associated with drought -osmotic adjustment, stress

proteins -Water use efficiency – carbon isotope discrimination - concept -Mitigation -

Flooding - Physiological adaptations -Temperature stress - High and Low Temperature -

Tolerance mechanisms - Functions of HSPs and CSPs - Physiological traits associated with

high and low temperature-Salt stress - Physiological basis of tolerance mechanisms -

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)- Role of scavenging systems –– Heavy metal toxicity to

plants- Phytoremediation-Impact of Global warming on crop productivity

UNIT II Environmental physiology

Physiological adaptation of crops to UV radiation- Impact of UV radiation on Crop

Productivity . Heavy metal toxicity to plants- Phytoremediation-Impact of Global warming

on crop Productivity

UNIT III Nutritional physiology

Diagnosis and correction measures for nutritional disorders including Macro, Micro

nutrients in Cereals, millets, Pulses, Oilseeds ,Fiber and sugar crops, Fruits ,Vegetables

Flowers, Spices and plantations, medicinal and aromatic crops-Importance of beneficial

elements – Na, Si, Se,Co – remedies for nutritional disorders -chelates

UNIT IVHormonal physiology

Role of hormones in plant growth and yield enhancement, stress management and

quality improvement - Auxins, Gibberlins, Cytokinins- - Abscisic acid, Ethylene and -

Brassinosteroids -Role of other phytohormones -triacontanol, polyamines, jasmonates and

salicylic acid- New generation PGRs - 1- MCP, Triazoles, strigalactone, pro-hexadione ca

UNIT V Post harvest physiology

Environmental factors influencing senescence, ripening and post harvest life of fruits

and vegetables and fruits-Physiological and biochemical aspects of senescence and fruit

ripening- Regulatory role of ethylene in senescence and ripening- Pre and post harvest

measures to influence shelf life of fruits, flowers and vegetables.

Lecture schedule

1. Classification of Environmental stresses - Drought – types- Drought resistance and

tolerance mechanisms- adaptations - Physiological traits associated with drought -

osmotic adjustment

2. Reactive Oxygen Species- scavenging enzymes- stress proteins -Water use efficiency

– carbon isotope discrimination- concept -Mitigation techniques

3. Flooding - Physiological mechanism of adaptation- physiological traits associated

with flooding- Role of ethylene

4. Temperature stress: High and Low Temperature -Tolerance mechanisms -

Functions of HSPs and CSPs - Physiological traits associated with high and low

temperature

5. Salt stress - Physiological basis of tolerance mechanisms –adaptations- Physiological

traits associated with salt stress

6. Physiological adaptation of crops to high and low light and UV radiation

7. Impact of heavy metals on physiology and productivity of crops –Phytoremediation-

8. Mid-term Test

9. Diagnosis and correction measures for nutritional disorders including Macro, Micro

nutrients in Cereals, millets, Pulses, Oilseeds

10. Diagnosis and correction measures for Nutritional disorders in Fiber and sugar

crops, Fruits and Vegetables.

11. Diagnosis and correction measures for Nutritional disorders in Flowers, Spices and

plantations, medicinal and aromatic crops

12. Importance of beneficial elements – Na, Si, Se,Co- Effect of crop specific application

of beneficial elements

13. Role of hormones in plant growth and yield enhancement, stress management and

quality improvement - Auxins, Gibberlins, Cytokinins,

14. Role of hormones in plant growth and yield enhancement, stress management and

quality improvement - Abscisic acid, Ethylene and Brassinosteroids

15. Role of other phytohormones -triacontanol, polyamines, jasmonates and salicylic

acid

16. New generation PGRs - 1- MCP, Triazoles, strigalactone, pro-hexadione ca

17. Environmental factors influencing senescence, and ripening - Physiological and

biochemical aspects of senescence and fruit ripening- Factors affecting post harvest

life of fruits- measures for enhancing the shelf life of fruits, vegetables and flowers.

Practicals

1. Application of Instrumentations in crop physiology

2. Screening techniques for identification of drought tolerant genotypes

3. Screening techniques for identification of salt tolerant genotypes

4. Identification of stress induced injuries in crops

5. Measurement of water use efficiency

6. Estimation of anti oxidant enzymes activity – Catalase

7. Estimation of Membrane stability index

8. Bio assay for cytokinins

9. Demonstration on effect of PGRs on flowering/germination/propagation

10. Demonstration of enhancing the shelf life though PGRs

11. Diagnosis of nutritional disorders and their amelioration measures in Agricultural

crops

12. Diagnosis of nutritional disorders and their amelioration measures in Horticultural

crops

13. Nutrient application techniques including root feeding, foliar application, fertigation and hydrophonics

14. Estimation of Macro nutrients in plant samples 15. Estimation of micro and secondary nutrients 16. Field Visit to post harvest storage facilities 17. Practical Exam.

REFERENCES

Text Books

1. Jain, V.K. 2007. Fundamentals of plant physiology, S.Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi.

2. Pandey, S. N. and B. K.Sinha, 2006. Plant Physiology. Vikas Publishing House Private Limited, New Delhi.

3. Purohit, S.S, 2005. Plant physiology, Student edition, Jodhpur. Further reading

1. Taiz. L. and Zeiger. E., 2010 (Fifth edition). Plant Physiology. Publishers: Sinauer Associates, Inc., Massachusetts, USA.

2. Methods and Techniques in Plant Physiology by Bhattacharya, A. & Vijaya Luxmi, 2015. 212 pages, New India Publishing Agency.

3. Methods in Plant Physiology by WE Loomis, CA Shull 1937. 472 pages, cab direct.org

Journals 1. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Elsevier BV, The Netherlands 2. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, Indian Society for Plant Physiology, India 3. Journal of Environmental Biology, Triveni Enterprises, India 4. Journal of Morphology, Wiley-Liss, United States 5. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad

De Navarra, Spain 6. Photosynthesis Research, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands 7. PhysiologiaPlantarum, Blackwell Publishing Inc., United Kingdom 8. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, Springer India 9. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Gauthier-Villars, France 10. Plant Production Science, Crop Science Society of Japan, Japan

Web resources 1 http://www.plantphys.org 2 http://www.Biologie.Uni-hamburg.de/b-online 3 http://4e.plantphys.net