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Review- vector analyses
• Selection • Topological Overlays • Buffering
Selection
– Selecting points near a line (proximity) – Selecting adjacent features (proximity) – Selecting lines within polygons (containment) – Selecting polygons that contain lines (overlap) – Selecting points within polygons (containment) – Selecting polygons that contain points (overlap) – Selecting polygons that overlap polygons (overlap)
Types of overlays
• Union • Clip • Identity • Intersect • Update • Erase
Clipping… an example
Clipping… an example
ArcGIS does NOT automatically update geometry fields for
shapefiles
Raster Analysis
Overview
Grid layers Setting grid layer and analysis properties Grid function types Performing grid analysis Map Algebra More grid analyses
Grid layers
Grid layers
The grid layers is the format ArcInfo uses for raster data.
Grid layers
A grid layer is a rectangular grid of square cells
Grid layers
Not all raster datasets are grid layers
reflectance
values
Grid layers
Cells have numeric values
Grid layers
Grid layers are suited for representation of phenomena that vary gradually over space
such as elevation, wind speed and direction, or slope
Grid types
floating-point (decimals)
integer (no decimals)
Grid types Integer grids can have value attribute
tables (VATs), floating point grids do NOT
Grid types
Integer grids with:
a range of values < 100,000 and < 500 unique values
will have attribute tables
Displaying grid layers
Legends can be altered like other layers
Identity tool
Individual cell values can be identified
Queries Integer grids can be queried in the same way as vector layers (select by attribute)
Setting grid layer and analysis properties
Setting analysis properties
Analysis properties determine spatial properties for all newly created output grid layers
Analysis properties • Working directory • Masking • Spatial extent of output • Cell size
Once set, analysis property values stay set until changed
Analysis extent Analysis extent sets the spatial properties for output of analyses
Rectangular area
Analysis extent
Be careful about setting extent; it may cause poor grid-to-grid registration
Cell size
Analysis cell size sets the grid cell size for output of analyses
Use a consistent cell size for analysis of multiple grid data sets
small cells → larger files small cells → longer processing
Masking
Analysis mask defines spatial extent of output grids
Mask can be any shape (as opposed to the Analysis Extent)
Grid function types
Grid function types
Local Global functions Zonal functions Focal functions
Local functions
Local functions apply an independent calculation to all input grid cells
local sine
e.g. sin(12) = -0.537
Global functions
e.g. flow accumulation
Global functions apply a calculation based on all cell values
Zonal functions
Zonal functions apply one calculation to all input grid cells within each zone
Zones are defined as a group of cells having the same value
Regions are groups of contiguous cells having the same value
Zonal functions
Zonal functions apply one calculation to all input grid cells within each zone
for zone 1: (53 + 57 + 33 + 78 + 31 + 12 + 32 + 9 + 9 + 33 + 76) = 423
zonal sum
Focal functions
Focal functions apply one calculation to all input grid cells within a focal distance
focal mean
(27 + 8 + 22 + 16 + 21 + 16 + 6 + 44 + 8) / 9 ≈ 18.7
Performing grid analysis
Grid analysis: calculations across multiple grids
Multi-grid analyses are possible because of spatial registration
multiple grid layers share the same X, Y coordinate space
cell values are calculated across multiple grid layers
to create a single output grid layer
Grid analysis
Spatial Analyst toolbar ArcToolbox tools Scripting Command Line
Spatial Analyst toolbar Raster calculator
Spatial Analyst extension
Map Algebra
Grid analysis: Map algebra
arithmetic expressions output_data_set = input_grid1 operator input_grid2 . . .
slp_dem = slp_grid * dem
algebraic functions output_data_set = function (input_data_set[s] {,arguments})
slp_grid = slope (dem, percentrise)
Map algebra can be calculated with the Raster Calculator
raster layers operators
expression box
operator classes
Map Algebra arithmetic: Calculation = (Dem gt 500 and Dem lt 1000 )
Logical (Boolean) criteria
Grid analysis: Map algebra
Grid analysis: Map algebra
0 = false
1 = true
More grid analysis
Calculating summary attributes for polygon features using a grid layer (“Zonal Statistics”)
Cross tabulating areas "Querying" across multiple grid layers Calculating neighborhood statistics Calculating distance surfaces and buffers Determining proximity Converting raster and vector data sources
Calculating summary attributes for polygon features using a grid layer
(“Zonal statistics”)
Summarizing zones
Summarizes groups of cells based on integer cells or polygons with similar value
Creates statistical summary of zone
Summary table
Summary chart
Summarizing zones
select polygon field to define zones of cells
select grid layer containing variable to summarize
Summarizing zones
specify output select statistic to graph
statistics from input grid based on polygon zones
Ecological Applications: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 18–33.
INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT, DISTURBANCE, AND OWNERSHIP ON FOREST VEGETATION OF COASTAL OREGON
Janet L. Ohmann, Matthew J. Gregory, and Thomas A. Spies
Cross tabulating areas
Cross tabulating areas
Creates a “zonal intersection” of integer grid layers or grids and polygon vectors (similar to vector intersection)
Output is a table
1st input layer creates records (1 record for each unique value)
2nd input layer creates fields (1 field for each unique value)
Table values are map unit area measurements of combinations of zones
Cross tabulating areas
Cross-tabulation setup
rows
columns
Cross tabulating areas
Output table
row
laye
r (so
ils)
record layer (stands)
area measurements in map units
Cross tabulating areas Identifying fields
Cross tabulating areas
Cross tabulating areas
"Querying" across multiple grid layers (“Map Query”)
Raster Calculator is easy to use and gives rapid results
Multiple grids can be simultaneously queried (vector overlay only allows 2)
Output represents cells that meet and do not meet query criteria (T or F)
"Querying" across multiple grid layers
Building Map Queries
Calculating neighborhood statistics
Calculating neighborhood statistics
Minimum Maximum
Mean Median
Sum Range
Standard Deviation Majority Minority Variety
“Focal” statistical functions
Moving window calculates statistics based on all within the window
Output value is written to central cell in output grid
Statistical functions:
Focal Standard Deviation
locations of greatest variation in elevation
Calculating distance surfaces and buffers
Calculating distance surfaces and buffers
Similar to buffering with vector data
Creates a continuous distance surface rather than a discrete bounded polygonal area
Distance measured from input layer features or grid cells
Distance from vector features
continuous distance value surface
Create a “graded” buffer by setting a max distance
Determining proximity
Assigning proximity
Defining territories based on proximity
Assigning proximity
• output value is selected from input layer table
• output cells have the value of the closest input feature
“Thiessen,” “Voronoi”
Converting raster and vector data sources
Converting raster and vector data sources
Raster ⇔ vector conversions are possible
Always a loss or generalization of shape
Support for line, polygon ⇔ grid in ArcGIS
Avoid converting grids that do not have large contiguous zones (e.g., DEMs)
homework
• Read “Raster Analysis 2” & “Data Conversion” & “Model building”
• Finish assignment 5
• Start assignment 6
Ecological Applications: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 18–33.
INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT, DISTURBANCE, AND OWNERSHIP ON FOREST VEGETATION OF COASTAL OREGON
Janet L. Ohmann, Matthew J. Gregory, and Thomas A. Spies