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Vol 03, Issue 05; September-October 2012 International Journal of Engineering Sciences Research-IJESR

http://ijesr.in/ ISSN: 2230-8504; e-ISSN-2230-8512

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SELECTION OF POTENTIAL SOLID WASTE DUMP SITES

FOR KAKINADA CITY USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING

TECHNIQUES ARUNA.D

1, T.BYRAGI REDDY

2, SWAMY A.V.V.S

3

1. Research scholar, Department of environmental sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India

2. Professor, Department of environmental sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India

3. Assistant professor, Department of environmental sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The enormous generation, improper storage and unscientific disposal of solid waste can affect air and water

quality, land use and public health. Keeping in this view, the present study is carried out with an objective of

identifying a suitable site for disposal of municipal solid waste generated in Kakinada Municipal Corporation

using Geographical Information System (GIS) and weighted overlay analysis. For achieving this objective, GIS

is used to analyse the existing spatial relationships between various geologic, topographic, and environmental

characteristics of the area as they relate to the investigation of identifying suitable landfill sites. For this

purpose, various input spatial layers including settlements, roads, topography, geology, geomorphology, land

use, ground water and soil are prepared using the Survey of India Toposheets and satellite data, ground data and collateral data with the help of ArcGIS. Using the Arc View GIS (Spatial Analyst) different solid waste

disposal sites were selected according to the conditions given. Accordingly, sites were selected and the overall

selected sites cover an area with a total area of 1058812m2.

Keywords: Landfill site selection, solid waste, Kakinada, GIS, remote sensing

1. INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the urban environment has become a major subject of concern. [13] The process of rapid

urbanisation poses serious challenges to towns and cities, which are struggling to provide and maintain the

already inadequate level of urban services. Among the major environmental problems faced by urban areas are

air, water, and soil pollution and growing volume of solid waste. [2]In industrial areas of many cities, the

municipal solid waste is getting mixed up with hazardous waste creating a serious problem, while the accumulation of garbage has become a common site in most of the cities. [10]Due to rapid growth of urban

population, as well as constraint in resources, the management of solid waste poses a difficult and complex

problem for the society and its improper management affects the public health and degrades environment. This

trend can be ascribed to our changing lifestyles, economic growth, and a few changes in food habits, and living

standards and at the same time changes in consumption patterns. [1].

Solid Waste Management has been one of the neglected areas of urban management activities in India. By and

large, in cities and towns hardly 50 per cent of the solid wastes generated are collected, transported and disposed

off, giving rise to insanitary conditions and diseases, especially amongst the urban poor who constitute about 35

per cent of the urban population. [9] Improper solid waste management deteriorates public health, causes

environmental pollution, accelerates natural resources degradation, causes climate change and greatly impacts

the quality of life of citizens. [3]

Municipal Solid Waste Management is limited to collection, transportation and disposal of un-segregated waste.[11] The dumps are filling up faster than we can even find newer sites for them. There is a need to have an

Integrated Waste Management System that would provide sustainable solutions in our country. [7]Garbage

disposal has been a long-standing problem and will continue to be a problem in the future. As the population of

the world continues to increase, so will the garbage produced. It is therefore important to seek out the ways that

can best be employed to minimize the amount of garbage. [6] Shortage of land for waste disposal and

inappropriate landfill site is one of the biggest problems in most of large urban areas. Therefore more efforts are

needed to overcome this problem. [5] An inappropriate landfill site may have negative environmental, economic

and ecological impacts. This is not a problem of the future but a problem of today. [4Authors must follow the

template format exactly. Any deviation will not be entertained and the paper will not be published.

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA The Kakinada city (16o57”N: 81o15”E) is the capital of East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh on the central

east coast of India. Fig 1 shows the location of the study area. The city is influenced by the semi-arid climate.

The area receives an average rainfall of 1040 mm per annum, primary during the south west monsoon (June –

September) and on account of cyclonic activity in the Bay of Bengal in the post monsoon (October–November).

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Fig. 1: Location map of the study area

The developing city, Kakinada is still depending on the age-old mode of garbage collection and waste

management. At present, 260 tonnes of garbage a day is being collected from the households. It is being dumped

at unauthorised dumping yard near saradamamba temple-cheedelapora located amidst residential areas.

Construction of a permanent dumping yard in the city, one of the long pending projects. The 150 year old civic

body failed to find a permanent solution to the garbage problem, as it is of the practice of identifying empty

lands to dump the litter.

Fig. 2: Satellite imagery of the study area

METHODOLOGY

GIS is a powerful tool for environmental data analysis and planning. It stores spatial data in a digital mapping

environment. GIS is an information management system capable of providing spatial analysis tools for storing,

retrieving, and manipulating georeferenced computerized maps[8].In the process of site selection, broadly two

types of database are generated. These two types of database are spatial database and non-spatial database. The

spatial data is composed of land use/land cover, geomorphology, drainage, watershed, slope, geology, soil

etc. The non-spatial data is composed of population details, soil type, ground water quality etc. The spatial data

consists of thematic and topographic maps derived from satellite imagery and SOI toposheets. The satellite

imagery LANDSAT-7 [ETM+] (Fig: 2) and SOI toposheets(65k4, 65k8&12, 65L1, 65L5) series of 1:50,000 scale.

According to municipal solid wastes (Management and Handlings) Rules, 2000, some of the exclusionary

criteria considered for the present study include the following.

-no landfill should be constructed within 200 mts of any lake or pond.-no landfill should be constructed within

200 mts of any state or national highway.-a landfill site must be at least 1000 mts from a notified habitat area.-

no landfill should be constructed within wetlands.-no landfill should be constructed within critical habitat areas.-

a landfill should not be constructed in areas where water table is less than 5m below ground surface.

Base map

The base map (Fig.3) is prepared using survey of India (SOI) toposheets on 1:50000 scale and updated with the

help of satellite imagery. The information content of this map is used as a baseline data to finalize all the other

physical features of maps. The features included in the base map are water bodies, major settlements, canals, drains, major roads and railways.

Road network map

Road network plays an important role in the overall development of a region. The road network map (Fig.4) is

prepared using survey of India (SOI) toposheets on 1:50000 scale. The road coverage networks from the



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toposheets are updated with the latest satellite data to extract additional information on the newly developed

roads.

Geomorphology

Survey of India toposheets and satellite imagery are used for the preparation of geomorphological map

(Fig.5).The available geological and geomorphological maps, published literature and other information are

used in enriching the geomorphological details. Soil map

The soil map (Fig.6) for the present study area is prepared using the satellite imagery and the soil map provided

and prepared by the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land use planning (ICAR),Nagpur in co-operation with

department of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh,2000.

Land use/land cover map

Land use/land cover map (Fig.7) showing the spatial distribution of various categories and their aerial extent is

vital for the present study. The spatial distributions of various land uses are interpreted based on satellite data of

8-band LANDSAT-7 [ETM+].the different land use/land cover classes existing in the study area are shown in

table1.

CATEGORY AREA(hec) AREA (in %)

Built up land 16353.2161 18.93

Farmland 40280.0899 46.60

Mangroves 12328.3918 14.26

Misc 5789.0122 6.70

River 1726.6500 2.00

Salt pans 5744.7900 6.65

Wastelands 4067.9100 4.70

Water bodies 135.2700 0.16

Total 86425.33 100.00

Table: 1 Land use /land cover distribution in the study area

Ground water table map

Ground water table map (Fig.8) is prepared based on information obtained from the state ground water department. Depending on the depth of water table below the ground level, the area is divided into two classes,

areas with ground water level less than 5m below ground level and greater than 5m below ground level. The

major part of the study area is occupied by ground water table less than 5m.

Ground water infiltration map

Ground water infiltration (Fig.9) is interpreted based on soil types and its thickness. Most of the study area is

occupied by high infiltration rate.

Buffer maps

Buffers are generated for the exclusionary criteria. A 200mts buffer was created using the function in GIS

software, which will be used to generate the buffer around all surface waters (Fig.10). The road network map

with a buffer distance of 200mts (Fig.11) and a 1000mts buffer (Fig.12) was created around the settlements

using buffer analysis in ARC/INFO and Arc View GIS software. All the non-exclusionary criteria considered

for site selection are ranked and weighted using weighted overlay analysis for preparation of a final suitability map for selection of disposal site.[12]

3. RESULT:

Fig. 3: Base map of the study area Fig. 4: Road network map of the study area



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Fig. 5: Geomorphological map of the study area Fig. 6: Soil map of the study area

Fig. 7: Land use/Land cover map of the study area Fig. 8:Water table map of the study area

Fig. 9:Ground water infiltration map of the study area Fig. 10: Buffer map of road network of the study area



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Fig. 11:Buffer map of settlements of the study area Fig. 12:Buffer map of water bodies of the study area

Fig. 13: Suitable sites of the study area

3. CONCLUSIONS

Using the Arc View GIS (Spatial Analyst) different solid waste disposal sites (SWDS) were selected according

to the conditions given. Accordingly, thirty sites were selected (Fig. 13) and the overall selected sites covers an

area with a total area of 1058812m2.

In the present study it was tried to find out the potential waste disposal sites using Remote Sensing and GIS

techniques for Kakinada Municipality. Selection of suitable sites for waste disposal is based on several factors.

GIS technology using weighted overlay analysis help to select the possible suitable solid waste disposal sites.

The region of interest for site selection includes all area, which falls within the buffer distance of 40 kms from the centre of Kakinada city.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. T.Byragi reddy and Dr.A.V.V.S Swamy their guidance and

help over the last two years, for the opportunity to work in a stimulating research environment.

REFERENCES 1) AMAR A. KATKAR, 2012 Improvement Of Solid Waste Collection By Using Optimization Technique

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Vol.2 Issue 4, April 2012.



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2) Ayo Babalola, Ibrahim Busu,2011 Selection of Landfill Sites for Solid Waste Treatment in Damaturu Town-

Using GIS Techniques , Journal of Environmental Protection, 2, 1-10, 2011.

3) GauravShukla, M. Shashi& Kamal Jain,2012 Decision Support System for Selecting Suitable Site for

Disposing Solid Waste of Township International Journal of Remote Sensing and GIS, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2012,

2-11

4) H.Tayyebia,2010 Combining Multi Criteria Decision Making And DempsterShafertheory For Landfill Site Selection International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science,

Volume XXXVIII, Part 8, Kyoto Japan 2010

5) K. HADJIBIROS, D. DERMATAS, C.S. LASPIDOU ,2011 Municipal Solid Waste Management And

Landfill Site Selection Ingreece: Irrationality Versus Efficiency , Global NEST Journal, Vol 13, No 2, pp 150-

161, 2011

6) K.H. Chua1, EndangJati Mat Sahid, Dr. Y. P. Leong, 2011Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management

and GHG Abatement in Malaysia Green & Energy Management 26-28/7/11 in Malaysia Paper #: 04-02 P- 1-8.

7) M. R Gidde, V. V.Todkar, K K Kokate, 2008 Municipal Solid Waste Management in Emerging Mega Cities

: A case study of Pune City Indo-Italian Conference On Clean And Green Environment, March 20-21.

8) Mahamid and S. Thawaba 2010Multi Criteria and Landfill Site Selection Using Gis: A Case Study From

PalestineThe Open Environmental Engineering Journal, 2010, 3, 33-41 33 1874-8295/10.

9) MufeedSharholy, Kafeel Ahmad, 2008 Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities – A review Waste Management 28 (2008) 459–467.

10) Ozeair Abessi A And Mohsen Saeedi B, 2010 Hazardous Waste Landfill Siting using GIS Technique and

Analytical Hierarchy Process Environment Asia 3(2) (2010) 69-78.

11) S.V. Irtwange, 2009 Environmental Impact Assessment for a Pilot Project for Integrated Solid Waste

Management in Makurdi, Nigeria Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 1(2): 64-80, 2009.

12) Tamilenthi.S ,2011,The data base, land use and land cover and solid waste disposal Site - using remote

sensing and gis: a case study of Sakkottai –Block, sivagangai district, Tamil Nadu, India Advances in Applied

Science Research, 2011, 2 (6):379-392.

13) Zeinhom El Alfy, RashaElhadary, Ahmed Elashry2010 Integrating GIS and MCDM to Deal with landfill

site selection International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 06, 32-42.

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Author is presently full-time research scholar in Acharya Nagarjuna University.

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SELECTION OF POTENTIAL SOLID WASTE DUMP …ijesr.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/IJCEAR-Y12-TJ-I043...SELECTION OF POTENTIAL SOLID WASTE DUMP SITES FOR KAKINADA CITY USING GIS AND REMOTE