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Solid and Hazardous Solid and Hazardous WasteWaste
Chapter 17Chapter 17
Love Canal: There is No “Away”Love Canal: There is No “Away”
Previous chemical dumpPrevious chemical dump
Sold to a school boardSold to a school board
Clay cap was disturbedClay cap was disturbed
Leaks detected in 1976Leaks detected in 1976
Lois GibbsLois Gibbs
Abandoned 1980Abandoned 1980
Court casesCourt cases
SuperfundSuperfund
Lessons learnedLessons learnedFig. 17-1, p. 388
Wasting ResourcesWasting Resources
Solid wastesSolid wastes
Municipal solid waste (MSW) (garbage)Municipal solid waste (MSW) (garbage)
Waste disposal, recycling, and combustion in the USWaste disposal, recycling, and combustion in the US
High-waste societyHigh-waste society
Electronic wastes (e-waste)Electronic wastes (e-waste)
Fig. 17-2, p. 390
Municipal1.5%
Sewage sludge1%
Mining and oiland gas
production75%
Industry9.5%
Agriculture13%
Solid Waste in the US Solid Waste in the US
Producing Less WasteProducing Less Waste
Waste management (high-waste approach)Waste management (high-waste approach)
Waste reduction (low-waste approach)Waste reduction (low-waste approach)
Trashcans as “resource containers”Trashcans as “resource containers”
Reversed priorities in dealing with wastesReversed priorities in dealing with wastes
Reuse and recycleReuse and recycle
CompostingComposting
Redesigning manufacturing to produce less wasteRedesigning manufacturing to produce less waste
Fig. 17-3, p. 391
1st Priority 2nd Priority Last Priority
Primary Pollutionand Waste Prevention
Secondary Pollution and Waste Prevention
• Reduce products
• Repair products
• Recycle
• Compost
• Buy reusable and recyclable products
Waste Management
• Treat waste to reduce toxicity
• Incinerate waste
• Bury waste in landfill
• Release waste into environment for dispersal or dilution
Priorities in Dealing with Material Use and Priorities in Dealing with Material Use and Solid Wastes Solid Wastes
Reducing Solid WasteReducing Solid Waste
Sustainability sixSustainability six
• Consume lessConsume less
• Redesign manufacturing processesRedesign manufacturing processes
• Produce less waste and pollutionProduce less waste and pollution
• Repair, reuse, remanufacture, compost, and recycleRepair, reuse, remanufacture, compost, and recycle
• Design products to last longerDesign products to last longer
• Eliminate, reuse, recycle, or reduce packagingEliminate, reuse, recycle, or reduce packaging
Resource productivity revolutionResource productivity revolution
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Fig. 17-4, p. 391
What Can You Do?
Solid Waste
• Follow the four R's of resource use: Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.
• Ask yourself whether you really need a particular item.• Rent, borrow, or barter goods and services when you
can.• Buy things that are reusable, recyclable, or
compostable, and be sure to reuse, recycle, and compost them.
• Do not use throwaway paper and plastic plates, cups, and eating utensils, and other disposable items when reusable or refillable versions are available.
• Use e-mail in place of conventional paper mail.• Read newspapers and magazines online.• Buy products in concentrated form whenever
possible.
What Can You Do? What Can You Do?
Ecoindustrial RevolutionEcoindustrial Revolution
Upcoming ecoindustrial revolutionUpcoming ecoindustrial revolution
Resource exchange websResource exchange webs
Kalundborg, DenmarkKalundborg, Denmark
Cleaning up and reusing brownfieldsCleaning up and reusing brownfields
BiomimicryBiomimicry
3M Pollution Prevention Pays (3P) program3M Pollution Prevention Pays (3P) program
From material-flow to service-flow economyFrom material-flow to service-flow economy
Fig. 17-5,p. 393
Pharmaceutical plant Local farmers
Fish farming
Cement manufacturer
Area homesWallboard factory
Greenhouses
Oil refinery
Sulfuric acidproducer
Sludge
Sludge
Waste heat
Electric Power plan
Industrial Ecosystem in Kalundborg, Denmark Industrial Ecosystem in Kalundborg, Denmark
Surplussulfur
Surplusnatural gas
Surplus natural gas
Waste heat Waste heat
Waste heat
Waste heat
Fly ash
WasteCalciumsulfate
Individuals Matter:Individuals Matter: Ray Anderson Ray Anderson
Fig. 17-A, p. 394
ReuseReuse Reuse as a form of waste reductionReuse as a form of waste reduction
Reuse of e-wasteReuse of e-waste
Toxic metals in e-wasteToxic metals in e-waste
ScavengingScavenging
Refillable containersRefillable containers
Bans on non-reusable beverage containersBans on non-reusable beverage containers
Cloth shopping bagsCloth shopping bags
Charging for plastic and paper shopping bagsCharging for plastic and paper shopping bags
Reusable shipping containersReusable shipping containers
Tool librariesTool libraries
Scavenging in the Philippines Scavenging in the Philippines
Fig. 17-6, p. 395
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Fig. 17-7, p. 395
What Can You Do?
Reuse
• Buy beverages in refillable glass containers instead of cans or throwaway bottles.
• Use reusable plastic or metal lunchboxes.
• Carry sandwiches and store food in the refrigerator in reusable containers instead of wrapping them in aluminum foil or plastic wrap.
• Use rechargeable batteries and recycle them when their useful life is over.
• Carry groceries and other items in a reusable basket, a canvas or string bag, or a small cart.
• Use reusable sponges and washable cloth napkins, dishtowels, and handkerchiefs instead of throwaway paper ones.
What Can We Do? What Can We Do?
RecyclingRecycling What can be recycled?What can be recycled?
Primary (closed-loop) recyclingPrimary (closed-loop) recycling
Secondary (downcycling) recyclingSecondary (downcycling) recycling
Preconsumer (internal) wastePreconsumer (internal) waste
Postconsumer (external) wastePostconsumer (external) waste
CompostingComposting
Materials-recovery facility (MRF)Materials-recovery facility (MRF)
Source separationSource separation
Pay-as-you-throw (PAUT)Pay-as-you-throw (PAUT)
Problems with recycling plasticsProblems with recycling plastics
Fig. 17-8, p. 397
Reduces air andwater pollution
Saves energy
Reduces mineraldemand
Reduces greenhousegas emissions
Reduces solid wastedisposal
Helps protect biodiversity
Can save moneyfor items such aspaper, metals,and some plasticsImportant part
Does not savelandfill space inareas with ampleland
May lose money foritems such as glassand most plastics
Reduces profitsfrom landfills andincinerators
Source separationis inconvenient forsome people
Tradeoffs of Recycling Tradeoffs of Recycling Trade-Offs
Recycling
Advantages Disadvantages
Factors that Hinder Reuse and Factors that Hinder Reuse and RecyclingRecycling
Faulty accounting systemFaulty accounting system
Uneven economic playing fieldUneven economic playing field
Low landfilling costsLow landfilling costs
Demand and prices for recycled materials Demand and prices for recycled materials fluctuatefluctuate
Encouraging Reuse and Encouraging Reuse and RecyclingRecycling
Level economic playing fieldLevel economic playing field
Government subsidiesGovernment subsidies
Pay-as-you-throw (PAUT) systemPay-as-you-throw (PAUT) system
Government purchases of recycled itemsGovernment purchases of recycled items
Product stewardship policiesProduct stewardship policies
Fig. 17-9, p. 399
Power plant
Steam
Turbine
Generator
Electricity
Crane
Furnace
Boiler
Wetscrubber
Electrostaticprecipitator
Conveyor
Water added Bottom
ash
Conventionallandfill Waste
treatment Hazardous wastelandfill
Dirtywater
Waste pit
Smokestack
Fly ash
Waste-to-Energy Incineration Waste-to-Energy Incineration
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Fig. 17-10, p. 399
Trade-Offs
Reduced trashvolume
Less need forlandfills
Low waterpollution
Quick andeasy
Incineration
High cost
Air pollution(especiallytoxic dioxins)
Produces ahighly toxic ash
Encourageswaste production
DiscouragesRecycling and wastereduction
Advantages Disadvantages
Tradeoffs of Incineration Tradeoffs of Incineration
Burying WastesBurying Wastes
Open dumpsOpen dumps
Sanitary landfillsSanitary landfills
LeachatesLeachates
Landfill gases (chiefly methane and Landfill gases (chiefly methane and carbon dioxide)carbon dioxide)
Topsoil
Sand
Clay
Garbage
Garbage
Sand
Syntheticliner
Sand
Clay
Subsoil
When landfill is full,layers of soil and clayseal in trash
Methane storageand compressorbuilding
Electricitygeneratorbuilding
Leachatetreatment system
Methane gasrecovery
Pipe collect explosivemethane gas used as fuel to generate electricity
Compactedsolid waste
Leachatestorage tank
Leachatemonitoringwell
Groundwatermonitoringwell
Leachate pipes Leachate pumped upto storage tanks forsafe disposal
Clay and plastic liningto prevent leaks; pipescollect leachate frombottom of landfill
Probes to detect methane leaks
Groundwater
Sanitary Landfill Sanitary Landfill
Fig. 17-11, p. 400
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson
Advantages
No open burning
Little odor
Low groundwater pollution ifsited properly
Can be built quickly
Low operating costs
Can handle large amounts of waste
Filled land can be used for otherpurposes
No shortage of landfill space inmany areas
Disadvantages
Noise and traffic
Dust
Air pollution from toxic gases and volatile organiccompounds
Releases greenhouse gases (methane and CO2) unless they are collected
Groundwater contamination
Slow decomposition of wastes
Discourages recycling waste reduction
Eventually leaks andcan contaminategroundwater
Sanitary Landfills
Trade-Offs
Fig. 17-12, p. 401
Tradeoffs of Sanitary Landfills Tradeoffs of Sanitary Landfills
Characteristics of Hazardous Characteristics of Hazardous WastesWastes
ToxicToxic
IgnitableIgnitable
CorrosiveCorrosive
ReactiveReactive
U.S. Federal Regulations on U.S. Federal Regulations on Hazardous WastesHazardous Wastes
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund)Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund)
National Priorities Lists (NPL)National Priorities Lists (NPL)
Polluter-pays principlePolluter-pays principle
Taxpayers-pay programTaxpayers-pay program
BrownfieldsBrownfields
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Fig. 17-13, p. 402
What Harmful Chemicals Are In Your Home?
Cleaning • Disinfectants• Drain, toilet, and window cleaners • Spot removers• Septic tank cleaners
Paint
• Latex and oil-based paints• Paint thinners, solvents, and strippers • Stains, varnishes, and lacquers• Wood preservatives• Artist paints and inks
General
• Dry-cell batteries (mercury and cadmium)• Glues and cements
Gardening
• Pesticides• Weed killers• Ant and rodent killers• Flea powders
Automotive
• Gasoline• Used motor oil • Antifreeze• Battery acid• Solvents• Brake and transmission fluid• Rust inhibitor and rust remover
Harmful Chemicals in Your Home Harmful Chemicals in Your Home
Fig. 17-14, p. 403
Produce Less Waste
Manipulateprocesses
to eliminateor reduce
production
Recycle andreuse
Convert to Less Hazardous or Nonhazardous Substances
Landtreatment
Incineration Thermaltreatment
Chemical,physical, and
biologicaltreatment
Ocean andatmosphericassimilation
Put in Perpetual Storage
Landfill Undergroundinjection
Wastepiles
Surfaceimpoundments
Saltformations
Arid regionunsaturated
zone
Stepped Art
Hazardous Hazardous WasteWaste
Dangers of Hazardous Dangers of Hazardous ChemicalsChemicals
Terrorist attacks on chemical plantsTerrorist attacks on chemical plants
Bhopal accidentBhopal accident
Detoxifying Hazardous Detoxifying Hazardous WastesWastes
BioremediationBioremediation
PhytoremediationPhytoremediation
IncinerationIncineration
Deep-well disposalDeep-well disposal
Surface impoundmentsSurface impoundments
Secure landfillsSecure landfills
Aboveground buildingsAboveground buildings
Prevention is better than disposal or cleanupPrevention is better than disposal or cleanup
Inorganic metal contaminantsOrganic contaminantsRadioactive contaminants
Brake fernPoplar tree
Indian mustard
Oilspill
Groundwater
Soil
Pollutedgroundwaterin
Pollutedleachate
Decontaminatedwater out
Landfill
Willow tree
Phytoextraction Roots of plants can absorb toxic metals such as lead, arsenic, and others and store them in their leaves. Plants can then be recycled or harvested and incinerated.
Phytodegradation Plants can absorb toxic organic chemicals and break them down into less harmful compounds which are stored or released into the air.
Phytostabilization Plants can absorb chemicals and keep them from reaching groundwater or nearby surface water.
Rhizofiltration Roots of plants with dangling roots can absorb pollutants such as radioactive strontium-90 and cesium-137 and various organic chemicals.
Sunflower
Fig. 17-15, p. 404
Phytoremediation Phytoremediation
Groundwater
Soil
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Fig. 17-16, p. 405
Trade-Offs
Phytoremediation
Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to establish
Inexpensive
Can reduce material dumped into land fills
Produces little air pollution compared to incineration
Low energy use
Slow (can take several growing seasons)
Effective only at depth plant roots can reach
Some toxic organic chemicals may evaporate from plant leaves
Some plants can become toxic to animals
Tradeoffs of Phytoremediation Tradeoffs of Phytoremediation
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Fig. 17-17, p. 405
Advantages
Safe method ifsites are chosencarefully
Wastes can beretrieved ifproblemsdevelop
Easy to do
Low cost
Disadvantages
Leaks or spills atsurface
Leaks fromcorrosion of wellcasing
Existing fracturesor earthquakescan allow wastesto escape intogroundwater
Encourageswaste production
Trade-Offs
Deep Underground Wells
Tradeoffs of Deep Underground Tradeoffs of Deep Underground Wells Wells
Fig. 17-18, p. 405
Trade-Offs
Surface Impoundments
Advantages Disadvantages
Low construction costs
Low operating costs
Can be built quickly
Wastes can beeasily retrievedif necessary
Can store wastesindefinitely withsecure doubleliners
Groundwatercontaminationfrom leaking liners(or no lining)
Air pollution fromvolatile organiccompounds
Overflow fromflooding
Disruption andleakage fromearthquakes
Promotes wasteproduction
Tradeoffs of Surface Impoundments Tradeoffs of Surface Impoundments
Fig. 17-19, p. 406
Bulk wasteImperviousclay
Earth
Water table
Groundwater
Clay cap
Gas ventTopsoil
EarthSand
Plastic cover
Impervious clay cap
Leakdetectionsystem
Reactive wastesin drums
Double leachatecollection system
Plastic double liner Groundwater
monitoringwell
Secure Hazardous Waste Landfill Secure Hazardous Waste Landfill
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Fig. 17-20, p. 406
What Can You Do?
Hazardous Waste
• Use pesticides in the smallest amount possible.
• Use less harmful substances instead of commercial chemicals for most household cleaners. For example, use liquid ammonia to clean appliances and windows; vinegar to polish metals, clean surfaces, and remove stains and mildew; baking soda to clean household utensils, deodorize, and remove stains; borax to remove stains and mildew.
• Do not dispose of pesticides, paints, solvents, oil, antifreeze, or other products containing hazardous chemicals by flushing them down the toilet, pouring them down the drain, burying them, throwing them into the garbage, or dumping them down storm drains.
What Can You Do? What Can You Do?
Lead (Pb)Lead (Pb)
NeurotoxinNeurotoxin
Especially harmful to childrenEspecially harmful to children
Banned in US gasoline (1976 with phase out by 1986)Banned in US gasoline (1976 with phase out by 1986)
Banned lead-based paints (1970-1978)Banned lead-based paints (1970-1978)
Still unsafe levels in the blood of many childrenStill unsafe levels in the blood of many children
Lead in paint of old buildingsLead in paint of old buildings
Plumbing may contain leadPlumbing may contain lead
Still a threat to many children in developing countriesStill a threat to many children in developing countries
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Fig. 17-21, p. 407
Solutions
Lead Poisoning
Prevention Control
Wash fresh fruits and vegetables
Sharply reduce lead emissions from old and new incinerators
Replace lead pipes and plumbing fixtures containing lead solder
Remove leaded paint and lead dust from older houses and apartments
Remove lead from TV sets and computer monitors before incineration or land disposal
Test for lead in existingceramicware used to serve food
Test existing candles for lead
Phase out leadedgasoline worldwide
Phase out wasteincineration
Test blood for lead by age 1
Ban lead solder inplumbing pipes, fixtures,and food cans
Ban lead glazing for ceramicware used toserve food
Ban candles withlead cores
Lead Poisoning Lead Poisoning
Mercury (Hg)Mercury (Hg) Released into the atmosphere from burning coal, waste Released into the atmosphere from burning coal, waste
incineration, ore smelting, volcanoes, and vaporization of incineration, ore smelting, volcanoes, and vaporization of ocean waterocean water
Converts into toxic inorganic HgConverts into toxic inorganic Hg2+2+ forms and forms and methylmercury (CHmethylmercury (CH33HgHg++))
Bioaccumulates in fishBioaccumulates in fish
Attacks nervous systems and brains of childrenAttacks nervous systems and brains of children
Fish advisoriesFish advisories
AIR
WINDS PRECIPITATION WINDS PRECIPITATION
WATER
SEDIMENT
BIOMAGNIFICATIONIN FOOD CHAIN
Human sources Elementalmercury
vapor(Hg)
Inorganicmercury
and acids(Hg2+)
Inorganic mercuryand acids
(Hg2+)
Large fish
Small fish
Phytoplankton ZooplanktonElementalmercury
liquid (Hg) Inorganicmercury
(Hg2+)
Organicmercury(CH3Hg+)
De
po
sit
ion
Va
po
rizatio
n
De
po
sit
ion
Dep
ositio
n
Settles out
Bacteria
Bacteria and acids
Settles out
Oxidation
Incinerator Coal-burning plant
Photo-chemical oxidation
Hg2+ and acids Hg2+ and acids
Settles out
Runoff of Hg2+ and acids
Fig. 17-22, p. 408
Mercury CycleMercury Cycle
Hg and SO2
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson
Solutions
Mercury Pollution
Prevention Control
Sharply reduce mercury emissions from coal burning plants and incinerators
Tax each unit of mercury emitted by coal-burning plants and incinerators
Collect and recycle mercury containing electric switches, relays, and dry-cell batteries
Require labels on all products containing mercury
Phase out waste incineration
Remove mercury from coal before it is burned
Convert coal to liquid or gaseous fuel
Switch from coal to natural gas and renewable energy resources such as wind, solar cells, and hydrogen
Phase out use of mercury in all products unless they are recycled
Fig. 17-23, p. 409
Mercury Poisoning Mercury Poisoning
Achieving a Low-Waste SocietyAchieving a Low-Waste Society Grass-roots actionGrass-roots action
Environmental justiceEnvironmental justice
““Not In My Backyard” (NIMBYism)Not In My Backyard” (NIMBYism)
““Not On Planet Earth” (NOPE)Not On Planet Earth” (NOPE)
International treatiesInternational treaties
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
““Dirty Dozen”Dirty Dozen”
Precautionary principlePrecautionary principle
Transition to a Low-Waste SocietyTransition to a Low-Waste Society
Recognizing that everything is connectedRecognizing that everything is connected
There is no “away”There is no “away”
Dilution is not always the solution to pollution Dilution is not always the solution to pollution (bioaccumulation)(bioaccumulation)
Produce less pollution, recycle, and reuseProduce less pollution, recycle, and reuse
Eco-businessEco-business
Eco-labelingEco-labeling