SELECTED REFERENCES

ANSI Forged Steel Flanges, Taylor Forge Bulletin 691–881, GW Notes Vol. I; ASME Professional Development, July 15–18,1997, Greenville, South Carolina; American Society of Mechan-Taylor Forge Canada Ltd., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N

3H8, 1981. ical Engineers Int’l., New York.Harvey, J.F. Theory and Design of Pressure Vessels, 2nd ed., VanAntaki, G.A. Operation, Maintenance and Repair of Plant Piping

Systems, Course Notes ASME Professional Development, Febru- Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1991.Hibbeler, R.C. Mechanics of Materials, 4th ed., Prentice Hall, Upperary 7–10, 2000, Atlanta, Georgia; American Society of Mechani-

cal Engineers Int’l., New York. Saddle River, New Jersey, 2000.ITT Fluid Transfer Division, Fluid Handling Training & Educa-Antaki, G.A. Piping and Pipeline Engineering, 1st ed., Marcel Dek-

ker, New York, 2003. tion Department, ITT Bell & Gossett, Morton Grove, Illinois.a. Pump and System Curve Data for Centrifugal Pump SelectionASHRAE Guide Fundamentals Volume, American Society of Heat-

ing, Refrigerating & Air Conditioning Engineers, New and Application, 1967;b. Primary Secondary Pumping Adaptations to Existing Sys-York, 1989.

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII-Div. 1, Rules tems, 1966;c. Carolson, G.F., Hydronic Systems Analysis & Evaluation,for Construction of Pressure Vessels—1998 Edition. American

Society of Mechanical Engineers Int’l., New York. ASHRAE Journal Reprint, 1968–1969;d. Cooling Tower Pumping and Piping, 1968;ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section II—Materials—Part

D—Properties—2001, ed., American Society of Mechanical e. Variable Speed/Variable Volume Pumping Fundamentals,1985;Engineers Int’l., New York.

ASME Code for Pressure Piping B31.3—Process Piping—1999 ed., f. Carlson, G.F., Central Plant Chilled Water Systems—Pumping and Flow Balance, ASHRAE Journal Reprint, Feb-American Society of Mechanical Engineers Int’l., New York.

ASME Code for Pressure Piping B31.1—Power Piping—1998 Edition. ruary 1972;g. Primary Secondary Pumping Application Manual, ITTAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers Int’l., New York.

Becht, C. IV. Process Piping: The Complete Guide to ASME B31.3, Bell & Gossett, Morton Grove, Illinois, 1968.Keenan, J.H.; Keyes, F.G. Thermodynamic Properties of Steam, John2nd ed., ASME Press, New York, 2004.

Bulletin 201, August 1980 & Catalog 326-B, December 2003, Flash Wiley & Sons, New York, 1962.King, R.C.; Crocker, S. Piping Handbook, 5th ed., McGraw-HillTanks and Stream Trapping. Armstrong International Machines

Works—Steam Specialty Products, 816 Maple St., Three Riv- Inc., New York, 1973.Mathematical Tables. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Table ofers, Missouri.

Chiller Water System Design—Options and Applications, Trane Com- Integrals, 11th ed., Chemical Rubber Publishing Company,Cleveland, Ohio, 1959.pany Commercial Systems Group, Pub. CWS-CLC-3-192,

3600 Pammel Creek Rd., La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601. Moody, F.J. How to Predict Thermal Hydraulic Loads on PressureVessels and Piping. Course Notes, ASME Professional Develop-Condensed Hydraulic Data, Cameron Pump Division, Ingersoll-Rand

Corp., Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey. ment, November 2–3, 1998, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engineers Int’l., New York.Design YS—Converging Flow, 3-way Control, Valve Flow Character-

istics, Catalog #10, Fisher Controls International, Marshall- Moody, F.J. Introduction to Unsteady Thermofluid Mechanics, WileyInterscience, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1990.town, Iowa, 1989.

Flash Steam, Armstrong Machine Works—Steam Specialty Prod- Piping Design and Engineering, 5th ed., (1991 printing), ITT GrinnellCorp., ITT-Grinnell Industrial Piping, Inc.ucts, Three Rivers, Michigan, 1976.

Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings and Pipe; Technical Paper Senior Flexonics—Pathway, O.E.M. descriptive data, Metallic Bel-lows Expansion Joints, 2400 Longhorn Industrial Drive, NewNo. 410, Crane Company Engineering Division, New York,

1991. Braunfels, Texas 78130.SIMFLEX.S, Program Manual V3.0, Pipe Stress Analysis, Peng Engi-Grinnell Pipe Hangers, Catalog PH-90, Grinnell Corp., ITT Grin-

nell Pipe Hanger Division, Exeter, New Hampshire. neering, Liang-Chuan Peng, P.O. Box 801167, Houston, Texas77280-1167.Haupt, R.W.; Flenner, P.D.; Nance, A.D. ASME B31.1 Power Piping

Seminar, Course Notes, ASME Professional Development, April Steam, Its Generation and Use, 40th ed., Babcock & Wilcox PowerGeneration Group, Barberton, Ohio, 1992.8–12, 2002, Charleston, South Carolina. American Society of

Mechanical Engineers Int’l., New York. Steam Conservation Guidelines for Condensate Drainage, ArmstrongMachine Works—Steam Specialty Products, Three Rivers,Haupt, R.W. ASME B31.3 Process Piping Seminar, Course Notes

Vol. II; Woods, G.; ASME B31.3 Process Piping Seminar, Course Michigan, 1976.

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200 • References

Steam Utilization, Spirax Sarco, Inc., Allentown, Pennsylvania, 1991. TK Solver Release 4, UTS Software, Universal Technical Systems,Rockford, Illinois. Web site www.uts.com.Thomas, L.C. Heat Transfer—Professional Version, 1st ed., Prentice-

Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1993. Van Wylen, G.J.; Sonntag, R.E. Fundamentals of Classical Thermo-dynamics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1965.Thorley, A.R.D. Fluid Transients in Pipeline Systems, 2nd ed., ASME

Press, New York, 2004. Wylie, E. Benjamin; and Streeter, V.L. Fluid Transients, correcteded., FEB Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1983.Tube Turns. Welding Fittings and Flanges, Catalog 411, Tube Turns

Div. of Chemetron Corp., 2900 W. Broadway, Louisville, Ken- Young, W.C. Roark’s Formulas for Stress and Strain, 6th ed.,McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989.tucky, 1977.

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INDEX

A Bubble bath soap, 136Buckling of a slender column, 185(A) fire-sizing vessel relief example problem, 140

A-36 mild steel, 64CAccidents, 140C, 2Act of God, 147Cast iron flanges, 67Allowable stress, 2, 4, 17, 71, 72, 74, 117, 126Checklist-form data calc sheets, 149Allowable stress range, 2Circumferential stresses, 121Allowable stress range, SA, 2Closure welds, 134Alternative Leak Test, 135Code compliance analysis, 70Annular space, 181Cold allowable stress, 3(ANSI)/ASME Standard, 67Combined plane stresses, 123ANSI forged steel flanges, 104Concrete thrust block, 147API-520, 149Consolidated Safety/Relief Valve Company, 140API 521, 139Constant effort spring, 21API 2000, 139, 149Containment, 2, 5, 9, 73, 122, 133, 135, 136, 187API-520 fire sizing procedure, 149Control valve sizes, 140ASME B & PV Code Sec. VIII Div. 1 UG-127(3)(b)(4), 148Convolute, 9, 11ASME B31.3 Appendix A-1, 117Core, 181, 183, 184, 185, 187ASME B-31.3 Code for Process Piping, 134Core fatigue, 189ASME Piping Systems Code B31.4, 139Core pipe wall thickness problem, 183ASME Pressure Piping Code B31.1, 139Corrosion + erosion + mechanical groove (in.), 2ASME Pressure Piping Code B31.3, 139Creep strength, 6ASME Section I, Division 1, 139Cross sections of jacketed pipe, 182ASME Section II Part D, 184Crud build-up, 150ASME Section VIII Division 1, 68, 70, 133Cv vs. % open range data, 140ASME Section VIII, Division 1, 133Cyclic expansions, 2ASME/ANSI component pressure rating, 2Cyclic fatigue stress analysis, 4

Austenitic stainless steels, 7Cylinder crushing, 185

Avoiding stress failure, 126

DB Data sheets, 140B16.5, 2, 67, 72, 73 Decision matrix, 149B31.1 Power Piping, 1 Depressurization, 136B31.3 Appendix A (Table A.1), 3 Design fatigue life, 9B31.3 Process Piping Codes, 1 Diameter of the gasket load reaction circle, 70Backpressure, 150 Discharging gases, vapors or steam, 140Bastard systems, 188 Displacement stress range, SE, 2Bellows, 9, 11, 13 Displacement stress range,3Bellows joints, 9, 11 Dissimilar metal thermal fatigue stress problem, 187Bellows pressure thrust, 12 Dissimilar pipe materials, 187Bellows rupture, 11 Documented as-built, 183Blast/fragmentation zone, 137 Dowtherms, 181Blind flanges, 135, 136 Drastic catastrophic plastic failure, 185

Ductile or malleable iron, 67Brittle, 67, 136, 137

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E Integral flanges, 67Internal fluid design pressure, 2E, 1, 2

Earthquake, 5, 12, 19, 22, 68, 121, 126 Internal pressure, 2, 4, 19, 22, 67, 121, 122, 140, 147, 183, 184Earthquake loads, 22Effective section modulus Ze, 4 JElastic constants of metals, 65 Jacket, 6, 71, 181, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188Elastic spring constant, 61 Jacket fluid, 181, 184Elastic structure, 105 Jacket steam hammer problem, 185Equivalent pressure due to pipe loading, 70 Jacketed piping, 134, 140, 181, 183, 187Examination requirements, 134Excessive elastic deformation, 73 LExternally pressured piping, 134 Lateral bending, 9, 121

Lateral flexibility, 11F Leak Test, 134F, 3 Leakage past the rupture disk, 150Failsafe devices, 140 Liquid decompression, 136Failure mode of the piping system, 5 Liquid jet thrust, 145Failure theory, 6, 126 Liquid penetrant examination, 134Fatigue crack, 2, 5, 6, 105, 189 fig. Load Case No. 1, 68Fatigue life analysis, 105 Load Case No. 2, 68F-factor, 149 Load Case No. 3, 19, 68Finite element, 105, 106 Loading/failure mode correlation, 6Fire-sizing heat flux, 149 Local stress raisers, 188Fire-sizing relief valves, 140 Longitudinal stress, 3, 4, 70, 121Fire-sizing safety relief values, 167 Longitudinal stresses, 121Flange class, 2 Lousy engineering, 149Flange gasket, 67Flange weldments, 187 MFlanged joints, 134 Mi, 3Fluid constituents, 140 Mlb, 4Fluid streams, 140 Mli, 4Formation of fatigue cracks, 187 Mlo, 4Full-stress-range loading cycles, 3 Mo, 3Full vacuum, 183, 194 Mob, 5

Moi, 5G Moo, 5Gasket, 67, 71, 73, 74 Mot, 5Glynn Woods, 6 Mt, 3Grey cast iron, 136, 137 Magnetic particle examination, 134Gross failure, 4, 21 Mass flow balance, 140

Maximum allowable tensile yield strength, 126Maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP), 133, 140H

HAZOPS, vii, 149 Maximum stress, 122Mill undertolerance, 4, 118, 184Heat transfer oils, 181

Heat treatment, 134 Minimum required wall thickness, 183Mister MechMentor, viiHoop stress, 1, 4, 6, 121, 122, 183, 184

Human operators, 140 Mixture, 133, 140, 147Mohr’s circle refresher sheet, 124Hydrostatic Leak Test, 134

Hydrotesting, 133, 135, 183 Mohr’s circle, 105Mr. Vendor, 149

IIi, 3 N

N, 3, 5Impact load factor, 147Inertial earthquake forces, 4 NE, 3

Ni, 3Initial Service Leak Test, 135In-line pressure balanced expansion joint, 15 National Board Registry data, 149

National Fire Protection Assoc. (NFPA), 139Inline expansion joints to, 9In-plane, 3, 4, 5, 126 NFPA-30 standard procedures, 149

NFPA-30, 139, 149In-process examination, 134

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Nitrogen pad regulator, 147, 149 Reaction forces computation formulas, 144Nodal point, 3, 4, 5, Reaction forces due to valve discharge (steam service), 143Non-corrosive internal components, 150 Related and additive, 149Nozzle pipe, 70, 71 Relax locally, due to plastic deformation, 188Number of distinct load case i’s, 3 Relief device sizing, 149Number of partial-displacement loading cycles, 3 Relief flowrates, 139

Relief valve pipe supports, 140Resultant sustained bending moment, 4ORFWN, 70, 72Occasional, 19Rigid end restraint, 187Occasional excursions, 6Rigid vertical restraint support, 19Occasional load stresses, 4Rigidity, 22, 61, 183Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA), 139Rigidly anchored, 118OSHA, 139, 140, 149Ring type gaskets, 68, 70OSHA/NFPA-30/API-2000 criteria, 149Roark’s formulas for stress & strain, 61Outlet reaction correction for molecular weight, 142Rupture disk + relief valve, 140Out-of-plane bending moments, 3, 4, 5Rupture disk holder, 150Rupture disk/tell-tale/safety relief valve assembly, 148PRupture disks, 139P, 2

PR, 2SPt, 2S, 1P&ID, 140S1, 2Peak overpressures, 187SA, 2, 6Peq, 70, 71Sb, 3Phase engineer, 68, 140Sc, 3, 71Phases, 68Sc, 3, 71Pipe flange, 67SE, 3, 5, 6Pipe gradient for drainage, 150Sf, 71, 72, 73Pipe reactions on supports & end connections, 19Sh hot allowable stress, 3Pipe stress, 117Sh, 2, 3, 6, 7, 71Pipe stress analysis report, 24SL, 3, 4, 6Pipe supports, 17, 61, 183Si, 3Piping & Instrumentation Diagram, 140Sn, 71Piping spool piece, 150SOL, 4, 5Pitfalls of jacketed piping design, 183St, 3Plane stress element, 124Safety device sizing, 140Pneumatic Leak Test, 135

Pneumatic Test, 133, 134 Safety relief valve thrust reaction forces due to discharge of gasesPoisson’s ratio, 62, 105 and vapors, 141Pressure balanced elbows, 14 Safety/relief valve, 139, 140, 150, 174Pressure relief device, 135 Sample calculation of reaction force, 144Pressure tests, 133 Seal-water makeup valve, 150Pressure thrust, 9, 11, 13 Secondary failure: fluid leaking, 5Pressure-compensating expansion joint, 13 Section modulus, 4, 121Pressure temperature cycles, 6 Self-limiting, 5, 6Prestressing, 67 Self-limiting stress, 4Primary failure: gross deformation, 5 Sensitive Leak Test, 135Primary failure mode, 4 Shear stress, 121, 122, 126Primary stress, 4 Shock forces for thrust block design, 146Process & instrumentation diagram, 140 Shock load, 147Prof. John E. Harvey’s text (pressure vessels), 185 Shrapnel, 137Professional codes, 133 Side sway force, 22Proof tests, 133 Simple vertical support, 19, 21Propagate, 5, 136, 187 Simultaneous unrelated failures, 147Pump curves, 140 Single failure modes, 147

Slip-on flange, 188Spacers, 181RSpiders, 181, 183Radiographic examination, 134

Reaction forces, 17, 20, 61, 140 Spot radiography, 134

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Spring constant, 9, 20, 61, 62 THL+WT, 68, 119Threshold of elastic response, 185Spring hanger selection table, 20

Stability phenomenon, 185 Thrust blocks, 140Tie rods, 11Standard Hydrostatic Test, 133

Steady blowdown forces, 147 Torsion, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 62, 122Torsional loadings, 4Steady blowdown state, 146

Steam feed regulator, 149 Transient stresses, 105Tresca stress, 126Steam hammer events in pipe jackets, 187

Steam hammer, 181, 185, 187Stiffness, 9, 11, 62, 187 UStop nuts, 11 Ultrasonic examination, 134Stress concentrations, 106 Unbalanced pressure thrust forces, 11Stress intensification factors, 3, 4 Uncompensated-bellows, 11Stress Isometric, 68 U-stamped, 149Stress raiser, 5 User’s cookbook, 125Stress range reduction factor, 3Support displacements, 2 VSupport types, 61 Vapor cloud explosion, 68Sustained, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 19, 21, 22, 135 Variable spring, 19, 21,183Sustained bending, 4 Vessel overpressure protection and safety 139

T WTm, 2, 184 Welding neck flange, 71Table A-1, 2 Welds to be examined, 134Table A-1B, 2 Wind (aerodynamic drag) forces, 4Table 304.1.1, 2, 184 WT/PRS, 19, 68, 119Temperature correction curve, 142Temporary closure, 136 YTemporary supports, 134 Y, 2Terminal equipment, 20 Yield point, 5, 6, 62, 187, 188Test fluid expansion, 134 Yield strength, 61, 67, 126, 188Theory and design of pressure vessels, 185 Yield stress, 5, 62, 73, 106, 126, 188Theory of failure, 122Thermal expansion coefficient, 105 ZThermal restraint, 119, 121 Z, 4THERML, 19, 68, 119Thin-walled toroidal convolutes, 9

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