SegregatioSegregationn

Jim Crow Jim Crow LawsLaws Designed to keep blacks from Designed to keep blacks from

exercising their rights under the exercising their rights under the 1414thth and 15 and 15thth Amendments Amendments

Literacy testsLiteracy tests: had to prove : had to prove you could read and comprehend you could read and comprehend in order to votein order to vote

Poll taxesPoll taxes: had to pay a fee to : had to pay a fee to votevote

Grandfather clausesGrandfather clauses: anyone : anyone whose ancestor had voted in past whose ancestor had voted in past elections was exempt from elections was exempt from literacy tests or poll taxesliteracy tests or poll taxes

Other Jim Crow laws would Other Jim Crow laws would enforce segregation in enforce segregation in all public facilitiesall public facilities

The Ku Klux KlanThe Ku Klux Klan Founded in the 1860sFounded in the 1860s Used violence to prevent Used violence to prevent

blacks from voting and blacks from voting and to intimidate them from to intimidate them from seeking legal helpseeking legal help

In worst cases, resorted In worst cases, resorted to to lynchinglynching – mob – mob violence involving violence involving torture, mutilation, and torture, mutilation, and hanginghanging

Reached peak strength Reached peak strength in 1920s, but still existsin 1920s, but still exists

Benjamin “Pap” Benjamin “Pap” SingletonSingleton

1809 – 18921809 – 1892 Escaped slaveEscaped slave Believed that blacks Believed that blacks

would never be treated would never be treated as equals in the South, as equals in the South, promoted idea of black promoted idea of black separatismseparatism

Started the Started the ExodusterExoduster movementmovement

Late in life, tried Late in life, tried unsuccessfully to get unsuccessfully to get US government to US government to create a special “black create a special “black state” in Oklahomastate” in Oklahoma

The ExodustersThe Exodusters As Reconstruction As Reconstruction

ended in the late ended in the late 1870s, many blacks 1870s, many blacks left the South to seek left the South to seek a better life in Kansas a better life in Kansas and other Plains statesand other Plains states

About 50,000 left the About 50,000 left the South in 1879 & 1880 South in 1879 & 1880 alonealone

Migration continued Migration continued well into the 1900swell into the 1900s

WilmingtonWilmington Race Race RiotRiot

November 10, 1898November 10, 1898 Democratic Party members Democratic Party members

and white supremacists and white supremacists illegally burned the offices of illegally burned the offices of the black newspaper the the black newspaper the Daily RecordDaily Record and overthrew and overthrew the Republican municipal the Republican municipal government of Wilmington, government of Wilmington, NC, many of whom were NC, many of whom were blackblack

An unknown number of An unknown number of blacks were killed in the blacks were killed in the violence that followed (est. of violence that followed (est. of 6 to over 100)6 to over 100)

NC Gov. Russell and US Pres. NC Gov. Russell and US Pres. McKinley took no action McKinley took no action against those responsibleagainst those responsible

““De jureDe jure” ” SegregationSegregation

Segregation under Segregation under the law or the law or legal legal segregationsegregation

Many Southern Many Southern states passed laws states passed laws banning blacks and banning blacks and whites from mixing whites from mixing in public spaces in public spaces such as restaurants, such as restaurants, schools, hospitals, schools, hospitals, theaters, restrooms, theaters, restrooms, etc. etc.

““De factoDe facto” ” SegregationSegregation

Segregation “in Segregation “in fact”fact”

Not required by law, Not required by law, but rather due to but rather due to social normssocial norms

For example, many For example, many churches and churches and neighborhoods neighborhoods remain segregated remain segregated today due to de facto today due to de facto segregation – by the segregation – by the choice of the peoplechoice of the people

Plessy v. Plessy v. FergusonFerguson

18961896 Homer Plessy (who was 1/8Homer Plessy (who was 1/8thth

black) was arrested in black) was arrested in Louisiana for sitting in a Louisiana for sitting in a whites-only car on a trainwhites-only car on a train

Plessy sued, saying the Plessy sued, saying the Louisiana law was Louisiana law was unconstitutional, but the unconstitutional, but the Supreme Court ruled that so Supreme Court ruled that so long as facilities were long as facilities were supplied to both blacks and supplied to both blacks and whites that were whites that were ““separate but equalseparate but equal” ” then de jure segregation was then de jure segregation was legallegal

Only 1 Justice dissented with Only 1 Justice dissented with the ruling!the ruling!

Booker T. Booker T. WashingtonWashington

1856 – 19151856 – 1915 Launched the Launched the Tuskegee Tuskegee

Institute Institute in Alabamain Alabama Encouraged blacks to Encouraged blacks to

achieve economic achieve economic freedom by learning a freedom by learning a blue-collar tradeblue-collar trade

Believed that racial equality Believed that racial equality would have to be earned would have to be earned over generations, would not over generations, would not come overnightcome overnight

Received great attention for Received great attention for his Atlanta Address of 1895 his Atlanta Address of 1895 in which he explained these in which he explained these philosophies to a mostly philosophies to a mostly white audiencewhite audience

W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois 1868 – 19631868 – 1963 Strongly opposed Strongly opposed

Booker T. Washington’s Booker T. Washington’s ideasideas, referred to his famous , referred to his famous speech as the speech as the Atlanta Atlanta CompromiseCompromise

Argued that blacks should Argued that blacks should strive to achieve jobs in strive to achieve jobs in management and management and professional fields and be professional fields and be strongly politically active to strongly politically active to safeguard their legal rightssafeguard their legal rights

Refused to accept segregation Refused to accept segregation as a social norm, also refused to as a social norm, also refused to wait for social equalitywait for social equality

Later emigrated to AfricaLater emigrated to Africa

Niagara Niagara MovementMovement

Founded in 1905Founded in 1905 Civil rights Civil rights

movement which movement which sought a “mighty sought a “mighty current” of changecurrent” of change

Called for an end to Called for an end to segregation and segregation and open opposition in open opposition in the black the black community to community to beliefs like Booker beliefs like Booker T. Washington’sT. Washington’s

Ida Wells-BarnettIda Wells-Barnett 1862 – 19311862 – 1931 Rose to fame after Rose to fame after

refusing to give up refusing to give up her seat on a trainher seat on a train

Became an Became an outspoken writer outspoken writer and newspaper and newspaper editor who editor who focused focused on racial on racial relations, relations, lynchings, and lynchings, and women’s suffragewomen’s suffrage

The The NAACPNAACP Founded in 1909 “to promote Founded in 1909 “to promote

equality of rights and to equality of rights and to eradicate caste or race eradicate caste or race prejudice among the citizens of prejudice among the citizens of the United States; to advance the United States; to advance the interest of colored citizens; the interest of colored citizens; to secure for them impartial to secure for them impartial suffrage; and to increase their suffrage; and to increase their opportunities for securing justice opportunities for securing justice in the courts, education for the in the courts, education for the children, employment according children, employment according to their ability and complete to their ability and complete equality before law.”equality before law.”

Founders included Founders included Du Bois & Du Bois & Ida WellsIda Wells; replaced the Niagara ; replaced the Niagara Movement as the premiere civil Movement as the premiere civil rights organization in the USrights organization in the US

NOT a “blacks only” NOT a “blacks only” organization organization – has – has historically had as many Jewish historically had as many Jewish members as black!members as black!

Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey 1887 – 19401887 – 1940 Jamaican born newspaper editor Jamaican born newspaper editor

and activistand activist Endorsed his “Endorsed his “Back to AfricaBack to Africa” ”

movement - the idea that most movement - the idea that most people of African descent should people of African descent should return to Africa and all return to Africa and all Europeans should leave AfricaEuropeans should leave Africa

Once met with the leader of the Once met with the leader of the KKK, arguing that they should KKK, arguing that they should work together since they wanted work together since they wanted the same thing!the same thing!

Created a sense of “Created a sense of “black black pridepride” in African cultural ” in African cultural heritage for many African-heritage for many African-AmericansAmericans

Convicted of mail fraud and Convicted of mail fraud and deported in 1927deported in 1927

Considered a prophet in the Considered a prophet in the religion of Rastafarianismreligion of Rastafarianism

The The Great Great MigrationMigration Between 1910 and 1930, Between 1910 and 1930,

about 2 million about 2 million blacks left the blacks left the South in an effort to South in an effort to escape racism and escape racism and to find good to find good industrial jobs in industrial jobs in Northern and Northern and Midwestern citiesMidwestern cities

This migration continued This migration continued into the 1970s, but has into the 1970s, but has since reversed – today, since reversed – today, many blacks are leaving many blacks are leaving the North and moving the North and moving southsouth

Native American Suffrage Native American Suffrage ActAct Also called the Also called the SnydeSnyder r

Act of 1924 or Indian Act of 1924 or Indian Citizenship ActCitizenship Act

Gave Gave US citizenship US citizenship to all Native to all Native Americans Americans WITHOUT WITHOUT requiring them to requiring them to surrender their surrender their tribal affiliationstribal affiliations

Act was pushed through Act was pushed through by whites – Indians had by whites – Indians had learned enough not to learned enough not to trust the federal trust the federal government’s promises!government’s promises!