Sedsim Manual 2008

Sedsim Demonstration Manual

PC Demonstration 2008

creative science better solutions www.petroleum.csiro.au

Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia

Getting Started with Sedsim 2008 Demonstration Manual

CSIRO Petroleum, Australia, http://www.csiro.au/products/Sedsim.html Page 1 / 22

Step-by-step:

A practical manual for using Sedsim

Predictive Geoscience Group CSIRO Petroleum

Australia 1. INTRODUCTION The Sedsim three-dimensional stratigraphic forward modelling software enables a variety of inter-dependent surface and basin-forming processes to be studied at both geological and engineering time scales. The results reflect possible changes in sediment distribution over time as a function of the depositional environment. Basic Principles of Sedsim Operation Hydrodynamics make up the core of the Sedsim program and utilise an approximation to the Navier-Stokes equations. The full Navier-Stokes equations describing the fluid flow in three dimensions are currently impossible to solve due to limitations in computer speed (it would take longer to simulate a flow than the real event). Sedsim instead simplifies the flow by utilising isolated fluid elements to represent continuous flow. This Lagrangian approach to the hydrodynamics allows for a significant increase in the speed of computation and simplification of the fluid flow equations. The downside of this approach is that individual events such as a rapid variation in fluid flows cannot be modelled. Simulations over geological periods can at best hope to capture the mean conditions and create a general pattern of sediment distribution, rather than capture the exact timing of each individual pulse of material. The Navier-Stokes equations are modified into non-linear Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs). These equations are now solved using a modified Cash-Karp Runge Kutta scheme (Press et al., 1992) that ensures stable and accurate 4th order in time solutions. The Sedsim program is written in Fortran 95 and has no graphics component. The input and output are in the form of ASCII text files that can be opened in any text editor. Sedsim can run on any computer for which a Fortran 95 compiler exists. The code is not suitable for parallel processing, so a fast (ideally 64 bit) processor is ideal. The binary code distributed on the Sedsim 2008 Demo Disk has been optimised for use on Pentium IV processors. The Sedsim Demo code runs under an MSDOS command window and is limited to 25 cells x 25 cells by 40 display time steps. To view the results in a 3D graphical representation you must install the Sedview 2.0.4 program included on the Sedsim 2008 Demo Disk.



About the Demo Disk This demo disk contains:

/Documents /Example_cif / Example_input / Example_output / Getting_started readme.txt /Documents Sedsim version 7 manual and references. /Example_cif Example files can be displayed by Sedview. /Example_input Command and input files for testing cases

t1_1 two clastic sources t2_1 clastic source + simple carbonates + waves t3_1_7 larger clastic source + simple carbonates t3_2_7 larger clastic source + simple carbonates + waves t4_1_7 two clastic sources + slumping

/Example_output Simulation results for those testing cases. /Getting_started The start place for first time user. It contains:

sedsim7.01.exe gd2cif.exe sedview.exe

Also simple command files, tectonic, temperature, sea level, and topography files

This version of Sedsim7.01 is limited to 25 x 25 grid cells and 100 display time steps. It is enough to experiment with various aspects of forward modelling. The default command files have grid-in-grid switched off ("# INTERNAL GRID") and the t1_1 simulation should take a few seconds on a Pentium IV 800MHz. If the "INTERNAL GRID" is switched on then it will take around 5 minutes.



Coordinate systems As shown in Figure 1, all distance measurements are taken from the bottom left (or South West corner) in metres. All angles are calculated clockwise from North in degrees. Files Sedsim command and input files are text files. In Windows format: Copy file t1_1.sif to t1_1a.sif

Or in MS_DOS formatD:\> Copy t1_1.sif t1_1a.sif Use a text editor to edit the file t1_1a.sif Have a look through the file. We will make some changes to this file later.

xzy xzy

X1 2 Number

of columns

Numberof rows

1

3

2

Y

3 4X

1 2 Numberof columns

Numberof rows

1

3

2

Y

3 4

Figure 1 Coordinate system of Sedsim



2. RUN SEDSIM Step 1: Create a directory under hard drive D: name it as sedsim

D:\sedsim Step 2: Insert the Sedsim 2008 Demo Disk, copy all the files in the folder “getting_started” to D:\sedsim Step 3: Open a command prompt

By click: Start ➠Programs ➠Accessories ➠Command Prompt

Step 4: Change directory to your work directory

D:\sedsim> Then type: sedsim7.01 command_file eg: sedsim7.01 t1_1.sif Here t1_1.sif is a command file. Normally the t1_1.sif simulation takes a few seconds to run. [Note that is the Enter button.]

Step 5: Edit the command file

You can see and edit the command file(t1_1.sif), the topography file (top_1000m1.top), sea level file (sea1_1Ma.sl), etc. by Wordpad or Word in Windows, then save them in text format. Alternatively, type: edit command_file in the DOS window, to use the DOS editor Careful: After file editing, use save button other than save-as. Because Wordpad or Word usually automatically adds a suffix/extension .txt at the end of the command file, eg: t1_1.sif becomes t1_1.sif.txt. If this happened you should rename t1_1.sif.txt to t1_1.sif.

Step 6: Convert the simulation result into a graphical file (.cif)

In the directory D:\sedsim> type: gd2cif t1_1.GRAPH t1_1.cif t1_1.TOT

The .cif file can now be viewed with Sedview.

Figure 2 Command prompt window (MS DOS window)



3. SEDVIEW – GRAPHIC DISPLAY OF SIMULATION RESULTS Step 1: Install Sedview Copy the sedview.exe file on the Demo disk to D:\sedsim

Go to D:\sedsim, double click on sedview.exe

When the installation window comes up, follow a few simple instructions, and Sedview2.0.4 will be on your display. A Sedview icon should appear on your desktop.

Step 2: Examine a .cif file with Sedview

Double Click the Sedview icon. Then Go to file➠ open ➠ locate the .cif file (D: \sedsim\ t1_1.cif)

A 3D image of the simulation area should be on the screen as shown in Figure 3. As the first step, you can move the pointer on the Exaggeration scale to get a better view of the vertical structure of the deposit. Then increase the Timestep, and go on to have a play with Sedview. To rotate the image: move the mouse arrow to the display window, then move the arrow while pressing the left hand button of the mouse. To enlarge or reduce the image: press control button on the keyboard and the left button on the mouse at same time then pull the arrow on the screen. To move the image up/down: press shift and the left button on the mouse at same time then move the arrow up/down. At Visualisation, you can choose to display: surfaces, fences, basements, water, etc. Via Visualisation➠Studio you can change background, switch on/off the floor, North arrow, text head , well and well labels.



All images shown by Sedview can be copied or exported to a file by File➠ Export image or Edit ➠ Copy image.

Figure 3 Sedview window



4. PREPARE INPUT DATA AND COMMAND FILE Data are input into Sedsim via the command file which can best be edited with Wordpad/Word in Windows. For each simulation the command file tells Sedsim the title of the simulation, essential parameters and optional processes included. So far, the command file consists of 37 command sections. Seven of them are essential, 30 are optional depending on the depositional environments involved. All titles of command sections must be spelt correctly and in uppercase; all parameters must be in a fixed order but may use variable numbers of spaces between numerical values. The order of the sections in the file is not important. Instead of explaining the command sections and parameters one by one we will start with the few most important. With those seven command sections right users can start to run Sedsim immediately, then modify the remaining sections once some experience is gained. 4.1 Essential command sections and input data The essential command sections are: TITLE, TIME, GRID, SOURCES, SEDIMENTS, ACCURACY FACTOR. TITLE

This section contains one-line text usually about the name of simulation. There is no length restriction on the text. But the line may not start with a ‘#’ symbol. In the command file, Sedsim considers any line starting with ‘#’ as a commentary and stops reading the rest of that line. By this arrangement users can a) put notes or comments in the command file; b) switch on/off the optional command sections (sedimentary processes). TITLE # One-line title /comment on experiment (required) Example File #--------------------------------------------

TIME

The TIME section inputs the simulation start time, end time, display interval and flow sampling interval. They are all in years. TIME #Time parameters (required) # # Simulation start time [a] End time [a] 0.0 20000.0 # Display interval [a] Flow sampling interval [years] 1000.0 400.0 #--------------------------------------------------------

The display interval 1000.0 means that Sedsim outputs a simulation result every thousand years. The flow sampling interval tells how often the fluid elements are released from the sources. Usually, a larger sampling interval delivers faster simulations.



GRID The GRID section defines the area simulated. The first line consists of the size of square cell, the number of rows and number of columns. The second line inputs x, y position of the origin (lower-left corner) and the basement level in metres. Careful: The base level elevation of 30.0 means that the sea level zero datum is at a topographic value of 30 m. The last line in this section is the name of the topography file, which contains a matrix of elevation (in metres) at each grid point. The order of the grid points is demonstrated in Figure 4. GRID #Gridsize definitions and geometry (required) # # Grid spacing [m] Number of rows Number of columns 1000.0 25 21 # Lower left (SW) corner coordinates Base level elevation 0.0 0.0 30.0 # Topography grid file name top_1000m1.top #---------------------------------------------------------

SOURCES

This section defines the location and properties of sediment sources in the simulation area.

Careful:

a) SOURCES section must finish with a single ‘*’ at the beginning of the last line.

b) Location of source, defined by x and y, must be inside the simulation area.

c) A simulation must have at least one source. However, either the start or end time of a source may fall outwith the simulation time interval defined in TIME section.

1

123...

2 3 Columns

row

s

3

. . .1

123...

2 3 Columns

row

s

3

. . .

Figure 4 Format of topographic file

Figure 5 Command lines of sediment sources



SEDIMENTS This section lists the physical properties of the four clastic sediment grain to be input at the sources. The first line is the diameter of the grains (in millimetre), the second line is the densities (kg/m3). The last line defines the sediment transport mechanism, 1= suspended load, 0= bed-load.

ACCURACY FACTOR

There is only one input number in this section. It determines to what percentage accuracy the solution is solved to. Importantly a small accuracy does not necessarily lead to longer runtimes as the solution stays more stable (recommended=0.001, maximum=0.01).

4.2 Optional command sections with parameters Other parameters may be modified in the optional command sections. When those sections are switched off, Sedsim can still run by using the default values of those essential parameters. Those sections are: DENSITIES, MANNING, SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PARAMETERS, SLOPE ANGLES, POROSITY TABLE. DENSITIES

Input (source, e.g.river) fluid and standing water densities (kg/m3) can be specified in this section. The default values are: 1015.0 1027.0.

MANNING

Input Manning coefficients for open-channel flow, hyperpycnal flow, hypopycnal flow, and debris flows. The default values are: 0.02, 0.01, 0.07, 0.08

Figure 6 The numbers in SEDIMENTS section



SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PARAMETERS The parameters are: Sedimentation time step factor (sedimentation time step = flow time step * sedimentation time step factor). Maximum depth of fluid elements [m]. Minimum velocity of fluid elements [m/s]. Minimum ratio of sediment load fluid element to average sediment load at source [kg/m3]. Basement hardness factor. Default values: 1.0e4 1.0 0.05 0.10 1.0E2

SLOPE ANGLES

This section specifies the maximum slopes for each fraction of sediment (in ratio of vertical to horizontal, dz/dx). The first line contains four maximum slopes of submerged sediment for coarse, medium, fine, and finest grains respectively. The second line is the maximum slopes for dry sediment. The third line is for reworked sediment below sea level. The two numbers in the fourth line are the maximum slopes of two types of carbonate grains under sea level. The fifth line contains the slopes of two types of carbonate grains above sea level. The sixth line is the minimum slope of all fractions of sediment. The last line in this section is the slope module calling interval in years.

SLOPE ANGLES # Define maximum slope per grain size (optional)# # Max. slope of four grain sizes below sea level (dz/dx) # Max. slope of four grain sizes above sea level (dz/dx) # Max. slope of four reworked grain sizes below sea level (dz/dx) 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 # max slope carb grains below sea level (dz/dx) 2 grains # max slope carb grains above sea level (dz/dx) 2 grains 0.005 0.004 0.0001 0.0001 # Minimum slope (dz/dx) # Slope module calling interval [years] 0.0001 100.0 #-------------------------------------------



POROSITY TABLE The table are used for sediment compaction. Details in Appendix A.

4.3 Optional command sections and input data SEA LEVEL

This section inputs the name of the sea level file. The format of the sea level curve is shown in Figure 7. The sea level can have an arbitrary datum and the relation to the simulation can be adjusted using ‘base level elevation’ in the GRID section.

TECTONICS

Sedsim adjusts the subsidence every “PARAMETRIC SAMPLING INTERVAL” Typically adjustment occurs every 100 years. There is very little computational expense for frequent calling. Tectonics can be turned on and off for certain periods. Each individual point can be independently moved vertically. No extension, compression or folding is considered. Note that the grid nodes in the tectonic file are arranged the same as the topography file – the first value is the relative movement in metres of the SW corner of the simulation over the specified time period. Positive is upward movement, Negative is downward.

Columns

. . .

. . .

row

s

Start time End time

Start time End time

Columns

. . .

. . .

row

s

Start time End time

Start time End time

Figure 8 The format of tectonics input file

Eustatic Sea Level curve

-1E+05

-75000

-50000

-25000

0

-120 -20m

year

Time Sea level

Eustatic Sea Level curve

-1E+05

-75000

-50000

-25000

0

-120 -20m

year

Time Sea level

Figure 7 The format of sea level input file



DEPOSIT Input the name of a file which contains the sediment deposited prior to the general simulation. For example, deposit_file.spc.

Careful: Do not switch on CONTINUE and DEPOSIT at the same time. i.e. run only the first simulation of a series with DEPOSIT switched on. Subsequent runs using CONTINUE will automatically pick up the underlying deposit.

CONTINUE To continue a previous simulation you have to prepare a new command file, with different name from the previous simulation. In this new command file the ‘CONTINUE’ command section must be switched on. In this section the first number input is the start time of the previous simulation, then the second line gives the name of the previous simulation. Careful: a) the previous simulation’s GRAPH, TOT, and FLO files must be available in the directory of the continued simulation; b) Keep DEPOSIT command off if continuing a simulation

row fine finest rudist pelagic organic 1organic 2 mean

porositycolumn layer

Thickness of the sediment fraction (in metre)

mediumcoarse

. . .

. . .

row fine finest rudist pelagic organic 1organic 2 mean

porositycolumn layer

Thickness of the sediment fraction (in metre)

mediumcoarse

. . .

. . . Figure 9 The format of initial deposit file



Table 1 Brief explanation on some of the other optional command sections

Command word/words Function/Process

BOUNDARY Provides two choices at N S E W boundaries. 0= regular boundary, 1= wall boundary (eg. Flume tank)

BASEMENT STRUCTURE Provides layered sediment composition of basement.

COMPACTION Syn-deposition compaction by overlying sediment

CARBONATES Simulates carbonate growth process by fuzzy logic.

CONTOUR CURRENT Simulates the formation of deep ocean contourites.

FAST SIMULATION A simplified fluid element flow option for simulations with large time and space scales

INTERNAL GRID Allows a higher resolution area nested inside the large simulation domain.

INTERNAL TOPOGRAPHY GRID Provide the detailed topography in a nested grid.

ISOSTASY Simulates isostatic response as a function of sediment loading/unloading

PARAMETRIC SAMPLING INTERVAL

The interval to update sea level and tectonic movement.

SLOPE FAILURE Simulates gravity flow and turbidites deposition.

SLOPE PARAMETERS For sediment down-slope diffusion SOURCE HEIGHTS Defines fluid element size

STORM Simulate storm-induced cross-shore sediment transport

STORM REFRACTION Calculates the storm wave transformation across the simulation area

WELL LOCATIONS Mark the position of wells or other markers

WAVES Give beach information i.e. berm height, sea level fluctuation, etc

WAVE (HEIGHT) Wave-induce longshore sediment transport model based on wave record (Short time period)

WAVE (RATE) Wave-induce longshore sediment transport model based on a given general transport rate (Geological time scale)

WAVE REFRACTION Wave transformation in shallow water.



5. SEDSIM OUTPUT When a simulation finishes successfully there are 8 to15 output files created. Those files preserve the fluid element information, deposition/erosion record, sediment composition at each layer, etc. Most output information can be displayed by Sedview graphically. In addition to that, Sedsim allows users to directly read those data. t1_1.TIME Information about the time progress of the simulation. t1_1.BAS Basement elevation at each display time step. t1_1.FLO Position of fluid elements at each display time step. t1_1.INFO Simulation information, error messages. t1_1.MASBAL Mass balance file, contains statistics of sediment budget. t1_1.TOP Contains the topography surface at each display time step. t1_1. GRAPH The main output file, contains sediment records at each cell and

each layer. It can be converted to a .cif’ file and displayed by Sedview.

t1_1.TOT The tectonic output file, used with GRAPH file to create a .cif’ file.



6. REFERENCES Griffiths, C. M., Dyt, C., Paraschivoiu, E., and Liu, K., 2001 - Sedsim in Hydrocarbon

Exploration. In Merriam, D., Davis, J. C. (Eds) Geologic Modelling and Simulation. Kluwer Academic, New York, 2001.

Martinez, P., Harbaugh, J. W., 1993 - Simulating nearshore environments. Pergamon

Press, New York. Press, W. H., Flannery, B. P., Teukolsky, S. A., and Vetterling, W. T., 1992 - Numerical

Recipes. The art of scientific computing. Cambridge University Press. Tetzlaff, D.M., Harbaugh, J.W., 1989 - Simulating clastic sedimentation; computer

methods in geosciences, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York



APPENDIX A: A COMPLETE COMMAND FILE (with all essential and optional processes) ############################################################### # Required parameters section # ############################################################## # Sedsim7.01 input file TITLE # One-line title / comment on experiment (required) # Example File- two sources, no carbonates, no waves # # Include general comments about what modules are turned on and # what is different in this simulation than previous iterations here # #---------------------------------------------------------- TIME # Time parameters (required) # # Simulation start time [years] End time [years] 0.0 20000.0 # Use negative value to represent time BC. Eg a simulation from 21Ma to 19.6 Ma should be written as # -21000000 -19600000 # Display interval [years] Flow sampling interval [years] 1000.0 400.0 # Display interval decides how often the results files are updated # Flow sampling interval decides how often fluid elemnets are released from the source #------------------------------------------------------------------------ GRID # Grid size definitions and geometry # # Grid spacing [m] Number of rows Number of columns 1000.0 25 21 # Lower left (SW) corner coordinates Base level elevation 0.0 0.0 30.0 # Topography grid file name top_1000m1.top # #--------------------------------------------------------- SEDIMENTS # Sediment Parameters (required) # # Line 1: Diameter of each grain size [mm] # Line 2: Density of each grain size [kg/m3] # Line 3: 1 - suspension (normal type), 0 - bed load (new) # # pebble 4-64 mm, granule 2-4 mm, vcse 1-2 mm, cse 0.5-1 mm, med 0.25-0.5 mm, # fn 0.125-0.25, vfn 0.062-0.125 mm, slt 0.0039-0.062 mm, clay < 0.0039 mm # # Coarse Medium Fine Finest 0.3 0.15 0.07 0.0004 2650.00 2650.00 2650.00 2650.00 1 1 1 1 #--------------------------------------------------------- SOURCES # Guide to flow regime input: # A. V (m/s) # From Hjulstrom(1939) we get: # Taken from Krumbein &Sloss 1963) p.203 # # The depositional flow threshold seems to be # # V (m/s) < 4.49e-07 + 0.01d(mm)+ 9.92e-06d^2 -8.983e-07d^3 # # Erosional threshold for bed sediments below and including 0.1mm grain size # # V (m/s) > 0.0062145 * d(mm)^-0.5 # # For grain sizes over and including 0.1mm # # V(m/s)= 0.020-0.00116*d +0.001d^2 -1.03e-05d^3 (R^2=1) # # Another rule of thumb from Ackers(1964) quoted by Schumm(1987)p.173



# only for discharges below 0.2 m3/s # is V(m/s) = 1.92Q(m3/s)^0.15 # or Q(m3/s) = 0.0129*V(m/s)^6.67 # # velocity as a function of discharge (Tetlaff and Harbaugh, 1989, p.58) # for a slope of 0.01 (0.6deg) v = 0.33842Q^0.36937 # for a slope of 0.001 (0.06deg) v = 0.22543Q^0.32191 # # B. Q (m3/s) # From Allen 1970 p.128 we get the relationship # Q(m3/s) = 5.17e-05*Slope^-2.27 # for the flow boundary between braided and meandering streams (for # a given slope a higher discharge than Q gives braided streams, lower gives # meandering streams). This can be used to give a rough ball-park check # on discharge for a given channellized slope. # # C. concentration 'c' (kg/m3) # Typical concentration values for natural river systems are: # 0.16 kg/m3 (Colorado river - higher discharge) # 1.6 kg/m3 (Niobrara river - lower discharge ) # # Schumm used concentrations of around 0.44 kg/m3 with flume # slopes of 0.008(0.45deg) and discharge rates of 0.0057 m3/s # in river channel experiments. # For fan-delta experiments he used 114 kg/m3 with a median grain size of # 0.005 and0.5mm # Definition of sources that are constant throughout the experiment (required) # One line per source, entries are: # Source location (x,y) [m] # Velocity at source (vx,vy) [m/sec] # Discharge rate (Q) [m3/sec] # Sediment concentration (c) [kg/m3] # Sediment composition (C coarse, [%] # M medium, # F fine, # FF finest) # # Source ID# t1 t2 x y vx vy Q c %C %M %F %FF # (A) source 1 0 20000 5550 2050 -0.0 0.1 12.0 0.4 10.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 # (B) source 2 0 20000 12550 2550 -0.0 0.1 12.0 0.4 10.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 * ###################################################################### # Additional module parameters (modules will not run if not included) ################################################################## #---------------------------------------------------------- SOURCE HEIGHTS # list ends in '*' # flow types 0=normal 1=turbidite 2=debris flow # for debris flows the concentration must be high enough, otherwise will # transition to a turbidite (default transition at 60 kg/m3) # # source ID# flow height(m) flow type 1 1.0 0 2 1.0 0 * #-------------------------------------------------------- #CONTINUE # Continue a previous experiment (optional) # Give the start time of the initial simulation -140000.0 # Name of the inital simulation without .sif extention # if a fine grid is present, the name of the previous initial simulation samplerun1 samplerun_fine #-------------------------------------------------------- FAST SIMULATION # This uses an approximation to the fluid dynamics. Under testing at present, # but very fast #---------------------------------------------------------- #INTERNAL GRID # experiment name for the internal grid.



ss8_3_res250 # x,y location of the grid (SW corner) 26000 22000 # grid spacing(m), number of fine row, number of columns 250 41 41 #----------------------------------------------------------- #DEPOSIT # Sediment deposited prior to this run. Do not (optional) # CONTINUE and DEPOSIT at the same time. Sediment initailly deposited will # be recorded anyway # <deposit_file>.spc # # Deposit file name bigfatinitiallayer.spc #----------------------------------------------------------- #INTERNAL TOPOGRAPHY GRID # topography grid file name. (optional) # If you have the internal grid turned on, you can specify the initail surface # if you don't do this, one will be genrated from the coarse grid xxx.top # #----------------------------------------------------------- WELL LOCATIONS # locations in meters from sedsim-grid origin (draws them in sedview) # X Y # well name 5550 2050 source_1 12550 2550 source_2 6834 14964 sedsim_a 7324 18300 explore_1 14000 14964 produce_1 * end of well data #----------------------------------------------------------- #SLOPE FAILURE # Parameters for calculating slope failure (optional) # # Slope angles should be greater than that set in the SLOPE section. # Typical turbidite volume concentrations : Bagnold maximum of C=0.09 # and those referred to in Piper and Savoye (1993) for the Var fans of # 0.015 to 0.12 refer to volume concentration. Thus 0.1 volume concentration # for a sediment of density 2650 kg/m3 , c = 265 kg/m3 # and for C = 0.05, c=132 kg/m3 # # Maximum Subaerial and Marine slope before failure can occur (dz/dx) (dz/dx) # Minimum and maximum height allowed to fail(m) (bigger heights will be split into multiple fluid elements) # Concentrations slumped material after release (kg/m^3) # Concentration of the material where it transitions from a debris flow to a tubidite (kg/m^3) 0.002 0.05 0.5 5.0 100.0 60.0 #--------------------------------------------------------- #CONTOUR CURRENT # current calling interval [a] 10.0 # starting time, ending time [a] # maximum and minimum elevation where current occurs [m] # flow rotation clockwise=1, counter-clockwise=-1,decide-by-code=0 # maximum near bottom flow strength m/s # the latitude at Lower left (SW) corner, + North, - South [degree] # sediment supply condition, supply 1, No-supply=0 # current supplied source sediment combination sum=1 # # t1 t2 maxd mind clockwise velocity (m/s) lat supply %C %M %F %FF %rudist %pelagic %org1 %org2 # 0 10000 -500 -600 1 0.2 -40 1 10.0 80.0 10 0 0 0 0 0 10000000 29000000 -200 -350 -1 0.27 40 1 10.0 80.0 10 0 0 0 0 0 * #--------------------------------------------------------- #CIRCULATION (CYCLIC) # This module allows the input of external current data. the format for the #input file is



# header line # x velocities -one for each grid point in standard matrix format # header line # y velocity -one for each grid point in standard matrix format # header line # r value -related to how much local stress is on the sea bed # (r lifts sediment -velocities move it) # Frequency factor controls Circulation calling interval. # The bigger the factor the longer the interval # files will cycle until the end of the simulation # astrix ends input list # duration [years], frequency factor, input_file_name 20.0 10.0 Current_u_v_r.dat 30.0 10.0 Current_u_v_r_2.dat * #--------------------------------------------------------- #CIRCULATION (LINEAR) # This module allows the input of external current data. the format for the #input file is # header line # x velocities -one for each grid point in standard matrix format # header line # y velocity -one for each grid point in standard matrix format # header line # r value -related to how much local stress is on the sea bed # (r lifts sediment -velocities move it) # Frequency factor controls Circulation calling interval. # The bigger the factor the longer the interval # astrix ends input list # start_time, end_time, frequency factor, input_file_name 2003 2023 10.0 Current_u_v_r.dat 2023 2053 10.0 Current_u_v_r_2.dat * #----------------------------------------------------------- #STORM # Provide frequency and individual storm parameters (optional) # # Angle of mean storm direction [deg] # Deviation of the storm direction [deg] # Significant storm waveheight [m] # Duration of storm [h] # Mean storm return time [y] (put 0.0 if exact storm records known) 240.0 0.0 2.0 5.0 0.0 #if the Mean storm return time is set as 0.0, then continue read #exact time when storm happened # The four columns in storm data file contain # Time[year] Incidence angle[deg] Height[m] Duration[hour] WIND_WAVEhourly_92_97.stm #---------------------------------------------------------- #STORM REFRACTION # Calculate STORMs refraction,diffraction and breaking over the coastal region. # (optional) # Dip direction of the gereral shoreline [0.0 ~ 360.0][deg] 270.0 #---------------------------------------------------------- #WAVES # This module must be turned on to run any form of waves # In addition, ONE of the FOUR other wave module must be turned on to run waves # The other four modules are in order of complexity # WAVE (RATE) # WAVE (HEIGHT) # WAVE (GRID-CYCLIC) # WAVE (GRID-LINEAR) # in addition # WAVE REFRACTION may be turned on with WAVE (HEIGHT) or WAVE (RATE) # # Sediment supply conditions at 4 Boundaries # The Non-supply condition represents the rocky cliff shoreline # where waves can not transport sediment into the simulation area. # The normal condition represents normal sandy or mudy beach, sediment # can be transported into the simulation area. # South East North West 1==Normal, 0=No supply 1 1 1 1 # # Berm height [m] # Minimum mobile bed thickness [m]



# Residual thickness for deficit of erosion [m] # Amplitude of local sea level fluctuation [m] # Depth of mobile bed [m] # Wind Shadow [m] 0.2 0.01 0.0001 0.5 0.02 0.0 # Note on Wind Shadow: this is the distance of the wind shadow created by land. # Entering 0.0 will result in an infinitely long shadow # Any distance less than or equal to 1 grid cell will result in all sea areas being exposed to waves # #---------------------------------------------------------- #WAVE (RATE) # Note: WAVES module must also be turned on # Note: All angles are specified by # N (0 or 360) # | # | # (270) W-----------E (90) # | # | # S (180) # # Input: # Angle of incidence[deg] # Transport rate[m3/sec] # Wave base[m] # 110 0.0000002 5.0 #---------------------------------------------------------- #WAVE (HEIGHT) # Note: WAVES module must also be turned on # Enter a file name with the wave data # The file contains # Time[a], Angle of incidence[deg], Significant wave height(m), # Note: All angles are specified by # N (0 or 360) # | # | # (270) W-----------E (90) # | # | # S (180) # The following is a example of the format # 1990.00 180.0 2.0 # 1990.25 270.0 2.0 # 1990.30 360.0 2.0 WIND_WAVEhourly_92_97.wav #---------------------------------------------------------- # WAVE (GRID-CYCLIC) # Note: WAVES module must also be turned on # Enter a list of time durations[year] and a filename containing wave data # The list terminates in a * # After all the files have been read, the list will repeat # Each file contains the # Significant wave height[m] and Angle of incidence[deg] in block format e.g. # j=1 j=number of columns # Hs(1,1) Hs(1,2)..........Hs(1,numcol) # ... ... ......... ... # ... ... ......... ... # ... ... ......... ... # Hs(numrow,1) ............Hs(numrow,numcol) # Ang(1,1) Ang(1,2)..........Ang(1,numcol) # ... ... ......... ... # ... ... ......... ... # ... ... ......... ... # Ang(numrow,1) ............Ang(numrow,numcol) # Note: All angles are specified by # N (0 or 360) # | # | # (270) W-----------E (90) # | # | # S (180) # # 0.125 WIND_WAVEdec_jan_feb.wvs # 0.25 WIND_WAVEmar_apr.may.wvs



# 0.25 WIND_WAVEjun_jul_aug.wvs # 0.25 WIND_WAVEsep_oct_nov.wvs # 0.125 WIND_WAVEdec_jan_feb.wvs # * #---------------------------------------------------------- #WAVE (GRID-LINEAR) # Note: WAVES module must also be turned on # Enter a list of start time[year] and end time[year] and a filename containing wave data # the list terminates in a * # After all the files have been read, the list will repeat # Each file contains the # Significant wave height[m] and Angle of incidence[deg] in block format e.g. # j=1 j=number of columns # Hs(1,1) Hs(1,2)..........Hs(1,numcol) # ... ... ......... ... # ... ... ......... ... # ... ... ......... ... # Hs(numrow,1) ............Hs(numrow,numcol) # Ang(1,1) Ang(1,2)..........Ang(1,numcol) # ... ... ......... ... # ... ... ......... ... # ... ... ......... ... # Ang(numrow,1) ............Ang(numrow,numcol) #Note: All angles are specified by # N (0 or 360) # | # | # (270) W-----------E (90) # | # | # S (180) # # 2005.000 2005.125 WIND_WAVEdec_jan_feb.wvs # 2005.125 2005.375 WIND_WAVEmar_apr_may.wvs # 2005.375 2005.625 WIND_WAVEjun_jul_aug.wvs # 2005.625 2005.875 WIND_WAVEsep_oct_nov.wvs # 2005.875 2006.125 WIND_WAVEdec_jan_feb.wvs # 2006.125 2006.375 WIND_WAVEmar_apr_may.wvs # 2006.375 2006.625 WIND_WAVEjun_jul_aug.wvs # 2006.625 2006.875 WIND_WAVEsep_oct_nov.wvs # 2006.875 2007.125 WIND_WAVEdec_jan_feb.wvs # 2007.125 2007.375 WIND_WAVEmar_apr_may.wvs # 2007.375 2007.625 WIND_WAVEjun_jul_aug.wvs # 2007.625 2007.875 WIND_WAVEsep_oct_nov.wvs # 2006.875 2008.000 WIND_WAVEdec_jan_feb.wvs # * #----------------------------------------------------------- #WAVE REFRACTION # Calculate wave,refraction, diffraction and breaking over the coastal region # (optional) # Dip direction of the gereral shoreline [0.0 ~ 360.0][deg] # 270.0 #-------------------------------------------------------------- SEA LEVEL # Define sea level curve (optional) # # Sea level curve file sea1_1Ma.sl # #-------------------------------------------------------------- #BASEMENT STRUCTURE #name of the basement structure file (dep file) xxx.DEP #-------------------------------------------------------------- TECTONICS # Define tectonic movement (optional) # # Tectonic movement file name halfMa_1000m1.tec # #-------------------------------------------------------------- #COMPACTION # Enable compaction module; no parameters (optional) #-------------------------------------------------------------- #ISOSTASY



# Calculate isostatic subsidence (optional) # # Mantle density [kg/m3] Flexural rigidity [Nm2] Calling interval [y] 3500 1.0E23 1000 #----------------------------------------------------------- #CARBONATES # Parameters for calculating carbonate development (optional) # (It is strongly recomended that waves are turned on with this module) # calling interval (years) 100 # carb grain size diameter (one for each grain) for when the stuff is busted up 0.3 0.3 # carb grain density (one for each grain) 2050.00 2050.00 # Carbonate hardness factor(how much harder than sediment is it to erode) 10 # temperature file (this is a list of year, surface temperature[degrees C]) # eg 2005 27.0 # 2005.2 27.2 # 2005.7 30.0 etc. # This line is ignored if TEMPERATURE GRID is used # yampi_1Ma.tpt # #----------------------------------------------------------- #EXPERT CARBONATES # # Use this if the default settings of the carbontaes need modifying. # # the format for defining membership functions is # function_name codevariable xpoint1 ypoint1 xpoint2 ypoint2 xpoint3 ypoint3 etc # # function_name - user defined variable name # code_variable - must be one of the key words # growth - defines the function as a output membership function controlling carbonate growth rate [m/yr] # depth - water depth [m] # current - current velocity in the area - you must have circulation turned on)[m/s] # shore - distance in metres to the shoreline[m] # rivdist - distance to the nearest fluid element or river source [m] # sedrate - sediment rate [m/year] # temp - surface temperature[degrees celcius] # expo - a measure of the degree of shelter an ocean point has, values around 1-2 give a relatively open water source # land will give a very high value around 10, A completely sheltered deep piece of water will give a value of -0.7 # a very open, shallow piece of water will give a value of around 5.5 # note: if you have waves on, and a non zero wind shadow, this will increase the exposure to some degree # carbdist - distance to nearest carbonate reef [m] # salinity - degree of salinity in the system (defined in a SALINITY section) [ppm] # tidspd - maximum velocity of the tide (defined in a file in the TIDAL SPEED section) [m/s] # valley - the normalise number of surrounding points uphill from the reference point # (calclated from all grid points within two grid cells) # -1 = all points downhill, 1 = all points uphill [-1,1] # gradient - the average gradient of the point (calclated from all grid points within two grid cells) # negative value indicates that most surrounding points are downhill from the point) # xpoint ypoint - coordinates describing the shape of the membership function. ypoint must be between 0 and 1. # see below for examples # # membership functions # highexposure expo 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 # littlesed sedrate 0.0005 1.0 0.001 0.0 # vlittlesed sedrate 0.00005 1.0 0.0001 0.0 # shallow depth 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 15.0 1.0 25.0 0.0 # abovecarbcomp depth 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2000.0 1.0 5000.0 0.0 # medtodepwat4 depth 20.0 0.0 50.0 1.0 # medtodepwat3 depth 20.0 0.0 50.0 1.0 65.0 1.0 105.0 0.0 # awayfromriver rivdist 10000.0 0.0 25000.0 1.0 # warmtohot temp 18.0 0.0 20.0 1.0 28.0 1.0 33.0 0.0 # temptowarm temp 12.0 0.0 14.0 1.0 20.0 1.0 22.0 0.0



# fastcurrents current 0.5 0.0 1.0 1.0 # normsalin salinity 0.0 0.0 3.3 1.0 3.5 1.0 3.6 0.0 # farfromshore shore 500.0 0.0 1000.0 1.0 # closetoreef carbdist 0.0 1.0 10.0 0.0 # slow_growth growth 0.0 0.0 5.0e-4 1.0 # v_slow_growth growth 0.0 0.0 4.0e-5 1.0 # vv_slow_growth growth 0.0 0.0 1.0e-5 1.0 # * # # the format for defining fuzzy rules is # carbonate_type = output_function_name = input_function_name1 and input_function_name2 and etc # carbonate_type - must be one of "reef" "benthic" or "plancktonic" # output_function_name - must be one of the output functions defined earlier (with code_variable "growth") # input_function_name - must be one of the functions defined earlier (without the code_variable "growth") # rules # reefs = slow_growth = warmtohot and awayfromriver and vlittlesed and highexposure and shallow # benthics = v_slow_growth = temptowarm and awayfromriver and littlesed and highexposure and abovecarbcomp and medtodepwat3 # planktonics = vv_slow_growth = temptowarm and awayfromriver and littlesed and highexposure and abovecarbcomp and medtodepwat4 # * # # # # membership functions highexposure expo 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 littlesed sedrate 0.0005 1.0 0.001 0.0 vlittlesed sedrate 0.00005 1.0 0.0001 0.0 shallow depth 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 15.0 1.0 25.0 0.0 abovecarbcomp depth 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2000.0 1.0 5000.0 0.0 medtodepwat4 depth 20.0 0.0 50.0 1.0 medtodepwat3 depth 20.0 0.0 50.0 1.0 65.0 1.0 105.0 0.0 awayfromriver rivdist 10000.0 0.0 25000.0 1.0 warmtohot temp 18.0 0.0 20.0 1.0 28.0 1.0 33.0 0.0 temptowarm temp 12.0 0.0 14.0 1.0 20.0 1.0 22.0 0.0 slow_growth growth 0.0 0.0 5.0e-4 1.0 v_slow_growth growth 0.0 0.0 4.0e-5 1.0 vv_slow_growth growth 0.0 0.0 1.0e-5 1.0 * # rules reefs = slow_growth = warmtohot and awayfromriver and vlittlesed and highexposure and shallow benthics = v_slow_growth = temptowarm and awayfromriver and littlesed and highexposure and abovecarbcomp and medtodepwat3 planktonics = vv_slow_growth = temptowarm and awayfromriver and littlesed and highexposure and abovecarbcomp and medtodepwat4 * #----------------------------------------------------------- #TIDAL SPEED # this module is used in conjunction with organics and carbonate growth. (when tidspd is specified) # the file contains the typical file speeds for each grid location filename.tid #----------------------------------------------------------- #SALINITY # this module is used in conjunction with organics and carbonate growth. (when salinity is specified) # the file contains the typical slainity values for each grid location filename.sal #----------------------------------------------------------- #TEMPERATURE GRID # this module is used in conjunction with organics and carbonate growth. (when temperature is specified) # the file contains the surface temperature values for each grid location # when this file module is used, the temperature file specified in ORGANICS or CARBONATES is not used filename.tpt #----------------------------------------------------------- #ORGANICS # Parameters for calculating the growth of organic material (optional) 100 # carb grain size diameter (one for each grain) for when the stuff is busted up



0.3 0.3 # carb grain density (one for each grain) 2050.00 2050.00 # temperature file (not needed if already listed in Carbonates section) yampi_1Ma.tpt # #----------------------------------------------------------- #EXPERT ORGANICS # # Use this if the default settings of the carbontaes need modifying. # # the format for defining membership functions is # function_name codevariable xpoint1 ypoint1 xpoint2 ypoint2 xpoint3 ypoint3 etc # # function_name - user defined variable name # code_variable - must be one of the key words # growth - defines the function as a output membership function controlling carbonate growth rate # depth - water depth # current - current velocity in the area - you must have circulation turned on) # shore - distance in metres to the shoreline # rivdist - distance in metres to the nearest fluid element or river source # sedrate - sediment rate in m/year # temp - temperature in degrees celcius # expo - a measure of the degree of shelter an ocean point has, values around 1 give a relatively open water source # land will give a very high value around 10, A completely sheltered deep piece of water will give a value of -0.7 # a very open, shallow piece of water will give a value of around 5.5 # note: if you have waves on, and a non zero wind shadow, this will increase the exposure to some degree # carbdist - distance to nearest carbonate reef # salinity - degree of salinity in the system (defined in a file in the SALINITY section) # tidspd - maximum velocity of the tide (defined in a file in the TIDAL SPEED section) # valley - the normalise number of surrounding points uphill from the reference point # (calclated from all grid points within two grid cells) # -1 = all points downhill, 1 = all points uphill [-1,1] # gradient - the average gradient of the point (calclated from all grid points within two grid cells) # negative value indicates that most surrounding points are downhill from the point) # xpoint ypoint - coordinates describing the shape of the membership function. ypoint must be between 0 and 1. # see below for examples # # membership functions # highexposure expo 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 # littlesed sedrate 0.0005 1.0 0.001 0.0 # vlittlesed sedrate 0.00005 1.0 0.0001 0.0 # shallow depth 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 15.0 1.0 25.0 0.0 # abovecarbcomp depth 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2000.0 1.0 5000.0 0.0 # medtodepwat4 depth 20.0 0.0 50.0 1.0 # medtodepwat3 depth 20.0 0.0 50.0 1.0 65.0 1.0 105.0 0.0 # awayfromriver rivdist 10000.0 0.0 25000.0 1.0 # warmtohot temp 18.0 0.0 20.0 1.0 28.0 1.0 33.0 0.0 # temptowarm temp 12.0 0.0 14.0 1.0 20.0 1.0 22.0 0.0 # fastcurrents current 0.5 0.0 1.0 1.0 # normsalin salinity 0.0 0.0 3.3 1.0 3.5 1.0 3.6 0.0 # farfromshore shore 500.0 0.0 1000.0 1.0 # closetoreef carbdist 0.0 1.0 10.0 1.0 # slow_growth growth 0.0 0.0 5.0e-4 1.0 # v_slow_growth growth 0.0 0.0 4.0e-5 1.0 # vv_slow_growth growth 0.0 0.0 1.0e-5 1.0 # * # # the format for defining fuzzy rules is # organic_type = output_function_name = input_function_name1 and input_function_name2 and etc # organic_type - must be one of "coal" "green_algae" or "zoo_benthos" # output_function_name - must be one of the output functions defined earlier (with code_variable "growth") # input_function_name - must be one of the functions defined earlier (without the code_variable "growth")



# rules # coal = slow_growth = warmtohot and awayfromriver and vlittlesed and highexposure and shallow # green_algae = slow_growth = temptowarm and awayfromriver and shallow # zoo_benthos = slow_growth = cool and mediumdepth # * # # membership functions highexposure expo 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 littlesed sedrate 0.0005 1.0 0.001 0.0 vlittlesed sedrate 0.00005 1.0 0.0001 0.0 shallow depth 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 15.0 1.0 25.0 0.0 abovecarbcomp depth 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2000.0 1.0 5000.0 0.0 medtodepwat4 depth 20.0 0.0 50.0 1.0 medtodepwat3 depth 20.0 0.0 50.0 1.0 65.0 1.0 105.0 0.0 awayfromriver rivdist 10000.0 0.0 25000.0 1.0 warmtohot temp 18.0 0.0 20.0 1.0 28.0 1.0 33.0 0.0 temptowarm temp 12.0 0.0 14.0 1.0 20.0 1.0 22.0 0.0 slow_growth growth 0.0 0.0 5.0e-4 1.0 v_slow_growth growth 0.0 0.0 4.0e-5 1.0 vv_slow_growth growth 0.0 0.0 1.0e-5 1.0 * # rules coal = slow_growth = warmtohot and awayfromriver and vlittlesed and highexposure and shallow green_algae = slow_growth = temptowarm and awayfromriver and shallow zoo_benthos = slow_growth = cool and mediumdepth * ################################################################## # Optional parameters section. Defaults will be used if not entered ############################################################### #-------------------------------------------------------- ACCURACY FACTOR # accuracy determines to what percentage accuracy the solution is solved to. # importantly a small accuracy does not necessarily lead to longer runtimes # as the solution stays more stable recommended=0.001 maximum=0.01 0.001 #------------------------------------------------------------------------ BOUNDARY #specify the boundary types for the coarse grid. (optional) # 0 = regular boundary 1= insert a wall to prevent sediment and fluid loss # without this section the default is regular boundaries # North South East West 0 0 0 0 #-------------------------------------------------------- DENSITIES # Water densities (optional) # fresh water 1000.0 kg/m3, sea water with 30000ppm NaCl 1027 kg/m3 # density of fluid entering the system [kg/m3] sea density [kg/m3] 1015.0 1027.0 #---------------------------------------------------------- PARAMETRIC SAMPLING INTERVAL # (optional) # # This should be seen in relation to temporal resolution - ie. think aliasing # Sampling interval for sea-level and tectonics [y] 100.0 #---------------------------------------------------------- SLOPE ANGLES # Define maximum slope per grain size (optional) # #tg(1.0)=0.017; tg(2.0)=0.035 # # a rough guide to appropriate slopes derived from deltas around the world: # slope(deg)=0.4+0.5log(sand/shale ratio) # # Example slopes: # a. based on sand/shale ratio for ratios 0.2-0.8 - use Sabesi equation : # slope (gradient) = tan(0.4 + 0.52 log(sand/shale ratio)) # b. based on median grain size - # from Dean(1983) quoted in Olsen 1990 p.38 (NTH Diplom) # h(x) = Ax^m # where : # A =0.24 + 0.254*log(d50mm) # m= 2/3 # Modified by Griffiths (1993) to agree more closely with



# Short(1979)'s observations as below. # (Short noted that 0.5mm+ gave 5-6deg, 0.25-0.5mm gave between 1.5-5.5, # and <0.25 mm gave less than 1.5deg) # Therefore to give a slope in degrees from a grain size # between 0.1 and 50 mm use # Slope(deg) = atan(((0.28 + 0.23*log(d mm))*100^(2/3))/100) #or # Slope(gradient) = ((0.28+ 0.23*log(d mm))*100^(2/3))/100 # # Max. slope of four grain sizes below sea level (dz/dx) # Max. slope of four grain sizes above sea level (dz/dx) # Max. slope of four reworked grain sizes below sea level (dz/dx) 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.0005 # max slope carb grains below sea level (dz/dx) 2 grains # max slope carb grains above sea level (dz/dx) 2 grains 0.005 0.004 0.0001 0.0001 # Minimum slope (dz/dx) # Slope module calling interval [years] 0.0001 100.0 #----------------------------------------------------------- SLOPE PARAMETERS # Parameters for calculating equilibrium slope (optional) # # Number of diffusion cycles during one pass # Maximum number of iterations per diffusion cycle # Diffusion residual [m] 4 1000 0.0001 #-------------------------------------------------------- SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PARAMETERS # Limiting factors for sediment transport (optional) # # Sedimentation time step factor (sedimentation time step = # flow time step * sedimentation time step factor) # Maximum depth of fluid elements [m] # Minimum velocity of fluid elements [m/s] # Minimum ratio of sediment load fluid element to average sediment # load at source [kg/m3] # Basement hardness factor 1.0e4 1.0 0.05 0.10 1.0E2 #---------------------------------------------------------- MANNING # Manning's coefficients (optional) # # Coefficient for open-channel flow # Coefficient for hyperpycnal flow # Coefficient for hypopycnal flow # Coefficient for debris flow #default: 0.020 0.010 0.070 0.080 0.020 0.010 0.070 0.080 #-------------------------------------------------------------- POROSITY TABLE # Porosity function (optional) # # Number of entries in effective pressure look-up table 6 # Effective pressure look-up table [MPa] 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 # Number of entries in fine-to-coarse-ratio look-up table 12 # Fine-to-coarse-ratio look-up table 0.0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.65 0.85 1.0 # Porosity look-up table # must have the size of (pressures*ratios) # rows: constant fine-to-coarse ratio # columns: constant effective pressure 0.39 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.36 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.295 0.29 0.34 0.31 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.335 0.28 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.35 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.36 0.26 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.39 0.27 0.21 0.17 0.15 0.13



0.43 0.31 0.24 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.48 0.34 0.27 0.22 0.18 0.14 0.53 0.39 0.31 0.24 0.21 0.17 0.58 0.44 0.35 0.27 0.22 0.19 0.61 0.47 0.37 0.29 0.24 0.20 * # Linear weighting coefficients for 4 grain sizes: # r=Sum(h*w))/Sum(h) # r fine-to-coarse ratio # h thickness of individual grain size # w linear weighting coefficient of individual grain size # 8 coefficients: 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 # # *** End of example input file ***



APPENDIX B: A typical Topography file (25 x 21) 82.7 82.1 81.8 81.6 81.5 81.4 81.5 81.7 81.6 81.2 80.3 79 77.5 76.3 76.1 76.6 76.6 76.6 76.6 76.6 76.6 78 77.3 77.1 77.1 77.1 77.2 77.3 77.7 77.8 77.3 76.2 74.9 73.4 72.5 72.3 72.8 74.7 74.7 74.7 74.7 74.7 74 73.8 73.9 74 74.1 74 74 74.2 74.3 73.7 72.5 71 69.7 69 68.9 69.1 69.9 69.9 69.9 69.9 69.9 70.2 71.2 71.4 71.5 71.4 71.3 71.1 70.8 70.6 70 68.8 66.9 64.8 64.3 64.6 64.8 65.8 65.8 65.8 65.8 65.8 65.3 66.8 66.8 66.8 66.7 66.5 66.3 66.1 65.7 65.1 63.8 61 57.8 57.1 58 58.8 60.8 60.8 60.8 60.8 60.8 58.3 59 57.9 57.5 57.5 57.5 57.7 58.1 58.3 57.8 55.8 53 48.5 48.9 50.2 51.7 54 54 54 54 54 49.2 47 43.8 42.1 42.1 43.2 44.9 47.5 49.8 49.1 46 42.5 40.3 39.7 41.6 43.5 47.1 47.1 47.1 47.1 47.1 39.1 33.9 29.7 26.8 28.6 32.7 37.2 38.2 37.1 34.8 34.4 36 35.7 34.2 34.9 37.3 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 30 25.5 20.9 19.6 20.6 23 27.7 29.4 27 24.6 30.5 33.8 29.5 27.5 30.1 32.5 34.3 34.3 34.3 34.3 34.3 22.4 19.3 15.9 14.1 14.1 15.4 19.8 21.2 19 19.5 22.7 24.6 21 19.2 26 30.1 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 16.7 13.5 11.2 9.5 9.9 11.7 14.4 14.5 12 11.4 13.9 14.4 14.7 16.9 19.7 21.5 26.5 26.5 26.5 26.5 26.5 13.3 10.8 7.6 6.2 7.6 10 11.8 10.8 8.1 7.5 9.6 10.2 11 13.6 14.4 15.1 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 10.9 8.4 4.7 3.6 6.1 8.9 9.6 7.8 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.8 6.4 8.1 9.4 9.6 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 8.1 5.8 2.8 1.5 4.3 5.4 4.1 3.3 3 5.3 2 2.7 3.7 3.5 3.8 4.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 4.4 3.8 1.7 0.7 1.7 0.5 -1 -1.3 0.7 1.2 -2.2 0.3 -0.8 -1.1 -0.9 -0.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 -0.2 -1 -1 -1.2 -1.5 -2.5 -2.8 -2.9 -3 -4.3 -5.6 -5.5 -4.9 -5.7 -4.4 -5.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -4.4 -5.1 -4.7 -4.5 -5.8 -5.3 -5.6 -5.9 -6.4 -7.8 -8.8 -7.8 -8 -7.6 -9.2 -9.1 -7.9 -7.9 -7.9 -7.9 -7.9 -17.6 -18.1 -8.6 -7.6 -9.6 -8.3 -10.3 -10.4 -11 -12.1 -11.5 -11.4 -12.6 -12.1 -12.5 -12.6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -17.6 -18.1 -8.6 -7.6 -9.6 -8.3 -10.3 -10.4 -11 -12.1 -11.5 -11.4 -12.6 -12.1 -12.5 -12.6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -17.6 -18.1 -8.6 -7.6 -9.6 -8.3 -10.3 -10.4 -11 -12.1 -11.5 -11.4 -12.6 -12.1 -12.5 -12.6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -17.6 -18.1 -8.6 -7.6 -9.6 -8.3 -10.3 -10.4 -11 -12.1 -11.5 -11.4 -12.6 -12.1 -12.5 -12.6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -17.6 -18.1 -8.6 -7.6 -9.6 -8.3 -10.3 -10.4 -11 -12.1 -11.5 -11.4 -12.6 -12.1 -12.5 -12.6 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -11.7 -30.6 -20.4 -11.3 -12.3 -12.6 -12.1 -14.8 -14.1 -15.3 -15.5 -15.7 -16.8 -16.6 -16.4 -17 -17 -15.1 -15.1 -15.1 -15.1 -15.1 -63.9 -64.3 -74.6 -15.5 -15.8 -15.6 -17.3 -17.6 -18.2 -18.9 -19.9 -21.1 -20.1 -20.1 -20.4 -20.5 -19.8 -19.8 -19.8 -19.8 -19.8 -97.3 -98 -98.6 -39 -39.2 -39.6 -39.8 -21.4 -21 -23.2 -23.1 -24.6 -24 -25 -24.8 -24.8 -23 -23 -23 -23 -23



APPENDIX D: A typical Sea level file 0.0 0.0 1000.0 0.0 10000.0 -0.7 20000.0 -2.4 30000.0 -2.2 40000.0 0.1 50000.0 -0.6 60000.0 -0.5 70000.0 -2.2 80000.0 -1.3 90000.0 -0.7 100000.0 -0.5 110000.0 -0.4 120000.0 -1.8 130000.0 -2.1 140000.0 -3.1 150000.0 -1.0 160000.0 0.0 170000.0 0.3 180000.0 0.1 190000.0 -0.1 200000.0 0.6 210000.0 -1.4 220000.0 -0.8 230000.0 -1.4 240000.0 -0.7 250000.0 -0.1 260000.0 -1.1 270000.0 0.4 280000.0 0.2 290000.0 0.3 300000.0 -2.3 310000.0 -1.9 320000.0 -2.3 330000.0 -2.8 340000.0 -2.3 350000.0 -0.4 360000.0 0.3 370000.0 0.8 380000.0 -0.4 390000.0 -1.3 400000.0 -1.7 410000.0 -2.6 420000.0 -3.8 430000.0 -4.0 440000.0 -0.6 450000.0 -1.5 460000.0 -1.4 470000.0 -3.1 480000.0 -3.2 490000.0 -3.7 500000.0 -5.2 510000.0 -4.8 520000.0 -5.5 530000.0 -3.3