JULY–AUGUST 2011NUMBER 275

TR NEWS

Security and CriticalInfrastructureProtectionProgress and Paths to Resilience

National Academy of SciencesNational Academy of EngineeringInstitute of MedicineNational Research Council

The Transportation Research Board is oneof six major divisions of the NationalResearch Council, which serves as anindependent adviser to the federal gov-ernment and others on scientific andtechnical questions of national impor-tance, and which is jointly administeredby the National Academy of Sciences, theNational Academy of Engineering, andthe Institute of Medicine. The mission ofthe Transportation Research Board is toprovide leadership in transportationinnovation and progress throughresearch and information exchange, con-ducted within a setting that is objective,interdisciplinary, and multimodal. TheBoard’s varied activities annually engageabout 7,000 engineers, scientists, andother trans portation researchers andpractitioners from the public and privatesectors and academia, all of whom con-tribute their expertise in the public inter-est. The program is supported by statetransportation departments, federalagencies including the componentadministrations of the U.S. Departmentof Transportation, and other organiza-tions and individuals interested in thedevelopment of transportation.

The National Research Council was orga-nized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broadcommunity of science and technologywith the Academy’s purposes of fur-thering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning inaccordance with general policies deter-mined by the Academy, the Council hasbecome the principal operating agencyof both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy ofEngineering in providing services to thegovernment, the public, and the scien-tific and engineering communities.

www.TRB.org

TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD2011 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*

Chair: Neil J. Pedersen, Consultant, Silver Spring, MarylandVice Chair: Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, TucsonExecutive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board

J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KentuckyDeborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VirginiaWilliam A. V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los AngelesEugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina Department of Transportation, RaleighJames M. Crites, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport, TexasPaula J. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State Department of Transportation, OlympiaMichael W. Hancock, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, FrankfortAdib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley (Past Chair, 2009)Michael P. Lewis, Director, Rhode Island Department of Transportation, ProvidenceSusan Martinovich, Director, Nevada Department of Transportation, Carson CityJoan McDonald, Commissioner, New York State Department of Transportation, AlbanyMichael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington

(Past Chair, 2010)Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Regional General Manager, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LouisianaSteven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, WashingtonHenry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MissouriBeverly A. Scott, General Manager and Chief Executive Officer, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority,

Atlanta, GeorgiaDavid Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Lawrence A. Selzer, President and CEO, The Conservation Fund, Arlington, VirginiaKumares C. Sinha, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IndianaThomas K. Sorel, Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. PaulDaniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of

Transportation Studies; and Interim Director, Energy Efficiency Center, University of California, DavisKirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan Department of Transportation, LansingDouglas W. Stotlar, President and Chief Executive Officer, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, MichiganC. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin

(Past Chair, 1991)

Peter H. Appel, Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S. Department ofTransportation (ex officio)

J. Randolph Babbitt, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio)

Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, Georgia (ex officio)

Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (exofficio)

LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior,Washington, D.C. (ex officio)

John T. Gray, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Washington, D.C.(ex officio)

John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,Washington, D.C. (ex officio)

David T. Matsuda, Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio)

Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio)

William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, D.C. (ex officio) (PastChair, 1992)

Tara O’Toole, Under Secretary for Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Homeland Security (ex officio)Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security

(ex officio)Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration,

U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio)Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio)David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of

Transportation (ex officio)Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio)Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio)Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. General, U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers, Washington, D.C. (ex officio)Barry R. Wallerstein, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, California (ex

officio)

* Membership as of August 2011.

TR NEWSNUMBER 275 JULY–AUGUST 2011

COVER: Union Station inWashington, D.C., near the U.S.Capitol; security intransportation demandsattention to infrastructureresilience, design, andvulnerabilities. (Photo: LarryLevine, WashingtonMetropolitan Area TransitAuthority)

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SECURITY AND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION

3 INTRODUCTIONSecurity and Critical Infrastructure Protection: Progress and Paths to Resilience Joedy Cambridge and Stephan A. ParkerPresented in this issue are positive, practical solutions, responses, and approaches based onresearch findings in the past 10 years to prevent terrorist attacks similar to those ofSeptember 11, 2001, and to mitigate the effects of attacks if prevention fails.

4 Brittle Infrastructure, Community Resilience, and National SecurityStephen Flynn and Sean BurkeCountering natural and man-made threats effectively and efficiently requires cooperative,public–private, practitioner-guided programs to build infrastructure resilience at the federal,state, regional, and local levels, the authors note. They examine trends, hindrances,solutions, rationales, policies, and practical models.

8 Five Fundamental, Go-To Documents: Essential Security-Related Titles for Transportation AgenciesJoe Crossett

10 Security 101: Primer on Protecting Agency Personnel and AssetsErnest R. Frazier, Sr.

12 Enhancing the Security of U.S. Highway Bridges: Developing Protective Design Guidance, Tools, and TechniquesEric L. Sammarco, Eric B. Williamson, and Carrie E. DavisThe main structural components of a bridge are exposed, and major U.S. bridgespecifications contain little guidance for protective design. The authors review findings fromexperimental and computational research for developing bridge-specific protective designprovisions, engineering tools, and retrofit techniques to mitigate blast threats.

16 Buying Down Risk: Step-by-Step Guide to Cost-Effective Protection of Transportation AssetsJoe Scanlon

19 Planning for Bridge SecuritySteve Ernst

20 Addressing Vulnerabilities in Transit Security: Developments Since September 11, 2001Yuko J. NakanishiTransit agencies have worked with the Transportation Security Administration, the FederalTransit Administration, and local partners on risk and vulnerability assessments, trainingand outreach, information sharing, surveillance and detection technologies, and thedeployment of transit police, security personnel, and canine teams to increase theirpreparedness and capabilities to deter and detect terrorism.

25 Trust Builds Speed: Communicating Emergency Transportation Options to Vulnerable PopulationsDeborah Matherly and Jane Mobley

27 All-Hazards Planning: Coordinating the Many Levels of Emergency ResponseCharles E. Wallace

29 Improving Resilience in Rail Transit Corridors: Developing Models for Estimating the Impacts of System DisruptionsMichael Greenberg, Karen Lowrie, Tayfur Altiok, Michael Lahr, Paul Lioy, and Henry Mayer

TR NEWSTR NEWSfeatures articles on innovative and timelyresearch and development activities in all modesof trans portation. Brief news items of interest tothe transportation community are also included,along with profiles of transportation profes -sionals, meeting an nouncements, summaries ofnew publications, and news of Trans portation Re search Board activities.

TR News is produced by the Transportation Research Board Publications OfficeJavy Awan, Editor and Publications DirectorLea Camarda, Assistant EditorJennifer J. Weeks, Photo ResearcherJuanita Green, Production ManagerMichelle Wandres, Graphic Designer

TR News Editorial BoardFrederick D. Hejl, ChairmanJerry A. DiMaggioCharles FayChristine L. GerencherEdward T. HarriganChristopher J. HedgesRussell W. HoustonThomas R. Menzies, Jr.G.P. Jayaprakash, Research Pays Off Liaison

Transportation Research BoardRobert E. Skinner, Jr., Executive DirectorSuzanne B. Schneider, Associate Executive

DirectorMark R. Norman, Director,

Technical ActivitiesStephen R. Godwin, Director,

Studies and Special ProgramsMichael P. LaPlante, Director,

Administration and Finance Christopher W. Jenks, Director,

Cooperative Research ProgramsNeil F. Hawks, Director, SHRP 2

TR News (ISSN 0738-6826) is issued bimonthly by theTransportation Research Board, National ResearchCouncil, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001.Internet address: www.TRB.org.

Editorial Correspondence: By mail to the PublicationsOffice, Transportation Research Board, 500 FifthStreet, NW, Washington, DC 20001, by telephone202-334-2972, by fax 202-334-3495, or by e-mail jawan@nas.edu.

Subscriptions: North America: 1 year $55; single issue $10. Overseas: 1 year $80; single issue $14.Inquiries or communications concerning new subscriptions, subscription problems, or single-copysales should be addressed to the Business Office at the address below, or telephone 202-334-3216, fax 202-334-2519. Periodicals postage paid atWashington, D.C.

Postmaster: Send changes of address to TR News,Transportation Research Board, 500 Fifth Street, NW,Wash ington, DC 20001.

Notice: The opinions expressed in articles appearingin TR News are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the TransportationResearch Board. The Trans por tation Research Boardand TR News do not en dorse products or manufac-turers. Trade and manufacturers’ names appear in anarticle only because they are considered essential.

Printed in the United States of America.

Copyright © 2011 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. For permissions, contact TRB.

The magazine’s first-ever themeissue on aviation topics isgetting ready for takeoff, with acargo of feature articles coveringthe Next-Generation AirTransport System, which willtransform U.S. air traffic controlfrom a ground-based, human-centric system to a satellite-based, airplane-centric system;the future of aviationsustainability; commercialaviation’s pursuit of sustainablealternative fuels; aviationsecurity; economics of theaviation industry; and more.

Experimental technology to assist in navigation; theaviation industry is undergoing rapid changes and istesting innovations at all levels.

31 Airport Security: Which Poses the Greater Threat—Passengers or Air Cargo?Richard W. BloomThe security threat from passengers or air cargo changes, depending on risk—thecontinuous coupling of threat with vulnerability, qualified by the impact andprobability of a terrorist attack. The author explores the difficulties of passengerscreening, the vulnerabilities of baggage and cargo screening—and in the supplychain—and problems with technologies.

37 North American Perimeter Security: How Best to Keep Trade Moving?Mary R. BrooksThe hardening of the U.S.–Canada border for security has affected trade sinceSeptember 11, 2001. The new Beyond the Border vision of perimeter security,however, has renewed interest in refining and retuning the two nations’relationship in security, trade, and transportation; the author traces problems to beaddressed, as well as joint initiatives to expect.

44 Supporting Secure and Resilient Inland WaterwaysHeather Nachtmann

45 POINT OF VIEWMaritime Security, Piracy, and the Global Supply ChainStephen CarmelPiracy has had limited—if any—impact on global supply chains and zero effect onsupply chains critical to the United States, according to the author, but anobsession with piracy has distracted attention from the myriad of other threats toworld trade and maritime security, including misguided policy.

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52 ProfilesRail engineer Conrad Ruppert, Jr., of Amtrak, and research professor MarthaGrabowski of LeMoyne College and Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute

54 News BriefsMobile Phones Yield Traveler Advisory DataSean J. Barbeau, Nevine L. Georggi, and Philip L. Winters

55 TRB HighlightsCooperative Research Programs News, 55

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