Section III: The ReformationSection III: The Reformation(Pages 328-333)(Pages 328-333)

Section III: The ReformationSection III: The Reformation(Pages 328-333)(Pages 328-333)

This section is about:This section is about: The desires to change The desires to change

the Roman Catholic the Roman Catholic Church, how this led Church, how this led to the reformation, to the reformation, and how the and how the reformation spread reformation spread throughout Europe.throughout Europe.

How the Roman How the Roman Catholic Church Catholic Church responded to the responded to the Protestant Protestant Reformation.Reformation.

There’s a big event on page 329 in your book.There’s a big event on page 329 in your book. What’s happening?What’s happening? Who’s the man?Who’s the man? There’s also a picture of a big “meeting” we’ll get to There’s also a picture of a big “meeting” we’ll get to

today – on page 332.today – on page 332. What’s that meeting about?What’s that meeting about?

The Causes of the The Causes of the ReformationReformation

The The ReformationReformation is is exactly what it says it exactly what it says it is: a re-forming – of is: a re-forming – of the Roman Catholic the Roman Catholic Church.Church.

It started in one small It started in one small part of Europe, but part of Europe, but soon spread soon spread everywhere.everywhere.

Religious, Social, and Political Religious, Social, and Political FactorsFactors

The Roman Catholic The Roman Catholic Church was deeply in debt Church was deeply in debt in the 1400’s.in the 1400’s.

Had to pay for crusader Had to pay for crusader armies, St Peter’s Basilica armies, St Peter’s Basilica in Rome - but, they owned in Rome - but, they owned huge amounts of land.huge amounts of land.

They also made some They also made some money selling indulgences money selling indulgences – even though many – even though many believed they were wrong.believed they were wrong.

The Renaissance, and The Renaissance, and ideas of humanism meant ideas of humanism meant people were starting to people were starting to question this a little more.question this a little more.

People wanted to take care People wanted to take care of their own religious of their own religious matters and not have to matters and not have to depend on the Churchdepend on the Church

The Spread of KnowledgeThe Spread of Knowledge

Gutenberg inventing Gutenberg inventing the printing press also the printing press also made a difference.made a difference.

People could acquire People could acquire their own knowledge their own knowledge easier (and express easier (and express their own opinions their own opinions about things).about things).

Reformers called for Reformers called for people to read and people to read and interpret the Bible for interpret the Bible for themselvesthemselves

The Challenge of Martin The Challenge of Martin LutherLuther

On October 31On October 31stst, 1517, a man , 1517, a man named named Martin LutherMartin Luther nailed up nailed up his “95 Theses” on a church his “95 Theses” on a church door in Germany.door in Germany.

He was originally going to be a He was originally going to be a lawyer, but then became a lawyer, but then became a monk. monk.

As a monk, he went to Rome As a monk, he went to Rome and was shocked at the wealth and was shocked at the wealth and importance of the Pope and importance of the Pope and Priests.and Priests.

This is the start of A LOT of This is the start of A LOT of changes.changes.

He said:He said: God saves sinners through God saves sinners through

faith and not through prayers, faith and not through prayers, gifts, indulgences, and a gifts, indulgences, and a religious lifestyle.religious lifestyle.

God was more important than God was more important than human achievementshuman achievements

4 Years later, Luther was ex-4 Years later, Luther was ex-communicated.communicated.

By the 1534 he had By the 1534 he had translated the Bible into translated the Bible into German – the first complete German – the first complete translation from Greek and translation from Greek and Hebrew into a European Hebrew into a European language.language.

He encouraged people to He encouraged people to read the Bible and find out read the Bible and find out the truth for themselves.the truth for themselves.

He also criticized the abuses He also criticized the abuses of the church, said priests of the church, said priests should be able to get should be able to get married, and encouraged married, and encouraged German leaders to take over German leaders to take over the church in Germany.the church in Germany.

People who agreed with him People who agreed with him were called Protestantswere called Protestants

The Spread of ProtestantismThe Spread of Protestantism

After Luther’s Protestants After Luther’s Protestants split from the Catholic split from the Catholic Church…Church…

The Protestants split into The Protestants split into several different groups.several different groups.

Two of the bigger groups: Two of the bigger groups: Calvinists and the Calvinists and the Anglican Church in Anglican Church in EnglandEngland

U.S. Protestant Groups

According to the Hartford Institute for Religion Research, U.S. Protestant groups are commonly divided into four broad categories:

Liberal Protestant: Episcopal, Presbyterian, Unitarian Universalist, United Church of Christ

Moderate Protestant: American Baptist, Disciples of Christ, Evangelical Lutheran, Mennonite, Reformed Church in America, United Methodist

Evangelical Protestant: Assemblies of God, Christian Reformed, Nazarene, Churches of Christ, Independent Christian Churches (Instrumental), Seventh-day Adventist, Southern Baptist

Historically Black Protestant: Various denominations

CalvinismCalvinism

Calvinism comes from Calvinism comes from John CalvinJohn Calvin..

He began as lawyer, He began as lawyer, heard about Luther, heard about Luther, and wrote his own and wrote his own book: “Institutes of book: “Institutes of the Christian Religion” the Christian Religion” – which he re-wrote – which he re-wrote several times.several times.

His ideas had much in His ideas had much in common with Luther, common with Luther, but there were some but there were some differences….differences….

He taught only certain He taught only certain individuals had been chosen individuals had been chosen by God for eternal salvation by God for eternal salvation ((predestinationpredestination).).

Calvin also wanted a Calvin also wanted a separate society of Calvinists separate society of Calvinists (even running the (even running the government).government).

He did set up a new religious He did set up a new religious community in Switzerland, community in Switzerland, where all rules were based where all rules were based on the Bible, and where on the Bible, and where elders, pastors, and ministers elders, pastors, and ministers would oversee everyone.would oversee everyone.

No gambling, singing, No gambling, singing, dancing, or alcohol, or dancing, or alcohol, or images, candles, and incense images, candles, and incense in church.in church.

They had plain, long church They had plain, long church services, with lots of sermons services, with lots of sermons and hymns.and hymns.

Calvinism was most widely Calvinism was most widely accepted at that time in the accepted at that time in the Netherlands and ScotlandNetherlands and Scotland

The English ReformationThe English Reformation

England at the time was really England at the time was really divided by religion.divided by religion.

King Henry VIIIKing Henry VIII hated the hated the Catholic church.Catholic church.

He wanted a son as an heir, He wanted a son as an heir, but his wives wouldn’t “give” but his wives wouldn’t “give” him one, so he kept getting him one, so he kept getting new wives.new wives.

The Pope wouldn’t let him get The Pope wouldn’t let him get divorced, so Henry VIII started divorced, so Henry VIII started “the Church of England” – led “the Church of England” – led by…. (you know who).by…. (you know who).

He kept most of the Catholic He kept most of the Catholic ideas in his church, but most ideas in his church, but most people in England were people in England were getting worked up about getting worked up about Protestantism, so there were Protestantism, so there were some problems.some problems.

Henry VIII died – Edward VI Henry VIII died – Edward VI took over.took over.

Protestantism grew.Protestantism grew. After 6 years, Edward VI After 6 years, Edward VI

died.died. His older sister Mary Tudor His older sister Mary Tudor

took over and tried to re-took over and tried to re-instate Roman Catholicism – instate Roman Catholicism – and even burned several and even burned several hundred Protestants at the hundred Protestants at the stake for heresy (she ends stake for heresy (she ends up with the name “Bloody up with the name “Bloody Mary”).Mary”).

Queen Elizabeth I was next.Queen Elizabeth I was next. She combined all three She combined all three

churches and people were a churches and people were a little happier (she didn’t kill little happier (she didn’t kill anyone).anyone).

Priests wore Robes (RC), Priests wore Robes (RC), they were allowed to marry they were allowed to marry (P), services were held in (P), services were held in English (P), altars were English (P), altars were decorated with crucifixes decorated with crucifixes (RC/C of E)(RC/C of E)

Catholics Respond to the Catholics Respond to the ReformationReformation

The Roman Catholic The Roman Catholic Church didn’t just sit Church didn’t just sit around.around.

They had to try and They had to try and do something about do something about the Reformation.the Reformation.

Their movement is Their movement is called the Roman called the Roman catholic Reformation catholic Reformation – led by Pope Paul III.– led by Pope Paul III.

The Council of TrentThe Council of Trent

Pope Paul III and the Pope Paul III and the Catholics decided they Catholics decided they needed a meeting to needed a meeting to discus their discus their doctrinedoctrine (church policy/beliefs).(church policy/beliefs).

This “meeting” lasted for This “meeting” lasted for 18 years (and 5 Popes).18 years (and 5 Popes).

Had 25 meetings total.Had 25 meetings total. They were often They were often

interrupted and many interrupted and many times, they didn’t get too times, they didn’t get too many people to show up.many people to show up.

But they did finally But they did finally address some of the address some of the issues the protestants issues the protestants had brought up.had brought up.

The Council of Trent The Council of Trent decideddecided

The Pope was in charge of the The Pope was in charge of the Church.Church.

Salvation came from faith and good Salvation came from faith and good works.works.

Priests were a special group and Priests were a special group and were forbidden to marry.were forbidden to marry.

The Bible wasn’t the only authority – The Bible wasn’t the only authority – the Church could be too.the Church could be too.

Individuals did not have the right to Individuals did not have the right to interpret the Bible.interpret the Bible.

The Saints and Mary were still to be The Saints and Mary were still to be special in the Church.special in the Church.

Latin was the official language of Latin was the official language of worship, but native languages could worship, but native languages could be used for mass.be used for mass.

Indulgences could no longer be sold.Indulgences could no longer be sold. Seminaries were set up for the Seminaries were set up for the

training of priests.training of priests.

Spreading CatholicismSpreading Catholicism

About the same time as the About the same time as the Council of Trent, Pope Paul III Council of Trent, Pope Paul III gave permission to set up a gave permission to set up a new group of Catholic clergy – new group of Catholic clergy – led by led by Ignatius of LoyolaIgnatius of Loyola..

They called themselves They called themselves Jesuits.Jesuits.

They were to be “soldiers of They were to be “soldiers of the church”, missionaries of the church”, missionaries of the Christian faith, and the Christian faith, and educators of the young.educators of the young.

They were all required to take They were all required to take a special oath of obedience to a special oath of obedience to the pope.the pope.

The nun who did the same The nun who did the same thing: Saint Theresa of Avila.thing: Saint Theresa of Avila.

Her followers lived in isolation, Her followers lived in isolation, praying and meditatingpraying and meditating

During the Middle Ages, the Name of Jesus was written: IHESUS