Section 1: Jefferson Takes Office Standard 8.4.2 Explain the policy significance of famous speeches (e.g., Jefferson’s 1801 Inaugural Address). Chapter

Section 1: Jefferson Takes Office

Standard 8.4.2 Explain the policy significance of famous speeches (e.g., Jefferson’s 1801 Inaugural Address).

Chapter 5 The Era of Thomas Jefferson (1800 - 1815)

Republicans Take Charge

After a bitter election campaign, Thomas Jefferson used his inaugural address to try to bring opposing sides together.

•In the Election of 1800, Jefferson received 73 electoral votes as did Aaron Burr, his running mate.•The House of Representatives took 6 days and 36 votes to finally select Jefferson.•To avoid this situation in the future, Congress passed the 12th Amendment in 1804.


Jefferson Charts a New Course

As President, Thomas Jefferson’s main goal was to limit the federal government’s power over states and citizens.

•Jefferson was the first President to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C., the new capital.•He believed the federal government was too involved in economic affairs, so he implemented a “laissez faire”, or “let alone” policy.•Jefferson fired all tax collectors and cut the number of U.S. diplomats.


Jefferson Charts a New Course

As President, Thomas Jefferson’s main goal was to limit the federal government’s power over states and citizens.

•Jefferson reduced the army by nearly 40%.•He eliminated all federal taxes inside the country.•Jefferson ordered fines refunded to those punished under the Sedition Act.•Those imprisoned under the Sedition Act were released.


The Supreme Court and Judicial Review

The Supreme Court ruling in Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review.

•John Adams appointed Judge William Marbury and other judges in the last hours before he left office.

•The Republicans argued these appointments were aimed at maintaining Federalist power, and Jefferson ordered James Madison to cease work on the appointments.

•Marbury sued Madison, citing the Judiciary Act of 1789.


The Supreme Court and Judicial Review

The Supreme Court ruling in Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review.

•Chief Justice John Marshall spoke for a unanimous Court, ruling the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional.•The Court’s decision established judicial review, the authority of the Supreme Court to strike down unconstitutional laws.


Section 2: The Louisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark

Standard 8.4.1 Describe the country’s physical landscapes, political divisions, and territorial expansion during the terms of the first four presidents.

Standard 8.8.2 Describe the purpose, challenges, and economic incentives associated with westward expansion, including the concept of Manifest Destiny (e.g., the Lewis and Clark expedition).

Standard 8.8.4 Examine the importance of the great rivers and the struggle over water rights.


The Nation Looks West

U.S. leaders worried that France or Spain might close the port of New Orleans to the goods of western farmers.

•By 1800, more than 1 million settlers lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.•Because most westerners were farmers, they relied on the Mississippi to carry their goods to markets in the East.•In 1795, the U.S. had signed the Pinckney Treaty with Spain which guaranteed Americans’ right to ship goods to New Orleans.


The Nation Looks West

U.S. leaders worried that France or Spain might close the port of New Orleans to the goods of western farmers.

•In 1801, Jefferson found out that Spain had given the Louisiana Territory to France.•Jefferson was concerned that France, and Napoleon, would become a power in America.


The Louisiana Purchase

The Louisiana Purchase gave the United States a vast area with untold wealth.

•In 1802, the Spanish governor of Louisiana withdrew the right of Americans to ship their goods through New Orleans.•Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to try to buy New Orleans from France.•A revolution in Haiti, a French colony, eliminated a base for France to wage war with the U.S.•France was on the verge of war with Britain.•Napoleon needed money to support the war effort.


The Louisiana Purchase

The Louisiana Purchase gave the United States a vast area with untold wealth.

•France agreed to sell the U.S. the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million – about 4 cents an acre.•Jefferson did not have the right to buy land according to the Constitution, so he got the Senate to approve a treaty, and Congress quickly voted to pay for the land.•The purchase nearly doubled the size of the U.S.•The U.S. now had control of the Mississippi River and New Orleans.


Lewis and Clark Explore the West

Lewis and Clark brought back valuable information on the area’s people, plants, and animals

•In January 1803, Congress spent $2,500 to pay for a western expedition.

•Goals: Gather information on geography, plants, animals, and other natural

features of the region; make contact with the Native Americans west of the Mississippi; and find out if a waterway existed between the Mississippi and the Pacific

Ocean.




•In the spring of 1804, Lewis and Clark left St. Louis and traveled up the Missouri River.•In October 1804, the expedition was in North Dakota where they met Sacagawea, a Shoshone, who would serve as a translator for the rest of the trip.•After crossing the Rockies in late 1805, Lewis and Clark reached Columbia River.•They finally reached the Pacific Ocean in November 1805.•The return trip took 6 months.




•The southern part of the Louisiana Territory was explored from 1805 to 1807 by a group led by Zebulon Pike.•Pike’s expedition traveled to Colorado and returned through Spanish New Mexico.•The group was arrested by Spanish troops for being spies.•Eventually, they were released and brought back information about the region, which created American interest in settling the area.


Section 3: A Time of Conflict

Standard 8.5.1 Understand the political and economic causes and consequences of the War of 1812.

Standard 8.8.2 Describe the purpose, challenges, and economic incentives associated with westward expansion, including the concept of Manifest Destiny (e.g., accounts of the removal of Indians) and the territorial acquisitions that spanned numerous decades.


Defeating the Barbary States

Threats to American shipping led the U.S. to capture Tripoli, stronghold of the Barbary pirates.

•Trade with Europe was vital to the U.S. economy.•After the American Revolution, pirates began attacking American ships in the Mediterranean.•Barbary pirates expected tribute from countries to pay for protection.•Jefferson stopped paying tribute and sent warships to the Mediterranean to protect merchant ships.


American Neutrality is Challenged

Britain and France interfered with American shipping, increasing tensions between the U.S. and the two European nations.

•By 1803, Britain and France were at war. The U.S. remained neutral.•America profited by selling goods to both countries.•British and French warships began seizing American ships that were trading with the enemy.


American Neutrality is Challenged

Britain and France interfered with American shipping, increasing tensions between the U.S. and the two European nations.

•Between 1803 and 1807, France seized 500 ships and Britain seized more than 1,000.•Britain resumed the practice of impressment forcing thousands of American sailors to serve in the British navy.


Jefferson Responds With an Embargo

The Embargo Act hurt the U.S. far more than it hurt Britain or France.

•In 1807, Congress passed the Embargo Act forbidding foreign trade.•Jefferson thought this move would stop Britain and France from attacking American ships.•The embargo caused exports to fall from $109 million to $25 million in one year.•Tens of thousands of Americans lost their jobs.•Thousands of Americans turned to smuggling to make a living.•Congress repealed the Embargo Act in 1809, reopening trade with every country except Britain and France.


Tecumseh and the Prophet

Native Americans led by Tecumseh resisted white settlement, but suffered a severe setback at the Battle of Tippecanoe.

•After the Battle of Fallen Timbers, tens of thousands of settlers moved westward.•Native Americans were killed by diseases such as measles, smallpox, and influenza.•Settlers cleared forests which eliminated Native American hunting grounds.


Tecumseh and the Prophet

Native Americans led by Tecumseh resisted white settlement, but suffered a severe setback at the Battle of Tippecanoe.

•After 1805, Tecumseh and his brother, Tenskwatawa (the Prophet), organized Western tribes into a league to restore Indian lands.

•The governor of the Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison, marched a thousand soldiers to confront the Shawnees along the Tippecanoe River.

•Harrison defeated the Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe.


Section 4: The War of 1812

Standard 8.5.1 Understand the political and economic causes and consequences of the War of 1812 and know the major battles, leaders, and events that led to a final peace.

Standard 8.5.3 Outline the major treaties with American Indian nations during the administrations of the first four presidents and the varying outcomes of those treaties.


The Move Toward WarLed by the war hawks, Congress declared war on Britain in June 1812.

Henry Clay

•Americans were angry with Britain over two main issues when James Madison took office in 1809:

1. The arming of Native Americans in the Northwest

2. The continued impressment of American sailors•In 1810, Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina became leaders in the House of Representatives.


The Move Toward WarLed by the war hawks, Congress declared war on Britain in June 1812.

John C. Calhoun

•Clay and Calhoun led a group of war hawks who were eager for war with Britain.•Merchants in New England were against the war because they relied on trade with Britain and other European countries.•Strong nationalism, pride in one’s country, led to a declaration of war in June, 1812.


Early Days of the War

During the first year of war, the U.S. struggled to rebuild American military strength weakened by Jefferson’s spending cuts.

•The navy had only 16 warships.•The army had fewer than 7,000 soldiers.•Many officers were poorly trained or too old for combat.•The British set up a blockade of the American coast.


The War in the West and SouthNative Americans suffered severe setbacks during fighting in the West and the South during 1814.

William Henry Harrison

•The Americans failed in an attempt to invade Canada in July, 1812.•The British captured more than 2,000 American soldiers.•In 1813, American forces led by Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British at Detroit, forcing them back into Canada.•The Americans under General William Henry Harrison defeated the British at the Battle of the Thames in Canada.


The War in the West and SouthNative Americans suffered severe setbacks during fighting in the West and the South during 1814.

Andrew Jackson

•Tecumseh was killed in the battle.•In the South, Andrew Jackson defeated the Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in March, 1814.•The treaty forced the Creeks to give up millions of acres of land.


Final BattlesAlthough the War of 1812 had no clear victor, Americans gained new confidence after its end.

Francis Scott Key

•The British attacked Washington, D.C. in August, 1814 and set fire to several government buildings, including the White House.•The British attacked Fort McHenry, which defended the harbor at Baltimore.•Francis Scott Key wrote a poem, after he watched the attack, that he called “The Star-Spangled Banner.”•In 1931, Congress made it our national anthem.


Final BattlesAlthough the War of 1812 had no clear victor, Americans gained new confidence after its end.

Andrew Jackson

•By 1814, Britain had tired of the war.•On December 24, 1814, Britain and the U.S. signed the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war.•In January 1815, American forces under General Andrew Jackson won a stunning victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleans.•The War of 1812 was the “Second War of Independence” to many Americans.


Documents

Section 1: Jefferson Takes Office Standard 8.4.2 Explain the policy significance of famous speeches (e.g., Jefferson’s 1801 Inaugural Address). Chapter