Secretariat of the Pacific Community Final Reportcoastfish.spc.int/Sections/Development/FDSPublications/FDSpresent… · This is the final report to New Zealand under the Pacific

Secretariat of the Pacific Community

Final Report

(1 June 2001 to 30 June 2004)

to

New Zealand

Under

The Pacific Initiative for the Environment Fund

on

Research into more cost effective mooring systems for fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the Pacific region as a means to

limit fishing pressure on inshore marine resources

Secretariat of the Pacific Community July 2005

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SUMMARY The ‘Research into more cost effective mooring systems for fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the Pacific region as a means to limit fishing pressure on inshore marine resources’ or the ‘FAD research project’, commenced in June 2001 and has run for three years, with funding provided by New Zealand under their Pacific Initiative for the Environment (PIE) Fund. The project was implemented in three locations, Niue, and Rarotonga and Aitutaki in the Cook Islands. The specific outputs of this project were to:

• develop a more cost-effective FAD mooring design with a average lifespan of at least two years, while reducing costs to a target unit level of NZD $4500 for deep-water FADs (1,000 m depth) and NZD $3000 for shallow-water FADs (300 m depth);

• conduct studies over the three-year life of the project with selected coastal communities, especially in areas where reef and/or lagoon marine protected areas (MPAs) have been declared and FADs deployed, to try to measure any benefits accruing to the communities and the usefulness of FADs as a management tool;

• collect catch and effort data from fishermen involved in FAD fishing (by fishing technique), and conduct a cost-benefit analysis of the data to estimate the benefits or otherwise to the use of FADs; and

• produce a technical manual and other literature, reports and articles to document the findings of the project, with the technical manual covering the new and recommended design for FADs based on the results of the project.

Fifteen FADs were deployed initially in early 2002, eight off Niue, four off Rarotonga and three off Aitutaki, using different buoy and mooring systems. Early losses ruled out the continued use of wire cable and polypropylene rope with counterweights. Three replacement FADs were deployed in mid-2003, one at each location, with another two deployed off Niue in mid 2004 following the loss of four FADs as a result of cyclone Heta. Overall, two FAD designs are proving to meet the two-year average lifespan, being the use of 20 mm nylon three-strand rope or 20 mm three-strand lead-core polypropylene rope in the upper mooring. The use of alternate purse seine floats and 20 kg lift pressure floats on 28 mm nylon rope and nylite rope correctors is proving to be the most affective buoy system. The cost of the project FADs are also fitting within the target amounts of NZD $4500 for deep-water FADs (1,000 m depth) and NZD $3000 for shallow-water FADs (300 m depth). The costing of project FADs includes materials, freight to get the materials to the project locations and the cost of the mooring block (2 t concrete block). Deployment costs were not included as these varied greatly from one location to another. Overall, the project shallow water FADs have averaged NZD $3,093 each, while the deeper water FADs have averaged out at NZD $4,472 for the initial units, and NZD $4,183 for the replacement FADs. Community surveys were conducted three times in each location, one year apart. Over 600 households were interviewed between the locations, with 479 households (111 on Niue, 200 on Aitutaki and 168 on Rarotonga) being interviewed on all three occasions. A further 74 households were interviewed on two occasions. In assessing the data in regard to benefits accruing to the communities surveyed from having FADs adjacent to their villages, it appears to be in two forms, direct and flow-on. The main beneficiaries are the local fishermen with canoes and boats who get a direct benefit. The FADs increased the fishing areas for these people, plus increased catches. Canoe fishermen benefited if the FAD was close enough to shore for them to get to safely, which was the case in Niue. Boat fishermen were able to fish both offshore and inshore FADs and increase their catches while reducing their operating costs (use less fuel). They were also able to travel along the cost to the FADs off different villages, where canoe fishermen were restricted to the FAD adjacent to their village. In most cases, fishermen would keep what they needed from the catch, and sell the surplus. The flow-on benefits were in the form of fish being distributed by the fishermen to family, relatives and friends, especially when good catches were taken, in many instances, from around the FADs. An analysis of the sex disaggregated data collected during the community surveys was also undertaken. The data revealed that women (mothers, daughters and other female family members) were mainly involved in reef fishing and reef gleaning in all three locations. However, males (fathers, sons and other male family

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members) conducted the majority of fishing activities, especially fishing outside the reef in canoes or boats. The split of fishing effort varied between the three locations, with gillnetting a main method used in Aitutaki where they have a large lagoon. Off Niue, baitfishing from canoes was a traditional fishing method that many men were involved in. A catch and effort data collection system was implemented in March/April 2002 in each project location. Fishermen were asked to complete a logbook that covered their fishing activities by method used. Some fishermen in Niue and Rarotonga provided excellent data from the start, however, it was difficult to get a lot of fishermen to do this consistently. Over 3000 logsheets were completed, which showed a marked season for trolling wahoo in open water along the reef (August to October), while catches from FADs was spread more throughout the year. Trolling was the main fishing method, with mid-water fishing methods used around the FADs from time to time. To conduct a cost benefit analysis in regard to the use of FADs, a dollar value was given to the catch by species based on the average price fishermen received in 2003 and 2004. The Niue catch from FADs was 27,468 kg of fish over the project, which had a value of NZD $153,988. The open water trolling catch for Niue amounted to 25,714 kg of fish with a value of NZD $169,359. The Rarotonga catch from the FADs was much higher than Niue, at 39,188 kg with a value of NZD $230,302. In contrast, the catch from open water trolling was much lower than Niue at 15,609 kg, with a value of NZD $99,035. In addition, the catch is estimated to be around one-third of the actual catch, which would increase the value of the catch by a factor of three. The cost of all FAD materials provided to Niue came to NZD $91,007. This covered the cost of eight FADs originally, with three replacement FADs deployed. There are still materials available in Niue for another three FADs. The cost of the materials for Rarotonga came to NZD $90,480. In the case of Rarotonga, four FADs were deployed initially, with one replacement FAD deployed in 2003. In addition, three FADs were initially deployed off Aitutaki with one replacement in 2003. There are still enough materials in Rarotonga for another three FADs. In both Niue and Rarotonga, the value of the catch far exceeded the cost of the materials, especially with there still being materials on hand for three replacement FADs at each location. In looking at the overall catch, FADs are a major contributor to the success of small-scale fishing operations in both locations. The social good that these provide for local communities is also very important, as there are many subsistence and recreational fishermen that use the FADs to catch fish for their families or for their sport or pleasure. Fish taken by the commercial or part-time fishermen are available for sale, although the market is limited on Niue and restricts the amount of fishing and the catch taken at some times of the year. Based on the data collected by the project, there is no question that the benefits to local small-scale fishermen and local communities far out weighs the cost of the FAD materials, and ongoing FAD programmes should be continued by government as a way to support the local communities and the small-scale fishing sector. The FAD research project has been widely publicised with results placed in the SPC Fisheries Newsletter on a quarterly basis. Two major articles were put in the Newsletter with the results at the end of the second year of the project. The final results from this project were also placed in the Fisheries Newsletter in 2005 over two issues. A technical manual with the recommended FAD designs to use as a result of this project was also completed in mid 2005 and distributed widely in the region.

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CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. OBJECTIVES, OUTPUTS AND OUTCOMES 1

3. RESULTS OBTAINED BY THE PROJECT 2 3.1 Data collection and analysis 2

3.1.1 Surveys of coastal communities 2 3.1.2 Gender analysis of fishing activities 12 3.1.3 Catch and effort data collection 21 3.1.4 Cost benefit analysis 24 3.1.5 Aggregator types and effectiveness 27 3.1.6 Maintenance of the FADs 30

3.2 FAD designs and site surveys 32

3.2.1 Site surveys 32 3.2.2 Original FAD designs, deployments and results 33 3.2.3 Replacement FAD designs, deployments and results 38 3.2.4 Costing of the project FADs 39

3.3 Dissemination of information 41 4. FINANCIAL STATEMENT 42 Attachments A. Coastal community survey sheet (Niue and the Cook Islands) for

the FAD research project 43 B. Daily FAD fishing logsheet for Niue and the Cook Islands 53 C. Summary of all catch and effort data by fishing method, location and month 55 D. Aggregator maintenance sheet 63 E. FAD maintenance sheet 65 F. Summary of FAD designs and materials used in the initial 15 riggings and deployments 67 G. Summary of designs and materials used in five replacement FADs 71 H. Summary of costs per FAD, including maintenance, for Niue 73 I. Summary of costs per FAD, including maintenance, for the Cook Islands (Rarotonga and Aitutaki) 97 J. Summary of costs, including maintenance, for each replacement FAD 119 K. Articles extracted from Fisheries Newsletters No. 105, 106 and 112 135 L. Statements of income and expenditure 161

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1. INTRODUCTION This is the final report to New Zealand under the Pacific Initiative for the Environment (PIE) Fund for the project ‘Research into more cost effective mooring systems for fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the Pacific region as a means to limit fishing pressure on inshore marine resources’ or the ‘FAD research project’ for short. The funding was agreed to by New Zealand in May 2001, following the successful submission of a funding proposal under the PIE funding. The project commenced in June 2001, once the funding was received and staff at SPC were available to implement the many components of the work. The project was implemented in three locations, Niue, and Rarotonga and Aitutaki in the Cook Islands. This report covers the period 1 June 2001 to 30 June 2004, or the full three-year period of the project. The project involved three SPC staff members in different aspects of the fieldwork undertaken. In Niue, all the staff of the Fisheries Department (three staff) plus the part-time staff person employed under the project and the skipper and crew of the deployment vessel have been involved in the project, assisting with the implementation of different components. In the Cook Islands, ten staff of the Fisheries Department have been involved in different components of the work, plus the skipper and crew of the different deployment vessels used. The in-country support for this project has been outstanding with everyone, including the Fisheries Staff, the staff of other government departments, local commercial fishermen and sportsfishermen, and the communities being surveyed, being cooperative and helpful. The project was well advertised in each location, and there were good turnouts at all public and/or fishermen’s meetings. The only limiting factor has been the level of catch and effort returns (fishing logsheets) being received, although this improved slowly over the duration of the project in Niue and Rarotonga. It is anticipated that the catch and effort programme will continue in Niue and Rarotonga, with the support of the Fisheries Department in each location. 2. OBJECTIVES, OUTPUTS AND OUTCOMES There are many components to this project, with the overall objective being to: Effectively and efficiently manage and implement the New Zealand funded fish aggregating device (FAD) research project in Niue and the Cook Islands, to achieve the aims or outputs within budget and planned three-year time frame. The more specific outputs of this project are to: 1. Develop a more cost-effective FAD mooring design with a average lifespan of at least two years, while

reducing costs to a target unit level of NZD $4500 for deep-water FADs (1,000 m depth) and NZD $3000 for shallow-water FADs (300 m depth);

2. Conduct studies over the three-year life of the project with selected coastal communities, especially in

areas where reef and/or lagoon marine protected areas (MPAs) have been declared and FADs deployed, to try to measure any benefits accruing to the communities and the usefulness of FADs as a management tool;

3. Collect catch and effort data from fishermen involved in FAD fishing (by fishing technique), and

conduct a cost-benefit analysis of the data to estimate the benefits or otherwise to the use of FADs; and 4. Produce a technical manual and other literature, reports and articles to document the findings of the

project, with the technical manual covering the new and recommended design for FADs based on the results of the project.

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The expected outcomes from this project are as follows, and cover two possible scenarios. A. If the experiment results in a demonstrably better FAD design: 1. The validation of a positive tool to provide alternative livelihoods to those displaced by reef fisheries

management or conservation activities; 2. Much better prospects for local sustainability of existing FAD programmes in all Pacific Island

countries, by providing justification for government, or other, investment in FADs; 3. Better prospects for improved, or maintained, local protein nutrition despite reduced or capped effort in

reef fisheries; 4. (If no export outlet available) maintained prospects for income-earning by small-scale fishermen in the

face of increased population pressure, or (if export outlet available) increased prospects for income earning by small-scale fishermen from export of high-quality tuna caught by small boats; and

5. Improved safety at sea, since small boats do not have to search so widely and, for the same reason,

lowered fuel usage and reduced costs. B. If the experiment does NOT result in a better FAD design: 1. Justification for governments to halt investment in existing FAD programmes and divert resources into

possibly more effective management or development strategies. 3. RESULTS OBTAINED BY THE PROJECT For ease of reporting, the outputs have been grouped under three headings, data collection and analysis, FAD design, construction and deployment, and reports and the dissemination of results and information.

Output 1.1 Data collection and analysis in: • surveys of coastal communities; • catch and effort logbook system; • aggregator types and effectiveness; • maintenance of FADs; and • other data as deemed necessary.

3.1 Data collection and analysis All of the outputs were completed under this area during the three-year period of the project as follows: 3.1.1 Surveys of coastal communities A coastal community survey questionnaire (Attachment A) was developed by SPC in consultation with the Fisheries Departments in both Niue and the Cook Islands in 2001. The first community surveys were completed in Niue in December 2001, and in the Cook Islands in March 2002, with the assistance of Fisheries Department staff in each location. Table 1 summarises this data and this was covered in the first progress report on this project.

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Table 1: Summary of data collected during the first community surveys (December 2001 in Niue and March 2002 in the Cook Islands)

Island Village Number of h/holds covered

Number of

people covered

People per

h/hold

H/holds fishing

Percent of

h/holds fishing

Number of

canoes

Number of boats

Number of

h/holds fishing outside

reef

Percent of


reef

Number of

h/holds fishing FADs

Percent of


Niue Alofi North 27 100 3.7 23 85.2% 17 15 15 55.6% 15 55.6%Niue Avatele 27 106 3.9 21 77.8% 29 13 19 70.4% 8 29.6%Niue Hikutavake 12 37 3.1 7 58.3% 6 0 3 25.0% 2 16.7%Niue Lakepa 22 84 3.8 15 68.2% 7 2 6 27.3% 3 13.6%Niue Makefu 20 75 3.8 15 75.0% 12 2 8 40.0% 2 10.0%Niue Namakulu 7 9 1.3 4 57.1% 2 1 2 28.6% 2 28.6%Niue Selected fishermen 4 21 5.3 4 100.0% 4 7 4 100.0% 4 100.0%Niue Tuapa 24 75 3.1 23 95.8% 18 6 12 50.0% 10 41.7% Vaiea 11 60 5.5 10 90.9% 6 3 7 63.6% 6 54.5%

Sub-total 154 567 3.7 122 79.2% 101 49 76 49.4% 52 33.8%

Aitutaki Amuri 54 214 4.0 38 70.4% 28 14 10 18.5% 6 11.1%Aitutaki Arutanga and Araura 27 120 4.4 14 51.9% 4 11 4 14.8% 3 11.1%Aitutaki Nikaupara 34 143 4.2 26 76.5% 7 21 10 29.4% 8 23.5%Aitutaki Reureu 27 125 4.6 15 55.6% 7 7 3 11.1% 2 7.4%Aitutaki Ureia 24 95 4.0 17 70.8% 10 10 8 33.3% 6 25.0%Aitutaki Vaipae and Vaipeka 80 375 4.7 53 66.3% 22 26 12 15.0% 11 13.8%

Sub-total 246 1072 4.4 163 66.3% 78 89 47 19.1% 36 14.6%

Rarotonga Aroko and Avana 23 76 3.3 14 60.9% 0 2 0 0.0% 0 0.0%Rarotonga Matavera 25 93 3.7 10 40.0% 0 4 2 8.0% 2 8.0%Rarotonga Pokoinu to Nikao 77 339 4.4 33 42.9% 2 10 6 7.8% 4 5.2%Rarotonga Rutaki and Aroa 43 174 4.0 24 55.8% 2 3 1 2.3% 1 2.3%Rarotonga Selected fishermen 19 85 4.5 19 100.0% 5 21 19 100.0% 19 100.0%Rarotonga Titikaveka 34 136 4.0 16 47.1% 8 5 4 11.8% 4 11.8%

Sub-total 221 903 4.1 116 52.5% 17 45 32 14.5% 30 13.6%

Total 621 2542 4.1 401 64.6% 196 183 155 25.0% 118 19.0% The second community surveys were conducted in Niue in March 2003, with Mr Jay Jay Talagi from the Fisheries Department (also partly funded by the project), assisting with this work. The surveys were conducted in the Cook Islands in May 2003, with the assistance of Ms Tuaine Turua (both in Rarotonga and Aitutaki) from the Fisheries Department, with several other fisheries staff assisting from time to time in each location. Table 2 summarises the data from the second survey and this was covered in the second progress report on this project.

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Table 2: Summary of data collected during the second community surveys (March 2003 in Niue and May 2003 in the Cook Islands)


Number of

people covered

People per

h/hold

H/holds fishing

Percent of

h/holds fishing

Number of

canoes

Number of boats

Number of


reef

Percent of


reef

Number of


Percent of


Niue Alofi North 26 76 2.9 15 57.7% 10 7 7 26.9% 7 26.9%Niue Avatele 28 89 3.2 21 75.0% 24 12 15 53.6% 11 39.3%Niue Hikutavake 14 36 2.6 9 64.3% 8 1 4 28.6% 2 14.3%Niue Lakepa 22 76 3.5 18 81.8% 7 3 4 18.2% 2 9.1%Niue Makefu 21 63 3.0 16 76.2% 14 2 7 33.3% 4 19.0%Niue Namakulu 8 6 0.8 3 37.5% 2 0 1 12.5% 1 12.5%Niue Selected fishermen 4 23 5.8 4 100.0% 9 8 4 100.0% 4 100.0%Niue Tuapa 28 59 2.1 13 46.4% 8 2 8 28.6% 7 25.0% Vaiea 11 55 5.0 10 90.9% 5 6 7 63.6% 7 63.6%

Sub-total 162 483 3.0 109 67.3% 87 41 57 35.2% 45 27.8%


Sub-total 247 912 3.7 170 68.8% 61 87 54 21.9% 34 13.8%


Sub-total 221 786 3.6 99 44.8% 3 36 25 11.3% 22 10.0%

Total 630 2181 3.5 378 60.0% 151 164 136 21.6% 101 16.0% The third community surveys were conducted in the Cook Islands in June 2004, with the assistance of Mr Ngametua Tangatakino in Rarotonga and Mr Richard Henry in Aitutaki, with several other fisheries staff assisting from time to time in each location. The surveys were conducted in Niue in July 2004, with Mr Jay Jay Talagi from the Fisheries Department (also partly funded by the project), assisting in this work. Table 3 summarises the data from the third survey.

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Table 3: Summary of data collected during the third community surveys (June 2004 in the Cook Islands and July 2004 in Niue)


Number of

people covered

People per

h/hold

H/holds fishing

Percent of

h/holds fishing

Number of

canoes

Number of boats

Number of


reef

Percent of


reef

Number of


Percent of


Niue Alofi North 27 86 3.2 16 59.3% 8 7 6 37.5% 6 37.5%Niue Avatele 28 98 3.5 22 78.6% 24 9 14 63.6% 11 50.0%Niue Hikutavake 14 33 2.4 9 64.3% 4 0 4 44.4% 3 33.3%Niue Lakepa 22 68 3.1 15 68.2% 3 3 2 13.3% 2 13.3%Niue Makefu 21 56 2.7 13 61.9% 6 1 5 38.5% 5 38.5%Niue Namakulu 8 8 1.0 3 37.5% 1 0 1 33.3% 1 33.3%Niue Selected fishermen 4 16 4.0 3 75.0% 3 5 3 100.0% 3 100.0%Niue Tuapa 28 49 1.8 12 42.9% 3 1 2 16.7% 2 16.7%Niue Vaiea 11 54 4.9 5 45.5% 4 3 3 60.0% 3 60.0%

Sub-total 163 468 2.9 98 60.1% 56 29 40 40.8% 36 36.7%


Sub-total 247 940 3.8 147 59.5% 56 66 42 28.6% 26 17.7%


Sub-total 221 818 3.7 113 50.7% 10 34 23 20.4% 20 17.7%

Total 633 2226 3.5 358 56.6% 122 129 105 29.3% 82 22.9%

The same survey form (Appendix A) was used for all three surveys, and where possible, the same person interviewed from each household. This made the survey process long, as the same households needed to be found and in places such as Rarotonga, where many households have both parents working, it was difficult to catch a parent at home. This lead to many of the surveys being conducted in the evenings or on the weekend. Care is needed when looking at the data in Tables 2 and 3, as the number of households covered is higher than the actual number of households surveyed, which is misleading and alters other figures in the table such as boat and canoe numbers. Table 4 breaks down this figure into the number of households that were interviewed, and those that were not available for a variety of reasons. The main reasons being that the households were: on holidays, had departed permanently, had moved out of the survey area, and the combining of families. In several cases it was discovered that the same household had been surveyed twice, with different family members having been interviewed during the first survey.

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Table 4: Summary of the households surveyed to identify the number of households that were interviewed once, twice and three times in each location


(first survey)

Number of h/holds covered

(second survey)

Number of h/holds covered

(third survey)

Number of new h/holds

surveyed three times

Number of new h/holds

surveyed twice

Number of h/holds

surveyed once

Niue Alofi North 27 26 27 19 5 3 Niue Avatele 27 28 28 24 1 3 Niue Hikutavake 12 14 14 9 3 2 Niue Lakepa 22 22 22 19 2 1 Niue Makefu 20 21 21 15 2 4 Niue Namakulu 7 8 8 3 3 2 Niue Selected fishermen 4 4 4 3 1 0 Niue Tuapa 24 28 28 12 5 11 Niue Vaiea 11 11 11 7 4 0

Sub-total 154 162 163 111 26 26

Aitutaki Amuri 54 54 54 39 7 8 Aitutaki Arutanga and Araura 27 27 27 20 3 4 Aitutaki Nikaupara 34 35 35 29 1 5 Aitutaki Reureu 27 27 27 25 0 2 Aitutaki Ureia 24 24 24 22 2 0 Aitutaki Vaipae and Vaipeka 80 80 80 65 6 9

Sub-total 246 247 247 200 19 28

Rarotonga Aroko and Avana 23 24 24 15 2 7 Rarotonga Matavera 25 25 25 18 5 2 Rarotonga Pokoinu to Nikao 77 77 77 56 13 8 Rarotonga Rutaki and Aroa 43 43 43 36 4 3 Rarotonga Selected fishermen 19 19 19 19 0 0 Rarotonga Titikaveka 34 33 33 24 5 4

Sub-total 221 221 221 168 29 24

Total 621 630 631 479 74 78 As can be seen from Table 4, a total of 631 households were covered during the third surveys, 163 on Niue, 247 on Aitutaki and 221 on Rarotonga. However, as with the second survey, many households were not located for interview for a range of reasons. In some cases, where households had moved to another area, these were located and interviewed. It should be noted that during the second survey, additional households were surveyed to increase the numbers for future surveys. Tables 5, 6 and 7 compare the data collected by area for the households that were surveyed on all three occasions, 111 on Niue, 200 on Aitutaki and 168 on Rarotonga. Tables 8, 9 and 10 compare the data collected by area for households that were surveyed on two occasions (surveys 1 and 2, or 1 and 3, or 2 and 3), 26 on Niue, 19 on Aitutaki and 29 on Rarotonga. This left 78 households that were only surveyed once, 26 on Niue, 28 on Aitutaki and 24 on Rarotonga, with this data not used in any of the comparative assessments below.

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Table 5: Comparison of the community survey data for households that were surveyed three times on Niue Island Village Number

of h/holds

surveyed

Number of

people covered

People per

h/hold

H/holds fishing

Percent of

h/holds fishing

Number of

canoes

Number of boats

Number of h/holds

fishing outside

reef

Percent of


reef

Number of


Percent of


Niue-1 Alofi North 19 71 3.7 16 84.2% 12 9 9 56.3% 9 56.3%Niue-1 Avatele 24 99 4.1 19 79.2% 25 12 17 89.5% 7 36.8%Niue-1 Hikutavake 9 30 3.3 6 66.7% 5 0 2 33.3% 1 16.7%Niue-1 Lakepa 19 77 4.1 13 68.4% 7 2 6 46.2% 3 23.1%Niue-1 Makefu 15 64 4.3 13 86.7% 10 2 7 53.8% 2 15.4%Niue-1 Namakulu 3 4 1.3 2 66.7% 1 0 1 50.0% 1 50.0%Niue-1 Selected fishermen 3 18 6.0 3 100.0% 4 5 3 100.0% 3 100.0%Niue-1 Tuapa 12 43 3.6 12 100.0% 10 1 6 50.0% 6 50.0%Niue-1 Vaiea 7 37 5.3 6 85.7% 4 0 4 66.7% 3 50.0%

111 443 4.0 90 81.1% 78 31 55 61.1% 35 38.9%


111 420 3.8 91 82.0% 75 32 46 50.5% 35 38.5%


111 428 3.9 87 78.4% 53 28 37 42.5% 34 39.1% On Niue (Table 5) the number of households fishing has stayed roughly constant (survey 1: 90, survey2: 91 and survey 3: 87) for the 111 households that were surveyed three times. However, there was a change in the fishing activities by village as cyclone Heta caused extensive damage to some reef areas, and people did not want to fish in these locations. Overall the high percentage of households fishing (roughly 80%) is attributed to the subsistence needs of the community as there are few job opportunities available. In contrast, the number of households fishing outside the reef dropped significantly from 55 (61.1%) in the first survey, to 46 (50.5%) in the second survey, to 37 (42.5%) in the third survey. A possible explanation for this is the limited market on Niue for fishermen to sell their catch, which results in fewer fishermen fishing outside the reef. Additionally, the problems caused by cyclone Heta and the loss of the crane on the wharf greatly restricted the ability of fishermen to launch and retrieve their vessels, so fishing from boats was restricted, especially in the first four months of 2004. The number of canoes has also reduced significantly in the last survey (78 to 75 to 53), mainly as a result of cyclone Heta, which washed some away, while damaging others. The number of boats has also dropped slightly (31 to 32 to 28) over the survey period. The use of FADs has remained fairly constant over the

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survey period (34 households or around 39%), even though most of the offshore FADs were lost during cyclone Heta. Fishermen concentrated on using the inshore FADs, fishing from both canoes and boats. Table 6: Comparison of the community survey data for households that were surveyed three times on Aitutaki

Island Village Number of

h/holds surveyed

Number of

people covered

People per

h/hold

H/holds fishing

Percent of

h/holds fishing

Number of

canoes

Number of boats

Number of


reef

Percent of


reef

Number of


Percent of


Aitutaki-1 Amuri 39 169 4.3 25 64.1% 20 10 8 32.0% 5 20.0% Aitutaki-1 Arutanga 20 97 4.9 11 55.0% 4 9 3 27.3% 3 27.3% Aitutaki-1 Nikaupara 29 129 4.4 22 75.9% 5 20 9 40.9% 8 36.4% Aitutaki-1 Reureu 25 117 4.7 14 56.0% 7 6 2 14.3% 1 7.1% Aitutaki-1 Ureia 22 92 4.2 16 72.7% 9 10 8 50.0% 6 37.5% Aitutaki-1 Vaipae and Vaipeka 65 310 4.8 44 67.7% 19 21 10 22.7% 9 20.5%

200 914 4.6 132 66.0% 64 76 40 30.3% 32 24.2%

Aitutaki-2 Amuri 39 163 4.2 34 87.2% 21 17 14 41.2% 9 26.5% Aitutaki-2 Arutanga and Araura 20 85 4.3 17 85.0% 8 9 4 23.5% 3 17.6% Aitutaki-2 Nikaupura 29 136 4.7 26 89.7% 8 19 9 34.6% 7 26.9% Aitutaki-2 Reureu 25 107 4.3 19 76.0% 2 8 5 26.3% 2 10.5% Aitutaki-2 Ureia 22 93 4.2 20 90.9% 6 12 11 55.0% 7 35.0% Aitutaki-2 Vaipae and Vaipeka 65 300 4.6 49 75.4% 15 19 11 22.4% 6 12.2%

200 884 4.4 165 82.5% 60 84 54 32.7% 34 20.6%

Aitutaki-3 Amuri 39 158 4.1 31 79.5% 15 11 11 35.5% 6 19.4% Aitutaki-3 Arutanga and Araura 20 84 4.2 12 60.0% 3 9 4 33.3% 3 25.0% Aitutaki-3 Nikaupura 29 136 4.7 21 72.4% 10 12 6 28.6% 5 23.8% Aitutaki-3 Reureu 25 107 4.3 16 64.0% 3 7 4 25.0% 3 18.8% Aitutaki-3 Ureia 22 95 4.3 17 77.3% 6 5 7 41.2% 4 23.5% Aitutaki-3 Vaipae and Vaipeka 65 328 5.0 45 69.2% 16 21 8 17.8% 5 11.1%

200 908 4.5 142 71.0% 53 65 40 28.2% 26 18.3% On Aitutaki, (Table 6) the number of households involved in fishing increased from 132 (66%) in the first survey, to 165 (82.5%) in the second survey, and dropped back to 142 (71%) in the third survey. This increase from the first to second survey was mainly in subsistence fishing, with collecting on the reef and gillnetting activities increasing. The decline in fishing activities from the second to third survey was more general and included collecting on the reef, gillnetting and fishing outside the reef. Limited markets for selling fish on Aitutaki and a small increase in the incidence of ciguatera, including some parrotfish species, may also have attributed to the decline in fishing activities. The number of canoes has continued to drop over the survey period (64 to 60 to 53) as people move more towards the use of boats, especially in the lagoon. Overall boat numbers also dropped (76 to 84 to 65) and this is partly attributed to an over estimate during the first two surveys where several people or households were recorded as having a boat, when in fact they used the same boat either together or at different times. However, there was still a drop in boat numbers as some older boats were not being used anymore. The number of households fishing outside the reef also dropped back in the third survey to 40, the same as in the first survey. The increase in the second survey (to 54 households) was partly attributed to the same over estimate of boat numbers, where several households were recorded separately as fishing outside the reef , when in fact they were fishing together. Fishing activities around FADs dropped a little overall (32 to 34 to 26) as the number of fishermen dropped slightly, or they changed to fishing in the lagoon or close to the reef. Limited markets for fish locally at times, especially tunas, also attributed to the small drop in FAD fishing activities.

9

Table 7: Comparison of the community survey data for households that were surveyed three times on Rarotonga


h/holds surveyed

Number of

people covered

People per

h/hold

H/holds fishing

Percent of

h/holds fishing

Number of

canoes

Number of boats

Number of


reef

Percent of


reef

Number of


Percent of


Rarotonga-1 Aroko and Avana 15 57 3.8 11 73.3% 0 1 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Rarotonga-1 Matavera 18 62 3.4 10 55.6% 0 4 2 20.0% 2 20.0% Rarotonga-1 Pokoinu to Nikao 56 250 4.5 30 53.6% 2 9 6 20.0% 4 13.3% Rarotonga-1 Rutaki and Aroa 36 161 4.5 23 63.9% 2 2 1 4.3% 1 4.3% Rarotonga-1 Selected fishermen 19 85 4.5 19 100.0% 5 21 19 100.0% 19 100.0% Rarotonga-1 Titikaveka 24 104 4.3 12 50.0% 8 4 3 25.0% 3 25.0%

168 719 4.3 105 62.5% 17 41 31 29.5% 29 27.6%


168 765 4.6 96 57.1% 4 37 25 26.0% 22 22.9%


168 742 4.4 103 61.3% 8 34 23 22.3% 20 19.4% On Rarotonga (Table 7), the number of households involved in fishing has fluctuated over the three surveys from 105 (62.5%) in the first survey, dropping to 96 (57.1%) in the second survey, and increasing again to 103 (61.3%) in the third survey. This partially reflects the ability of people to find work, and in many cases, households have both parents working. As several households put it, they now fish at the market with ‘20 dollar bills’ and not hook and lines or nets. However, the increase in the number of households fishing in the third survey is a little misleading and was attributed to the opening of several Raui (local marine protected areas), which allowed households who normally did not fish, to fish or collect once or twice in an area that had been closed for several years. In looking more closely at the Rarotonga data, the numbers of canoes and boats has dropped, from 17 and 41 in the first survey to 4 and 37 respectively in the second survey, and were recorded at 8 and 34 in the third survey. In line with this trend, the numbers of households fishing outside the reef has dropped from 31 (29.5%) to 25 (26%) to 23 (22.3%), and the number of fishermen going to the FADs has also dropped from 29 (27.6%) to 22 (22.9%) to 20 (19.4%). The main reason for this is the shrinking market for fishermen to sell their fish, and the competition between fishermen for the existing markets. Rarotonga has a developing tuna longline fishery, which has only really developed in the last three years. As this fishery developed, a lot of byproduct and non-export quality target species have been marketed locally, with around 100 t sold on the domestic market in 2002 and 200 t in 2003. This has greatly affected the small-scale fishermen, who are finding it difficult to market their catch in opposition to the longline fishermen. This has lead to several fishermen taking employment on shore and ceasing their fishing operation to overcome the marketing problem. The comparative data presented in tables 8, 9, and 10 is more difficult to interpret, as there is a mix of pairing between surveys one and two, one and three, and surveys two and three. The numbers are also low,

10

so it is difficult to pick any trends in the data. In looking at the different pairing, it would appear that the same basic trends as reported above for tables 5, 6 and 7 hold true for these tables. Table 8: Comparison of the community survey data for households that were surveyed twice on Niue


h/holds surveyed

Number of

people covered

People per

h/hold

H/holds fishing

Percent of

h/holds fishing

Number of

canoes

Number of boats

Number of


reef

Percent of


reef

Number of


Percent of


Niue-1 Alofi North 5 16 3.2 5 100.0% 4 3 4 80.0% 4 80.0% Niue-1 Hikutavake 1 4 4.0 1 100.0% 1 0 1 100.0% 1 100.0% Niue-1 Lakepa 2 6 3.0 1 50.0% 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Niue-1 Makefu 2 5 2.5 2 100.0% 2 0 1 50.0% 0 0.0% Niue-1 Namakulu 2 2 1.0 0 0.0% 0 0 0 0 Niue-1 Selected fishermen 1 3 3.0 1 100.0% 0 2 1 100.0% 1 100.0% Niue-1 Tuapa 4 10 2.5 4 100.0% 2 3 1 25.0% 1 25.0% Niue-1 Vaiea 4 23 5.8 4 100.0% 2 3 3 75.0% 3 75.0%

21 69 3.3 18 85.7% 11 11 11 61.1% 10 55.6%

Niue-2 Alofi North 1 2 2.0 0 0.0% 0 0 0 0 Niue-2 Avatele 1 3 3.0 1 100.0% 1 1 1 100.0% 1 100.0% Niue-2 Hikutavake 3 8 2.7 3 100.0% 4 1 2 66.7% 1 33.3% Niue-2 Lakepa 2 5 2.5 2 100.0% 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Niue-2 Makefu 1 1 1.0 1 100.0% 1 0 1 100.0% 1 100.0% Niue-2 Namakulu 3 4 1.3 2 66.7% 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Niue-2 Selected fishermen 1 5 5.0 1 100.0% 0 2 1 100.0% 1 100.0% Niue-2 Tuapa 3 8 2.7 3 100.0% 1 2 2 66.7% 2 66.7% Niue-2 Vaiea 3 15 5.0 3 100.0% 1 3 3 100.0% 3 100.0%

18 51 2.8 16 88.9% 8 9 10 62.5% 9 56.3%

Niue-3 Alofi North 4 14 3.5 3 75.0% 1 1 1 33.3% 1 33.3% Niue-3 Avatele 1 3 3.0 1 100.0% 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Niue-3 Hikutavake 2 5 2.5 2 100.0% 1 0 1 50.0% 0 0.0% Niue-3 Makefu 1 3 3.0 1 100.0% 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Niue-3 Namakulu 1 3 3.0 1 100.0% 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Niue-3 Tuapa 3 4 1.3 2 66.7% 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Niue-3 Vaiea 1 8 8.0 1 100.0% 1 0 1 100.0% 1 100.0%

13 40 3.1 11 84.6% 3 1 3 27.3% 2 18.2%

11

Table 9: Comparison of the community survey data for households that were surveyed twice on Aitutaki


h/holds surveyed

Number of

people covered

People per

h/hold

H/holds fishing

Percent of

h/holds fishing

Number of

canoes

Number of boats

Number of


reef

Percent of


reef

Number of


Percent of


Aitutaki-1 Amuri 7 20 2.9 7 100.0% 7 3 2 28.6% 1 14.3% Aitutaki-1 Arutanga 3 7 2.3 1 33.3% 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Aitutaki-1 Ureia 2 3 1.5 1 50.0% 1 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Aitutaki-1 Vaipae and Vaipeka 6 21 3.5 2 33.3% 0 1 1 50.0% 1 50.0%

18 51 2.8 11 61.1% 8 4 3 27.3% 2 18.2%

Aitutaki-2 Amuri 4 12 3.0 3 75.0% 1 2 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Aitutaki-2 Arutanga and Araura 2 4 2.0 0 0.0% 0 0 0 0 Aitutaki-2 Nikaupura 1 4 4.0 1 100.0% 0 1 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Aitutaki-2 Ureia 2 2 1.0 1 50.0% 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Aitutaki-2 Vaipae and Vaipeka 3 6 2.0 0 0.0% 0 0 0 0

12 28 2.3 5 41.7% 1 3 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Aitutaki-3 Amuri 3 9 3.0 2 66.7% 2 0 1 50.0% 0 0.0% Aitutaki-3 Arutanga and Araura 1 5 5.0 1 100.0% 1 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Aitutaki-3 Nikaupura 1 4 4.0 1 100.0% 0 1 1 100.0% 0 0.0% Aitutaki-3 Vaipae and Vaipeka 3 14 4.7 1 33.3% 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

8 32 4.0 5 62.5% 3 1 2 40.0% 0 0.0% Table 10: Comparison of the community survey data for households that were surveyed twice on Rarotonga


h/holds surveyed

Number of

people covered

People per

h/hold

H/holds fishing

Percent of

h/holds fishing

Number of

canoes

Number of boats

Number of


reef

Percent of


reef

Number of


Percent of


Rarotonga-1 Aroko and Avana 2 4 2.0 1 50.0% 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Rarotonga-1 Matavera 5 17 3.4 0 0.0% 0 0 0 0 Rarotonga-1 Pokoinu to Nikao 13 56 4.3 2 15.4% 0 1 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Rarotonga-1 Rutaki and Aroa 4 7 1.8 1 25.0% 0 1 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Rarotonga-1 Titikaveka 5 17 3.4 2 40.0% 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

29 101 3.5 6 20.7% 0 2 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Rarotonga-2 Aroko and Avana 1 1 1.0 0 0.0% 0 0 0 0 Rarotonga-2 Matavera 3 7 2.3 0 0.0% 0 0 0 0 Rarotonga-2 Pokoinu to Nikao 5 14 2.8 3 60.0% 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Rarotonga-2 Rutaki and Aroa 3 4 1.3 0 0.0% 0 0 0 0

12 26 2.2 3 25.0% 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Rarotonga-3 Aroko and Avana 1 4 4.0 1 100.0% 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Rarotonga-3 Matavera 2 8 4.0 0 0.0% 0 0 0 0 Rarotonga-3 Pokoinu to Nikao 8 38 4.8 4 50.0% 1 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Rarotonga-3 Rutaki and Aroa 1 4 4.0 1 100.0% 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Rarotonga-3 Titikaveka 5 19 3.8 4 80.0% 1 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

17 73 4.3 10 58.8% 2 0 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

12

The overall objective of this part of the project was to “conduct studies over the three-year life of the project with selected coastal communities, especially in areas where reef and/or lagoon marine protected areas (MPAs) have been declared and FADs deployed, to try to measure any benefits accruing to the communities and the usefulness of FADs as a management tool”. As stated above, three community surveys were conducted in selected villages at each project area. In assessing the data in regard to benefits accruing to the communities surveyed from having FADs adjacent to their villages, it appears to be in two forms, direct and flow-on. The main beneficiaries are the local fishermen with canoes and boats who get a direct benefit. The FADs increased the fishing areas for these people, plus increased catches. Canoe fishermen benefited if the FAD was close enough to shore for them to get to safely, which was the case in Niue. With very few canoes in the Cook Islands, this was not an issue. Boat fishermen were able to fish both offshore and inshore FADs and increase their catches while reducing their operating costs (use less fuel). They were also able to travel along the cost to the FADs off different villages, where canoe fishermen were restricted to the FAD adjacent to their village. In most cases, fishermen would keep what they needed from the catch, and sell the surplus. The flow-on benefits were in the form of fish being distributed by the fishermen to family, relatives and friends, especially when good catches were taken, in many instances, from around the FADs. The successfulness of using FADs as a management tool was harder to determine. This was mainly due to the fact that in all locations, marine protected areas (MPAs) were already in place and local communities and fishermen had already changed their activities to account for this. It was expected that new MPAs would be implements during the course of the project, however, this did not eventuate. In fact, in Rarotonga, several MPAs (Raui) were opened in the final year of the project, which increased the number of households involved in fishing, although this was limited and only for a short time. 3.1.2 Gender analysis of fishing activities The gender analysis of fishing activities by method presented here is not part of the original project. However, at the request of the funding agency, the following analysis is provided based on the sex disaggregated data collected during the community surveys. Niue Figure 1 depicts the percentage of fishing effort attributed to each fishing method by survey village, based on the results of the community surveys. In looking at this data for Niue, reef fishing and reef gleaning each accounted for over 20 per cent of the fishing effort in each of the three surveys. On average, trolling, baitfishing (mainly fishing for bait species, such as ulihega – Decapterus spp. outside the reef) and bottomfishing each accounted for around 10 per cent of the fishing effort in each survey. The gender split by fishing activity is presented in Figures 2 (a) and (b) for Niue.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

ALOFI AVATELE HIKUTAVAKE LAKEPA MAKEFU NAMAKULU TUAPA VAIEA AVERAGE

TrollingSpear FishingReef GleaningReef FishingMid-water fishingGillnettingFlyingFishingDivingBottomfishingBaitfishing

Figure 1: Percentage of fishing effort by method, survey and survey village for Niue

13

Gillnetting

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


motherdaughteroth_femoth_malesonfather

Spearfishing

0

10

20

30

40

50

60



Reef Fishing

0

10

20

30

40

50

60



Reef Gleaning

0

10

20

30

40

50

60



Diving

0

10

20

30

40

50

60



Figure 2 (a): Gender split of fishing effort for reef fishing, reef gleaning, spearfishing, diving and gillnetting by survey and village, with a average per survey for Niue

14

Baitfishing

0

10

20

30

40



Bottomfishing

0

10

20

30

40



Flying Fishing

0

10

20

30

40



Mid-water Fishing

0

10

20

30

40



Trolling

0

10

20

30

40



Figure 2 (b): Gender split of fishing effort for baitfishing, bottomfishing, flyingfish fishing, mid-water fishing and trolling by survey and village, with an average per survey for Niue

Reef fishing was a family fishing method, with most family members involved. The split between male (fathers, sons and other male family members) and female (mothers, daughters and other female family members) participation varied by village in Niue, but on average there was more male participation in this

15

activity, roughly a 60:40 split. When looking at reef gleaning, which is also a family fishing method, the split between male and female participation was reversed, with a 40:60 split. It is also interesting to note that these two fishing methods accounted for around 90 per cent of the total female fishing effort in Niue. Spearfishing and diving for clams and crayfish were methods not used in Niue very often, and each only accounted for less that five per cent of fishing effort. These activities were also male dominated, with fathers and sons working together in these activities. Gillnetting was another method that was not practiced very often on Niue, mainly because there is limited reef area and the windward side of the island can not be fished very often. When gillnetting activities were undertaken, there was more male effort than female, although the total effort was still less than five per cent of total fishing effort on Niue. When looking at the fishing methods used outside the reef, these were all male dominated, with some fathers taking their sons out to train them in the different fishing methods. Baitfishing is a traditional method used from canoes to catch ulihega using traditional gear and green coconut flesh for bait. This method accounted for around 10 per cent of the total fishing effort, with 95 per cent of this being male activity in the fishery. Bottomfishing and flyingfish fishing were fishing methods undertaken by the father, sometimes with the son. Again, there was very little activity by females in these fisheries. Trolling and mid-water fishing for tunas were also male dominated fishing methods, although several fishermen had their wife accompany them on some trips. Each of these methods accounted for nine to ten per cent of the total fishing effort, with 90 per cent of this being undertaken by the fathers and sons. In looking at the villages, Vaiea, which is a village mainly made up of Tuvaluans who do a lot of fishing, trolling and mid-water tuna fishing make up around 30 to 40 per cent of the total fishing effort from the village, and females do very little fishing of any sort. Overall there is a male predominance in fishing activities around Niue, especially activities that require the use of a canoe or boat, and are undertaken outside the reef. Fathers are the main fishermen followed by sons. Female fishing activity, especially mothers, was mainly focused on reef gleaning and reef fishing, with small amounts of gillnetting and trolling. Aitutaki The percentage of fishing effort attributed to each fishing method by survey village, based on the results of the community surveys is presented in Figure 3. In looking at this data for Aitutaki, gillnetting and reef fishing each accounted for around 25 per cent of the fishing effort in each of the three surveys. On average, spearfishing accounted for around 15 per cent of fishing effort, while trolling and reef gleaning each accounted for around nine to ten per cent. The gender split by fishing activity is presented in Figures 4 (a) and (b) for Aitutaki.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

AMURI ARUTANGA ANDARAURA

NIKAUPURA REUREU UREIA VAIPAE ANDVAIPEKA

AVERAGE


Figure 3: Percentage of fishing effort by method, survey and survey village for Aitutaki

16

Gillnetting

0

10

20

30

40


NIKAUPURA REUREU UREIA VAIPAE AND VAIPEKA AVERAGE


Spearfishing

0

10

20

30

40




Reef Fishing

0

10

20

30

40




Reef Gleaning

0

10

20

30

40




Diving

0

10

20

30

40




Figure 4 (a): Gender split of fishing effort for reef fishing, reef gleaning, spearfishing, diving and gillnetting by survey and village, with a average per survey for Aitutaki

17

Baitfishing

0

5

10

15

20




Bottomfishing

0

5

10

15

20




Flying Fishing

0

5

10

15

20




Mid-water Fishing

0

5

10

15

20




Trolling

0

5

10

15

20




Figure 4 (b): Gender split of fishing effort for baitfishing, bottomfishing, flyingfish fishing, mid-water fishing and trolling by survey and village, with an average per survey for Aitutaki

Gillnetting in the lagoon of Aitutaki was the most common fishing method recorded during the community surveys. This activity was mainly undertaken from boats in the lagoon and on the reef flats and passages, with fathers being the main people involved, followed by sons. When gillnets were used along the coast or

18

reef flats, there was some female participation as this became more of a family activity. Overall the split was roughly 80:20, male to female activity or effort. Spearfishing was also a male dominated fishing activity, with many fathers and sons involved. Spearfishing was undertaken both in the lagoon and along the outer edge of the reef. Female participation in this activity was less that five percent of the effort for this method. Reef fishing and reef gleaning are both family fishing activities, with many families practicing these methods when they go the islets in the lagoon by boat for picnics on the weekend. Reef fishing is the main method used of the two, with a 65:35 per cent split between male and females. Reef gleaning on the other hand would have a 35:65 split (male to female activity), although it only accounts for around 10 per cent of the total fishing effort recorded. Trolling and bottomfishing are the next two most important methods, accounting for around 10 and six per cent of the total effort respectively. Both of these methods are male dominated, as they are mainly practiced from boats outside the reef. Female participation in these two methods would only account for around 10 per cent of each method. The remaining fishing methods, diving for clams and crayfish, baitfishing, mid-water fishing and flyingfish fishing are all relatively minor methods, each making up from one to three per cent of the total fishing effort. Again, these methods are male dominated with fathers and sons working together in many instances. Overall, the large lagoon and the many boats owned by people on Aitutaki, or available to family members, influenced the fishing activities undertaken. Many boats concentrated their fishing effort in the lagoon, and only ventured outside the reef when the weather was calm. Gillnets were the preferred fishing method as the nets can be set while people do other activities, both fishing (reef fishing and gleaning) and social (swimming and other recreational activities). Aitutaki is fairly rich in fish stocks in the lagoon, although the amount of gillnetting is starting to raise concern as the catches of parrotfish and mullet decline. Rarotonga The percentage of fishing effort attributed to each fishing method by survey village, based on the results of the community surveys is presented in Figure 5. In looking at this data for Rarotonga, reef gleaning accounted for around 25 per cent of the fishing effort in each of the three surveys. On average, reef fishing and gillnetting each accounted for around 18 per cent of the fishing effort in each survey. The gender split by fishing activity is presented in Figures 6 (a) and (b) for Rarotonga.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

AROKO MATAVERA POKOINU RUTAKI TITIKAVEKA SELECTED AVERAGE


Figure 5: Percentage of fishing effort by method, survey and survey village for Rarotonga

19

Gillnetting

0

10

20

30

40

50

60



Spearfishing

0

10

20

30

40

50

60



Reef Fishing

0

10

20

30

40

50

60



Reef Gleaning

0

10

20

30

40

50

60



Diving

0

10

20

30

40

50

60



Figure 6 (a): Gender split of fishing effort for reef fishing, reef gleaning, spearfishing, diving and gillnetting by survey and village, with a average per survey for Rarotonga

20

Baitfishing

0

10

20

30

40

50



Bottomfishing

0

10

20

30

40

50



Flying Fishing

0

10

20

30

40

50



Mid-water Fishing

0

10

20

30

40

50



Trolling

0

10

20

30

40

50



Figure 6 (b): Gender split of fishing effort for baitfishing, bottomfishing, flyingfish fishing, mid-water fishing and trolling by survey and village, with an average per survey for Rarotonga

Reef gleaning was the main fishing method practised by households that were surveyed. This was in many cases a family activity, with mothers and daughters the main people involved. Some women went to the lagoon when they wanted to eat seafood, eating what they collected and taking nothing home as there was

21

not a lot of shellfish available on the reefs around Rarotonga. Around 30 percent of the reef area was closed to fishing under the local Raui system (marine protected areas), thus restricting the already limited area available for this activity. It should be noted that several Raui were opened to fishing prior to the third survey being undertaken, increasing the fishing effort to over 50 per cent of the total effort in the Rutaki area (up from 40% recorded in the previous surveys). Reef fishing and gillnetting were the next two main fishing methods practiced. On average these methods made up around 15 to 18 per cent each of the total fishing effort recorded. Both of these methods were male dominated (fathers and sons) with only a small amount of female fishing effort attributed to these methods. Spearfishing accounted for around 15 per cent of the total fishing effort recorded for Rarotonga. Again, this method was male dominated, although in the Rutaki area, several women spearfished for octopus, which they then sold. Spearfishing occurred outside the reef, mainly for parrotfish. Trolling represented around 10 per cent of the total fishing effort recorded. It should be noted that around one half of this effort was recorded by the 19 selected fishermen. The reason for creating this group was to have a representation of commercial fishing in the survey, as it was noted during the first survey that very few fishermen were in the areas surveyed. Again, this method was male dominated, with fathers being the main group followed by sons and other males. There was less than two per cent female participation recorded for this method. In looking at the remaining five fishing methods (diving, baitfishing, bottomfishing, flyingfish fishing, and mid-water fishing), each recorded less than five per cent participation, and some of these were inflated due to the selected fishing group, who focused on bottomfishing, flyingfish fishing and mid-water fishing, as well as trolling. If this group was removed the recorded effort for each of these methods was less than three per cent, several being less than one per cent. Again, all of these methods were male dominated, although there was a small amount of female participation (mothers) in bottomfishing, where wives accompanied their husbands for this activity in times of good weather. Overall, the fishing around Rarotonga, apart from reef gleaning, is male dominated. This could partly be due to the fact that there is limited reef area open to fishing and no real lagoon areas to fish. Rarotonga, being the capital, administrative centre of the Cook Islands and main tourist centre for the country, also has plenty of employment opportunities, and many people have jobs. The tourist hotels employ a lot of women, so they go to work rather than to the reef to fish. In addition, the Raui system of marine protected areas greatly restricts the areas that can be fished, plus ciguatera is a major problem in some areas, which also affected the amount of fishing pressure in areas there this is known to occur. 3.1.3 Catch and effort data collection A catch and effort logsheet (Attachment B) was developed in consultation with the Fisheries Departments of both countries in September 2001. The logsheets were then made into a logbook using carbonised paper with three copies of each record (one each for SPC, the Fisheries Department and the fisherman), with 30 records per book. The logbooks were printed in February 2002 and dispatched to both countries. In the Cook Islands, the logbooks were distributed in March 2002, while in Niue, the logbooks were distributed to fishermen in April 2002. Logbook returns have been slow since the introduction of the system, although this improved over the course of the project, with over 3000 records received by the end of June 2004 (Table 11). Based on the catch and effort data provided, the fishermen from Rarotonga and Niue seem to be the best providers. Logbook returns were slow to start, and steadily picked up and continued to improve after meetings where the importance of the data was emphasised, especially if fishermen want to put a case forward to government in regard to the value of the small-scale fishing fleet to Rarotonga and Niue. Four Rarotongan and five Niuean fishermen in particular have provided excellent data, and they have been encouraging others to do the same.

22

Table 11: Summary of logbook returns by location and year to 30 June 2004

Year Niue Aitutaki Rarotonga Total

2001 8 1 9

2002 425 274 443 1142

2003 693 34 731 1458

2004 267 0 165 432

Total 1393 309 1339 3041 In mid-2003, other methods of encouraging fishermen to complete the logbooks were explored. During meetings with fishermen on Rarotonga and Aitutaki, six T-shirts and caps were given as an incentive to the fishermen who were providing the most consistent data (4 on Rarotonga and 2 on Aitutaki). This created some interest, and a local businessman donated a rod and reel to be given to the fisherman on Rarotonga who provides the most consistent data over the next 12 months as an incentive for fishermen to complete their logbooks. The project then expanded on this and sought sponsorship from Gourock in New Zealand to provide some fishing gear as prizes for a fishing competition for data providers in Rarotonga and another in Niue. Gourock provided a selection of fishing gear in late 2004 for the fishing competition in each location. The fishing competitions were planned for late 2004 or early 2005, and are not covered in this report. In looking at the catch and effort data itself, Table 12 provides a summary of the trolling catch for all locations by year, with Table 13 providing a summary of the catch by other mid-water fishing techniques. Attachment C provides a breakdown of all catch data by method, month and location. A preliminary analysis of the catch and effort data on hand at the end of June 2004 was also conducted and provided to the Fisheries Department in each country to disseminate to the local fishermen. Table 12: Summary of the trolling catch by location for the different areas fished

Island/ Total Inshore FADs Offshore FADs Open water Total year effort (h) No. Kg No. Kg No. Kg No. Kg

Niue 2001 28.0 3 30.0 2 14.0 23 307.0 28 351.0 2002 1749.0 258 2181.0 1958 6986.0 1042 10,731.0 3258 19,898.0 2003 2637.5 184 1651.0 3822 12,365.0 859 8196.0 4865 22,212.0 2004 767.0 61 641.0 95 644.0 833 6480.0 989 7765.0

Sub-total 5181.5 506 4503.0 5877 20,009.0 2757 25,714.0 9140 50,226.0

Aitutaki

2002 1057.0 222 1126.0 876 4878.0 404 3505.0 1502 9509.0 2003 85.0 0 0.0 121 721.0 54 316.0 175 1037.0

Sub-total 1142.0 222 1126.0 997 5599.0 458 3821.0 1677 10,546.0

Rarotonga

2002 2432.5 99 433.0 2819 10,809.0 436 4007.0 3354 15,249.0 2003 4459.0 399 1761.0 4526 18,807.0 1260 9916.0 6185 30,484.0 2004 649.5 7 52.0 360 2259.0 218 1686.0 585 3997.0

Sub-total 7541.0 505 2246.0 7705 31,875.0 1914 15,609.0 10,124 49,730.0

Total 13,864.5 1233 7875.0 14,579 57,483.0 5129 45,144.0 20,941 110,502.0

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As can be seen from Table 12, the trolling catch was split roughly 50/50 off Niue between trolling open water and trolling around FADs. However, in 2003 the catch split was 60 per cent from trolling FADs and 40 per cent for open water trolling. In 2004, with the loss of four offshore FADs on 5 January due to cyclone Heta, fishermen changed their fishing practice, as they had to mainly troll in open water. It should also be noted that there is a marked season for trolling for wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) along the coast (Figure 7), and this accounted for the main part of the open water trolling effort and catch.

0500

10001500200025003000350040004500

Jan-02

Mar-02

May-02

Jul-02

Sep-02

Nov-02

Jan-03

Mar-03

May-03

Jul-03

Sep-03

Nov-03

Jan-04

Mar-04

May-04

Jul-04

Month and year

Cat

ch (K

gs)

Niue FADS (All)Niue Open waterRaro FADS (All)Raro Open water

Figure 7: Trolling catch (all species) for Niue and Rarotonga by month

Little can be said for the trolling catch from Aitutaki due to the lack of data and the lack of cooperation by the fishermen there. The data from Rarotonga though, clearly shows the reliance of fishermen on the FADs, with roughly 66 per cent of the trolling catch taken from FADs. There is also a marked wahoo trolling season off Rarotonga (Figure 7), and this species accounted for most of the open water trolling catch. In looking at the seasonality of the catch (Figure 7), the main wahoo catch was taken by open water trolling along the coast off both Niue and Rarotonga from August to October each year. In contrast to this, the trolling catch around FADs was more extended throughout the year, although only low catches were reported during the months of August to September, possibly as a result of fishermen concentrating on wahoo fishing along the coast. The main species caught around the FADs off Rarotonga were yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), making up around 71 and 17 per cent respectively. Wahoo and mahi mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) were also common in the catch, making up around five per cent each of the FAD trolling catch. The catch off the Niue FADs was more evenly spread amongst the same four species. Most common was yellowfin tuna (31%), followed by skipjack tuna (30%), with wahoo and mahi mahi each making up around 16 per cent of the catch. Overall, the trolling effort in both locations moved between the FADs for the four species mentioned above and open water trolling primarily for wahoo in season. This would indicate the FADs play an important role in the fishing that occurs in both locations. The FADs provide a known fishing location that can be targeted in the early morning and late afternoon, the two main feeding times for tunas and the main times the fish concentrate or aggregate around the FADs. Fishermen also cut their running costs by going to the FADs and not having to search for tuna schools off the coast. The data indicates that the two types or areas of trolling complement each other and increase the spots for fishermen to concentrate on while increasing the chances of fishermen having a good catch.

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Table 13: Summary of the catch by other mid-water fishing techniques by location

Island/ Total Vertical longline Drop-stone Palu-ahi Single hook line Total year effort (h) No. Kg No. Kg No. Kg No. Kg No. Kg

Niue 2002 152.0 36 486.0 75 246.0 0 0.0 10 149.0 121 881.0 2003 286.0 136 1253.0 88 476.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 224 1729.0 2004 52.0 23 340.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 23.0 29 363.0

Sub-total 490.0 202 2079.0 163 722.0 0 0.0 16 172.0 374 2973.0

Aitutaki 2002 54.5 6 104.0 12 49.0 0 0.0 1 38.0 19 191.0

Sub-total 54.5 6 104.0 12 49.0 0 0.0 1 38.0 19 191.0

Rarotonga 2002 388.5 56 928.0 164 866.0 24 266.0 5 67.0 249 2127.0 2003 385.5 61 745.0 113 743.0 41 323.0 1 12.0 216 1823.0 2004 127.5 72 822.0 38 272.0 2 40.0 1 5.0 113 1139.0

Sub-total 901.5 189 2495.0 315 1881.0 67 629.0 7 84.0 578 5089.0

Total 1446.0 397 4678.0 490 2652.0 67 629.0 24 294.0 971 8253.0 Not a lot of fishing effort was devoted to the mid-water fishing techniques of using vertical longlines, single-hook drift lines, or mid-water handlines (drop-stone and palu-ahi). Attachment C provides a breakdown of the catch and effort by month devoted to each of these methods. Yellowfin tuna was the main species caught by these methods off both Niue and Rarotonga (71% and 76% respectively). Mahi mahi was the next most common species, making up around 17 per cent of the mid-water catch from FADs off Niue, and around 18 per cent off Rarotonga. Wahoo and skipjack tuna only made up small percentages of the catch in both locations. The catches from mid-water fishing techniques around FADs are relatively small at present, although the methods are catching on. Using these methods decreased the amount of fuel used, thus cutting operational costs. It is anticipated that more fishermen will use these methods in the future as fuel prices in the Pacific increase at a steady rate. The FAD research project officially came to a close in July 2004, however, SPC and the Fisheries Departments in Rarotonga and Niue hope to continue the logbook programme. SPC will continue to maintain the database, although it will be up the each Fisheries Department to collect the data and encourage fishermen to continue to provide it. 3.1.4 Cost benefit analysis One of the main objectives of this FAD research project was to “conduct a cost-benefit analysis of the catch and effort data to estimate the benefits or otherwise to the use of FADs”. The information presented in this section is based on the catch and effort data collected from small-scale commercial or part-time fishermen’s logbook returns. In both Niue (Table 14) and Rarotonga (Table 15), a price has been applied to the catch by species, with the value being an estimated average based on the actual fish prices fishermen received during 2003 and 2004 in each location for these species. The data presented also only represents the actual data collected. In reality, it is estimated that the catch and effort data collected in both Niue and Rarotonga represents between 20 and 40 per cent of the commercial and part-time fishing effort in each location. Therefore the data presented in Tables 14 and 15 represents around one third of the total catch in each location, so these figures could easily be multiplied by three to raise them to what is expected to be the total catch from small-scale commercial and part-time fishing in each location, but does not account for recreational fishing.

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Table 14: Catch weight and value of catch for Niue, based on the following value by species in New Zealand dollars (NZD): yellowfin tuna, $6.00/kg; skipjack tuna, $4.00/kg; wahoo, $7.00/kg; and others, $6.00/kg

Year and Yellowfin tuna Skipjack tuna Wahoo Other Total method Kg Value Kg Value Kg Value Kg Value Kg Value

FAD fishing methods

2001 – trolling 0 0 0 0 10 70 20 120 30 190 2002 – trolling 2120 12,720 2173 8692 2057 14,399 2817 16,902 9167 52,713 2003 – trolling 4992 29,952 5244 20,976 1410 9870 2367 14,202 14,013 75,000 2004 – trolling 497 2982 31 124 434 3038 323 1938 1285 8082

Sub-total 7609 45,654 7448 29,792 3911 27,377 5527 33,162 24,495 135,985

2002 – all mid-water 655 3930 0 0 31 217 195 1170 881 5317 2003 – all mid-water 1147 6882 26 104 176 1232 403 2418 1752 10,636 2004 – all mid-water 296 1776 0 0 10 70 34 204 340 2050

Sub-total 2098 12,588 26 104 217 1519 632 3792 2973 18,003

Total for FAD fishing 9707 58,242 6474 29,896 4128 28,896 6159 36,954 27,468 153,988

Open-water trolling 2001 – trolling 0 0 0 0 292 2044 15 90 307 2134 2002 – trolling 411 2466 633 2532 8799 61,593 888 5328 10,731 71,919 2003 – trolling 1044 6264 286 1144 5381 37,667 1495 8970 8196 54,045 2004 – trolling 1451 8706 747 2988 3875 27,125 407 2442 6480 41,261

Total 2906 17,436 1666 6664 18,347 128,429 2805 16,830 25,714 169,359

Table 15: Catch weight and value of catch for Rarotonga, based on the following value by species in New Zealand dollars (NZD): yellowfin tuna, $6.00/kg; skipjack tuna, $5.00/kg; wahoo, $7.00/kg; and others, $6.00/kg

Year and Yellowfin tuna Skipjack tuna Wahoo Other Total method Kg Value Kg Value Kg Value Kg Value Kg Value

FAD fishing methods

2002 – trolling 7065 42,390 2516 12,580 285 1995 1376 8256 11,242 65,221 2003 – trolling 15,376 92,256 3181 15,905 879 6153 1132 6792 20,568 121,106 2004 – trolling 1783 10,698 318 1590 31 217 179 1074 2311 13,579

Sub-total 24,224 145,344 6015 30,075 1195 8365 2687 16,122 34,121 199,906

2002 – all mid-water 1540 9240 2 10 0 0 585 3510 2127 12,760 2003 – all mid-water 1213 7278 20 100 16 112 552 3312 1801 10,802 2004 – all mid-water 1084 6504 0 0 0 0 55 330 1139 6834

Sub-total 3837 23,022 22 110 16 112 1192 7152 5067 30,396

Total for FAD fishing 28,061 168,366 6037 30,185 1211 8477 3879 23,274 39,188 230,302

Open-water trolling 2002 – trolling 1024 6144 185 925 1797 12,579 1001 6006 4007 25,654 2003 – trolling 3229 19,374 1220 6100 4764 33,348 703 4218 9916 63,040 2004 – trolling 565 3390 284 1420 509 3563 328 1968 1686 10,341

Total 4818 28,908 1689 8445 7070 49,490 2032 12,192 15,609 99,035

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There are two main components to the commercial and part-time fishing activities conducted in Niue and Rarotonga, fishing around the FADs and fishing in open water. In looking at the open water fishing, trolling is the main method, although there is some bottomfishing and catching flyingfish at night. The Niue catch (Table 14) from FADs was 27,468 kg of fish over the project, which had a value of NZD $153,988. The open water trolling catch for Niue amounted to 25,714 kg of fish with a value of NZD $169,359. It should be noted that some of the open water catch could actually be catch associated with FADs, as fishermen troll past each of the inshore FADs during their open water trolling and may have caught fish close to the FADs, but recorded them as open water catch. The Rarotonga catch (Table 15) from the FADs was much higher than Niue, at 39,188 kg with a value of NZD $230,302. In contrast, the catch from open water trolling was much lower than Niue at 15,609 kg, with a value of NZD $99,035. Table 16 presents a summary of the funding spent on FAD materials including materials used for the different aggregators being trialled and the freight costs for getting the materials to each project location. Funding for the materials was primarily from this project, however, some complimentary funding was provided by Taiwan/ROC to support the project activities. The value of the recorded catch is also provided in Table 16, although as previously stated, this represents an estimated one third of the actual catch. Table 16: Value of the FAD materials and the catch taken from FADs and open water in both locations — all values in New Zealand dollars (NZD)

Item Niue Rarotonga

FAD materials and freight — New Zealand funded 80,075 82,280

FAD materials and freight — Taiwan/ROC funded 10,007 8200

Total value of materials and freight 91,007 90,480

Value of the FAD trolling catch 135,985 199,906

Value of the FAD mid-water catch 18,003 30,396

Total value of the FAD catch 153,988 230,302

Value of the open water trolling catch 169,359 99,035 The cost of all materials provided to Niue came to NZD $91,007. This covered the cost of eight FADs originally, with three replacement FADs deployed, one in 2003 and two in 2004. There are still materials available in Niue for another three FADs. Unfortunately in January 2004, four of the five project FADs were lost due to cyclone Heta, which greatly changed the fishing activities of local fishermen. This resulted in fishermen doing more open water trolling as there was only the one offshore FAD, and it was not very productive in early 2004. In looking at Rarotonga, the value of the FAD materials provided came to NZD $90,480. However, around one-third of these materials were used off Aitutaki for the fishermen there, although they did not provide enough logbook data to make a meaningful analysis. Therefore, the analysis is based on Rarotonga alone, with the full cost of the FAD materials. In the case of Rarotonga, four FADs were deployed initially, with one replacement FAD deployed in 2003. In addition, three FADs were initially deployed off Aitutaki with one replacement in 2003. There are still enough materials in Rarotonga for another three FADs. In both Niue and Rarotonga, the value of the catch far exceeded the cost of the materials, especially with there still being materials on hand for three replacement FADs at each location. This will allow the continuation of the FAD programme and provide ongoing FADs for fishermen to fish around, thus increasing the value of the catch taken from them with no additional costs in FAD materials. Therefore, the figures presented in Table 16 are only the first part of the actual benefits to fishermen from the FADs, as the

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catches are ongoing while the FADs stay on station. In addition, the value of the catch in Table 16 is estimated to be around one-third of the actual catch, with the value of the FAD materials being the same. In looking at the overall catch, FADs are a major contributor to the success of small-scale fishing operations in both locations. The social good that these provide for local communities is also very important, as there are many subsistence and recreational fishermen that use the FADs to catch fish for their families or for their sport or pleasure. Fish taken by the commercial or part-time fishermen are available for sale, although the market is limited on Niue and restricts the amount of fishing and the catch taken at some times of the year. Based on the data collected by the project, there is no question that the benefits to local small-scale fishermen and local communities far out weighs the cost of the FAD materials, and ongoing FAD programmes should be continued by government as a way to support the local communities and the small-scale fishing sector. 3.1.5 Aggregator types and effectiveness A data form was developed (Attachment D) and was implemented to record and monitor aggregators as they were placed on each of the FADs deployed. All project FADs had aggregators placed on them, although the length of time they last varied based on weather conditions. A data sheet was completed during each maintenance run, or trip to work on the aggregators themselves. Two main types of aggregators were tried initially, with others trialled later in the project. Niue has been using a bamboo raft aggregator arrangement covered with coconut fronds for many years (Figure 8). The raft is approximately three metres by four metres and is lashed together with purse seine twine. Six polystyrene floats are lashed to the bamboo to give the raft additional buoyancy. The raft is attached to the very end of the FAD buoy system by a 20 mm diameter polypropylene rope bridle, so it streams behind in the current. The local fishermen in Niue like this type of aggregator, and they feel it is effective in holding fish around the FAD.

Figure 8: Bamboo raft aggregator design used in Niue The second design of aggregator trialled in all locations was a simple string of five polystyrene floats threaded on 10 metres of 18 mm nylon rope with PVC sheathing (Figure 9). The floats were spaced around two metres apart, and the rope was tied in an overhand knot on each side to stop it from moving on the rope. The PVC sheathing covered the rope between floats. Coconut fronds and strapping materials were secured to short lengths of 10 mm diameter polypropylene rope, which were attached to the aggregator next to a float. Problems occurred with the aggregator system tangling and bunching up, and fishermen do not think these are as effective as the bamboo rafts.

Bamboo frame for raft Raft covered with coconut fronds

25 cm diameter polystyrene floats

20 mm diameter polypropylene rope bridle

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Figure 9: Rope and polystyrene float design aggregator being trialled by the project In 2003, two new aggregator designs were trialled, mainly in Niue. The first (Figure 10) was constructed from two-metre-wide deer fencing wire, which was formed into a cylinder. Plastic strapping material was woven through the wire mesh to provide areas where baitfish could congregate. An attachment bridle made of 10 mm polypropylene rope was attached to the top of the cylinder (Figure 10), with the other end of the bridle attached to the FAD buoy system. This allowed the aggregator to hang under the buoy system.

The other aggregator design trialled at this time was simpler, and just incorporated 10 m of shade clothe two metres wide being whipped to the upper portion of the nylon mooring line (Figure 11). Heavy twine was used for the whipping. The only problem with this design was the maintenance of it, as it was attached to the mooring line prior to a new FAD being deployed. The shade cloth worked well and hung in the current, but could not be replaced without the use of divers, or the upper mooring line being hauled on board the servicing vessel.

Figure 10: Aggregator made from deer wire fencing materials and used in both Niue and Rarotonga

The final type of aggregator trialled in Niue was made using 6 x 2 m of deer fence wire mesh, six old car tyres and four styrofoam floats (Figure 12). The wire mesh was rolled around four of the car tyres and secured. The remaining wire mesh (around 4 m long) was left out straight, with two old car tyres attached as shown in Figure 12. The four styrofoam floats were attached to the ‘top’ end to provide buoyancy, plus the rope used was also used as the attachment point to the FAD buoy system. Coconut fronds were then whipped onto the wire mesh using heavy twine. This provided a large shade area when it hung vertically in the water, plus it provided shelter for small baitfish. The Niueans liked this design and thought it was as good at the bamboo raft design. This design will be trialled more by the Niue Fisheries Department in the coming months and years.

Weight Strapping material

Attachment point to FAD buoy system

25 cm diameter polystyrene float

18 mm nylon rope

PVC sheathing

10 mm polypropylene rope

Coconut fronds

10 mm rope bridle

Cylinder made from deer fence netting, 1 m in diameter and 2 m long

Plastic strapping woven through netting

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Figure 11: Shade cloth aggregator whipped to upper mooring line before the FAD was deployed

Figure 12: Latest aggregator design trialled off Niue using deer wire fence netting and old car tyres

Overall the results for trials using different aggregator designs are inconclusive in regard to which design is best. The bamboo raft design and the fencing wire and car tyre designs appear to be working well and also have the longest lifespan, lasting several months in reasonable weather conditions. The other designs trialled were also effective, however, several did not last long before loss, which did not allow a good trial period for assessment. Also there were problems in the Fisheries Departments being able to get to the FADs regularly to check on the aggregators or to maintain them. The only definite statement that can be made is that the FADs with some form of aggregator work better than FADs with no aggregator at all.

Top section of mooring line with shade cloth whipped to it.

10 m of shade

Styrofoam floats

Old car tyres

Coconut fronds whipped to netting

Deer fence netting—2 m wide and 4 m deep

Old car tyres

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3.1.6 Maintenance of the FADs A data sheet for recording maintenance activities and repairs to the FADs (Attachment E) was developed and implemented, and was included with the data sheet for the FAD aggregators. These two sheets are completed at the same time, as maintenance runs to the FADs should include maintenance of both the upper mooring and the aggregators at the same time. Maintenance sheets have been received for most FADs (2 to 4 per FAD), although one FAD off Aitutaki was not serviced at all because of weather constraints and limited access to a suitable vessel in times of good weather. Records to date show that some ware has occurred in the upper hardware connections, and these parts were replaced on the next maintenance run. The data collected on the maintenance sheets was also transferred to the costing sheets for each FAD. Any materials used were costed out and fuel used by the service vessel included. Where several FADs were serviced in the same trip, the fuel costs were apportioned between them. The maintenance of the FADs was conducted in two ways. Off Niue, the Public Works work boat was used for maintenance runs. This vessel was fitted with a powerful capstan winch on the transom. The work boat was manoeuvred alongside the buoy system, with this hauled onboard by hand. Once the top connection of the upper mooring to the buoy system was on board (Figure 13), the mooring line was wrapped around the capstan and the upper mooring hauled slowly (Figure 14) until the rope became taught. The mooring line was cleared of growth and fishing line as it was hauled (Figure 14). Once the rope was checked and any repairs made to the mooring line or the upper hardware, the rope was slowly let out and the buoy system placed back in the water.

Figure 13: Buoy system pulled on board ready to haul the upper mooring line

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Figure 14: Hauling the upper mooring line and removing marine growth and fishing line A totally different approach was used in the Cook Islands. Here the Fisheries Department used their skiff or work boat, SCUBA gear and air-filled lifting bags to bring the upper mooring line to the surface. The skiff would be tied to the buoy system. Two divers with SCUBA gear (Figure 15) would then go down taking empty air-lift bags. When they reached 30 m depth, a lift bag was attached to the mooring line and air from the diver’s regulator put into the bag, causing it to rise and take the mooring line to the surface. The divers would wait at this depth until the air bag reached the surface.

Figure 15: Divers preparing to enter the water with empty air-lift bags

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When the first air-lift bag reached the surface, the divers would attach a second bag in the same manner, and fill it with air. The divers would then return to the skiff while the second 30 m section of mooring line was being raised to the surface. With the mooring line on the surface, supported by the air-lift bag, it could easily be hauled onto the skiff, cleaned and checked. Repairs could be undertaken and the mooring line let out. Maintenance was also undertaken on the aggregators as well at the same time. Overall, the two methods of conducting the maintenance on the upper mooring and hardware worked well. However, in Niue, it was not easy to be able to get the work boat in good weather to do the work. In addition, after cyclone Heta (5 January 2004) and the damage caused, it was almost impossible to get the work boat. Regardless, the maintenance programme worked well and several repairs that were undertaken definitely added to the lifespan of the FADs. 3.2 FAD designs and site surveys

Output 1.2 New FAD design developed over the course of the FAD research project.

The FAD research project commenced in June 2001. FAD materials were purchased from Gourock in New Zealand after quotes were received from a range of suppliers in the region, with the materials sea freighted to the three project locations, Niue, and Rarotonga and Aitutaki in the Cook Islands in late 2001. 3.2.1 Site surveys While the FAD materials were enroute to Niue and the Cook Islands, SPC staff travelled to each location to undertake site surveys in November and December 2001. SPC used its deep-water echo sounder in Niue for this work, while in the Cook Islands the Ministry of Marine Resources echo sounder was used. The site surveys were conducted in good weather conditions in the Cook Islands, with the fisheries vessel being used in Rarotonga and a local fisherman’s boat used in Aitutaki. However, the weather was not so kind in Niue, with the surveys taking longer than expected to complete. Also, an appropriate local vessel had to be chartered in Niue under a flexible arrangement for this work to be undertaken. Each of the surveys were undertaken using a GPS for positioning and the echo sounder for taking depth readings. A grid of 2 nm by 2 nm was made, with waypoints or readings taken every 0.25 nm. Once all of the position and depth readings were recorded, the data was plotted and drawn so that suitable sites for FAD deployment could be selected. Figure 16 shows a sample plot of the information collected during one site survey. As can be seen in this figure, the FAD deployment site was in an area where the bottom was more flat, away from steep drop-offs. During a later visit to both Niue and Rarotonga in 2003, additional site survey work was undertaken to try to locate different areas for FAD deployments. This information was recorded in exactly the same way as the original site surveys, and the same plots produced.

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Figure 16: Sample site survey — north of Arutanga area off Aitutaki with site of FAD deployment 3.2.2 Original FAD designs, deployments and results Once the site surveys were completed, the sites for FAD deployments chosen, and the materials had arrived from New Zealand, the FADs were constructed to suit the chosen depth at each location. Several different designs of buoy and mooring systems were tried to address one of the objectives of the project, being, to come up with an average lifespan of two years plus for FAD units. Three types of buoy systems were trialled on the FADs (Figure 17). The first design used 15 pressure floats and 14 purse seine floats threaded alternately onto an 18 m length of 32 mm diameter nylon rope with an eye spice and galvanised thimble at each end. This design was for the more offshore FADs in deeper water. The second design used five pressure and four purse seine floats threaded alternately onto eight metres of 32 mm diameter nylon rope, with an eye splice formed around a galvanised thimble in one end of the rope, while the other end was spliced directly onto a mussel float. This design was for inshore FADs so that canoe fishermen could easily find them. The third design of buoy system was very similar to the second. The only difference being the 32 mm rope was replaced with 20 mm nylon rope sheathed with black PVC tubing to protect the smaller diameter rope. Again, this design was for inshore FADs.

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Figure 17: The three designs of FAD buoy systems used by the project

Several types of mooring line were used in the new designs. These were 9 mm galvanised wire cable with a tube thimble hand spliced into each end to form an eye, 18 mm and 20 mm nylon three-strand rope, 20 mm three-strand polypropylene rope, and 20 mm three-strand lead-core polypropylene rope. The FAD systems used have been broken up into seven component areas (Table 17 and Figure 18), with different materials used for different FAD designs. Attachment F provides a breakdown of the materials used on each of the 15 FADs deployed. Table 17: Summary description of the components used for rigging the initial project FADs

Component Description

A. Buoy system One of the three buoy system designs in Figure 4 used.

B. Connection of buoy system to upper mooring line

25 mm safety shackle, 19 or 22 mm swivel, 22 mm safety shackle (all galvanised) with stainless steel cotter pins and some with a No.3 nylite rope connector.

C. Upper mooring line 150 m or 400 m of 9 mm galvanised wire cable with eye splice and tube thimbles each end or 20 mm diameter nylon or polypropylene or lead-core polypropylene 3-strand rope with eye splice in one or both ends.

D. Connection of upper and lower mooring lines

Ropes were spliced together or 19 or 22 mm safety shackles, 19 or 22 mm swivels, 19 or 22 mm safety shackle (all galvanised) with stainless steel cotter pins and No. 3 nylite rope connectors.

E. Lower mooring line 20 mm diameter polypropylene 3-strand rope with eye splice in one or both ends, some with either one or two 12.5 kg lift pressure floats for additional buoyancy.

F. Connection of lower mooring line to anchor system

No. 3 nylite rope connector, 22 mm safety shackle, 22 mm swivel, 25 mm safety shackle (all galvanised) with stainless steel cotter pins.

G. Anchor system 2 t concrete block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) with 10 m of 20 mm galvanised chain or 10 m of 22 mm galvanised wire cable with eye splice and tube thimble each end and a 25 mm safety shackle.

18 m of 32 mm nylon rope with eye splice and galvanised thimble in each end

8 m of 32 mm nylon rope

8 m of 20 mm nylon rope sheathed in black PVC tubing

Design No. 1

Design No. 2

Design No. 3

Mussel float

Purse seine floats with 7 kg buoyancy Pressure floats, rated

to 200 m with 20 kg buoyancy

Eye splice with galvanised thimble

Rope spliced to mussel float

35

Figure 18: Components that make up the project FADs Fifteen FADs were deployed in depths from 400 to 1150 m, eight off Niue, four off Rarotonga and three of Aitutaki, between February and April 2002. All deployments used the straight-line method: the FAD buoy system was released first as the boat steamed toward the intended site, the mooring line paid out, the boat crossed over the intended site, and finally the anchor was deployed just past the intended site. In all cases the deployment vessel steamed from shallow water to deeper water so that the anchor would swing in towards shallower water upon deployment, decreasing the chance of losing the mooring in deep water. For the first five deployments a 67/33 per cent formula was used. In other words, the buoy system was released at a distance away from the intended site equal to 67 per cent of the total mooring length. The mooring line was paid out as the vessel steamed towards the intended site. The site was crossed over, with the anchor deployed at a distance equal to 33 per cent of the mooring length away from the site. This allowed the anchor to swing back, with the pull of the mooring and buoy system, and land very near the intended site. In ten of the deployments a formula of 80/20 per cent was used. The FAD buoy system was released at a distance equal to 80 per cent of the mooring length away from the intended site and the anchor was deployed at a distance

A. Buoy system

B. Connection of buoy system to upper mooring line

C. Upper mooring line

D. Connection of upper and lower mooring lines

E. Lower mooring line

F. Connection of lower mooring line to anchor system

G. Anchor system

36

equal to 20 per cent of the mooring length away from the intended site. In all cases the anchor landed near the intended sites, with the 80/20 formula resulted in more accurate deployments. Table 18 summarises the deployment date, location of the deployment site and the depth each of the original FADs were deployed in. This table also provides the status of these original FADs as at 31 July 2004, plus records the losses. Twelve of the original FADs deployed have been lost from 249 to 693 days (8 to 23 months) after deployment. Six of the FADs lost were of the same design, using 9 mm galvanised wire rope on the upper mooring, This design lasted from 313 to 530 days (10 to 18 months) on station before loss. One of the buoy systems with cable was recovered, with the bottom eye splice having broken (Figure 19) and being the cause of loss. It is assumed that similar problems were encountered with the other five wire cable design FADs. Table 18: Summary of the original FAD deployments undertaken in Niue and the Cook Islands from February to April 2002 and the status of the FADs as of 31 July 2004

Deployment date (2002)

Area Latitude (S)

Longitude (W)

Deployment depth (m)

Status of FAD

8 February

8 February

11 February

11 February

11 February

13 February

13 February

14 February

Niue:

Lakepa

Avatele

Limufuafua

Vaiea

Halagigie

Toi 1

Toi 2

Hikutavake

19º 00.000'

19º 07.125'

19º 11.125'

19º 08.875'

19º 04.000'

18º 56.725'

18º 56.225'

18º 57.250'

169º 47.375'

169º 56.750'

169º 51.875'

169º 54.125'

169º 59.500'

169º 53.025'

169º 52.150'

169º 55.375'

400 m

900 m

900 m

400 m

800 m

550 m

1100 m

650 m

Lost 18/12/02 – 313 days on station

31/07/04 – 904 days on station







27 March

27 March

27 March

27 March

Rarotonga:

Matavera

SE Titikaveka

Rarotongan Hotel

N of Black Rock

21º 13.000'

21º 18.125'

21º 17.500'

21º 10.875'

159º 43.000'

159º 43.750'

159º 50.250'

159º 48.250'

650 m

1150 m

1150 m

550 m





5 April

5 April

5 April

Aitutaki:

W of Maina

SE of Motukitiu

N of Arutanga

18º 56.000'

18º 59.500'

18º 48.500'

159º 52.625'

159º 42.000'

159º 47.500'

950 m

1030 m

960 m




Figure 19: Rusted and broken eye splice in wire cable upper mooring design

37

Three of the remaining six FAD losses were a result of cyclone Heta that devastated Niue on 5 January 2004. It is not known if the extreme weather conditions caused the mooring line to part, the buoy system to be pulled under to a depth where the floats imploded or were crushed by the pressure, or the hard plastic pressure floats were banged together causing them to crack or break and loose their buoyancy, with the buoy system sinking. The latter alternative was observed on one of the inshore FADs, where the hard plastic pressure floats were smashed (Figure 20) as a result of cyclone Heta.

Figure 20: Buoy system retrieved after cyclone Heta with hard plastic pressure floats smashed The other three FAD losses were attributed to; hockling of the three-strand nylon rope at a depth of around 90 m on one unit (Figure 21), with the other two units suspected of having the buoy system pulled under by strong currents in the area of deployment, and the type of buoy system used. A fisherman reported the FAD buoy system on one unit being underwater one day when he was fishing. The next day the FAD could not be located. It is assumed that the mussel float used on the buoy design imploded when the buoy system was pulled under (this is not a pressure float) and that the other floats had insufficient buoyancy to support the FAD in strong currents.

Figure 21: Hockling in the nylon rope of one FAD, which lead to the rope breaking

38

3.2.3 Replacement FAD designs, deployments and results In May and June 2003, after the loss of five project FADs (2 off Niue, 1 off Rarotonga and 2 off Aitutaki), it was decided to deploy one FAD at each location. In reviewing the design, the wire cable upper mooring (4 losses) and the polypropylene rope upper mooring with chain counterweight (1 loss) were considered not the best designs to pursue. Therefore, all replacement FADs used either the 20 mm, 3-strand nylon rope or 20 mm, 3-strand lead-core polypropylene rope for the upper mooring. The buoy system was also changed slightly, with the use of 28 mm nylon rope and nylite rope connectors (Figure 22). This replaced the galvanised thimbles in the eye splices of the 32 mm nylon rope, which rusted and turned in the splice causing some abrasion to the rope. The same arrangement of alternate pressure floats and purse seine floats was used, with the mussel float retained for inshore FADs only.

Figure 22: Final design buoy systems used on replacement FADs Three replacement FADs were deployed in May and June 2003 (Table 19), one at each of the three project locations. Three more of the original FADs were lost in 2003 (2 wire cable and 1 nylon rope that hockled), with four lost in early 2004, three as a result of cyclone Heta. Table 19: Summary of the replacement FAD deployments undertaken in Niue and the Cook Islands

Deployment date

Area Latitude (S)

Longitude (W)

Deployment depth (m)

Status of FAD

29 May 2003

9 June 2004

22 July 2004

Niue:

Limufuafua

Halagigie

Hikutavake

19º 11.000'

19º 01.750'

18º 57.660'

169º 51.600'

169º 55.225'

169º 55.060'

900 m

720 m

625 m




13 June 2003

Rarotonga:

Matavera

21º 12.925'

159º 42.950'

650 m


18 June 2003

Aitutaki:

Arutanga/Amuri

18º 48.750'

159º 48.000'

1000 m


Nylite rope connector

18 m of 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope with eye splice and No. 4 nylite rope connector at each end

Purse seine floats with 7 kg buoyancy

8 m of 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope with nylite rope connector at one end

Mussel float Rope spliced to mussel float

Pressure floats rated to 200 m with 20 kg buoyancy

Design No. 4

Design No. 5

39

The replacement FADs was also lost off Niue, soon after cyclone Heta, and it was thought that the mooring line may have been damaged by the cyclone at the time. Two additional replacement FADs were deployed off Niue (Table 19) to replace some of the lost offshore FADs, one in June and the other in July 2004. Attachment G gives all the specifications for the replacement FADs. At the time of writing this report (December 2004), three of the original and four of the replacement FADs were still on station. Five of these FADs have 20 mm 3-strand nylon rope for the upper mooring and two have the 20 mm 3-strand lead-core polypropylene rope for the upper mooring. The three original FADs have now been in the water from 32 to 34 months, while two of the replacement FADs have been on station for almost 18 months. These two designs appear to be reaching the 2-year average lifespan as set out as one of the objectives of this project. In fact, if cyclone Heta had not occurred, there could have been another four FADs off Niue. Three of the lost FADs were on station for 23 months when the cyclone hit. 3.2.4 Costing of the project FADs Table 20 summarises the cost of each of the original 15 FADs deployed, while Attachments H and I provide the breakdown of costs by item for each FAD for Niue and the Cook Islands respectively. Table 20: Summary of costs for each of the initial project FADs

Cost of components in New Zealand dollars (NZD) FAD (depth in metres) Buoy

system Mooring system

Anchor block

Sub-total Freight costs

Sub-total Deployment costs

Total cost

Aggregators and ongoing maintenance

costs * Niue – shallow Lakepa (400) Vaiea (400) Toi No. 1 (550)

742.87707.15742.87

1386.08 1357.00 1469.10

400.00400.00400.00

2528.952464.152611.97

520.00520.00520.00

3048.952984.153131.97

350.00 350.00 350.00

3398.95 3334.15 3481.97

319.091005.39644.60

Sub-total 2192.89 4212.18 1200.00 7605.07 1560.00 9165.07 1050.00 10,215.07 1969.08

Cooks – shallow Black Rock (Rar –550) Matavera (Rar – 650)

707.15692.07

1614.61 1624.06

400.00400.00

2721.762716.13

430.00430.00

3151.763146.13

800.00 800.00

3951.76 3946.13

1301.44218.64

Sub-total 1399.22 3238.67 800.00 5437.89 860.00 6297.89 1600.00 7897.89 1520.08

Total – shallow FADs 3592.11 7450.85 2000.00 13,042.96 2420.00 15,462.96 2650.00 18,112.96 3489.16Niue – deep Avatele (900) Limufuafua (900) Halagigie (800) Toi No. 2 (1100) Hikutavake (650)

1376.821376.821376.821376.821376.82

2105.08 2254.83 1967.00 2388.80 1888.83

400.00400.00400.00400.00400.00

3881.904031.653743.824165.623665.65

520.00520.00520.00520.00520.00

4401.904551.654263.824685.624185.65

350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00

4751.90 4901.65 4613.82 5035.62 4535.65

1071.59384.89681.90868.04700.09

Sub-total 6884.10 10,604.54 2000.00 19,488.64 2600.00 22,088.64 1750.00 23,838.64 3706.51

Cooks – deep Raro. Hotel (Rar – 1150) Titikaveka (Rar – 1150) Maina (Aitu – 950) Motukitiu (Aitu – 1030) Arutanga (Aitu – 960)

1376.821376.821376.821326.02717.05

2571.98 2413.15 2199.35 2309.76 2149.85

400.00400.00400.00400.00400.00

4348.804189.973976.174035.783266.90

430.00430.00650.00650.00650.00

4778.804619.974626.174685.783916.90

800.00 800.00 150.00 150.00 150.00

5578.80 5419.97 4776.17 4835.78 4066.90

820.09958.89

1203.84644.84218.64

Sub-total 6173.53 11,649.09 2000.00 19,817.62 2810.00 22,627.62 2050.00 24,677.62 3846.30

Total – deep FADs 13,057.63 22,248.63 4000.00 39,306.26 5410.00 44,716.26 3800.00 48,516.26 7552.81

Total FAD costs 16,649.74 29,699.48 6000.00 52,349.22 7830.00 60,179.22 6450.00 66,629.22 11,041.97 * Cost of aggregators and ongoing maintenance costs (materials and fuel) for the FADs after deployment (no staff costs)

40

One of the objectives of this project was to develop a more cost-effective FAD mooring design with an average lifespan of at least two years, while reducing costs to a target level of NZD $4500 for deep-water FADs (1000 m depth) and NZD $3000 for shallow-water FADs (300 m depth). In looking at the costs incurred, the actual FAD costs need to be defined. That is, should deployment costs, the anchor costs, or even the cost of freight on materials be considered an actual FAD cost, as these can vary quite considerably from location to location? Given this, Table 20 splits up the component costs to give a better understanding of where the costs are incurred. However, for this project the FAD costs are considered to be all but the deployment cost. This has been excluded as the cost varied so much between locations, from NZD $150 per deployment at Aitutaki to NZD $800 per deployment at Rarotonga. When looking at the average cost of a shallow-water FAD excluding deployment cost (NZD $15,462 ÷ 5 = $3,093), it meets the requirements of the objective on reducing costs of FADs to around NZD $3000 per unit. The cost of the deep-water FADs excluding deployment costs averaged NZD $4472 ($44,716 ÷ 10), which also meets the target cost of NZD $4500. The maintenance costs have been included in Table 20, although have not been included in the current costings, as this is considered a separate cost to the actual cost of the FADs. The data is also incomplete for the FADs that are still on station. Attachments H and I provide the current figures for each FAD, however, these are preliminary and may change as more maintenance sheets come in from each location. In looking at the replacement FADs, Table 21 provides a summary of the costs using the same split as for the original FAD as presented in Table 20, while Attachment J summarises the costs by item. In looking at the cost of these FADs, the one deployed off Aitutaki used 12-strand ropes (nylon upper and polypropylene lower), which added another NZD $1,300 to the cost of this FAD. The other four FADs cost on average, NZD $4,183.10, although three of these were set in depths of 625 to 720 m. Table 21: Summary of costs for each of the replacement project FADs

Cost of components in New Zealand dollars (NZD)

FAD (depth in metres) Buoy system

Mooring system

Anchor block

Sub-total Freight costs

Sub-total Deployment costs

Total cost

Aggregators and ongoing maintenance

costs *

Niue

Limufuafua (900)

Halagigie (720)

Hikutavake (625)

1224.20

1384.10

1453.70

2331.35

2122.20

1614.15

400.00

400.00

400.00

3955.55

3906.30

3467.85

520.00

520.00

520.00

4475.55

4426.30

3987.85

350.00

350.00

350.00

4825.55

4776.30

4337.85

514.59

113.05

121.04

Sub-total 4062.00 6067.70 1200.00 11,329.70 1560.00 12,889.70 1050.00 13,939.70 748.68

Cook Islands (Raro)

Matavera (650) 1246.80

1765.90 400.00 3412.70 430.00 3842.70

150.00

3992.70 795.84

Sub-total (Niue / Raro) 5308.80 7833.60 1600.00 14,742.40 1990.00 16,732.40 1200.00 17,932.40 1544.52

Cook Islands (Aitu)**

North Arutanga (1000) 1218.62

3546.80 400.00 5165.42 650.00 5815.42

150.00

5965.42 689.88

Total FAD costs 6527.42 11,380.40 2000.00 19,907.82 2640.00 22,547.82 1350.00 23,897.82 2234.40 * Cost of aggregators and ongoing maintenance costs (materials and fuel) for the FADs after deployment (no staff costs) ** More expensive 12-strand ropes used as no other materials available on Aitutaki at the time. Overall the objective of designing FADs to the target maximum costings has been met, with the remaining FADs approaching, or having passed, the 2-year average lifespan objective. Only time will tell if this is fully met and that the materials used are appropriate to meet both the costing and lifespan requirements of the project objectives.

41

3.3 Dissemination of information

Output 1.3 Reports, manuals, and the general dissemination of information on the FAD research project.

Dissemination of information in regard to this project and the ongoing results has been a main component of the project. Articles and updates on the early stages of the FAD research project have been placed in SPC Fisheries Newsletter Numbers 101, 102, and 104. These articles have given a description of the project and its objectives, plus provided an update on progress on a quarterly basis. This has generated some interest by countries in the region plus some researchers outside the region. Several requests for further information on this FAD research project have been received and responded to. Feature articles covering the results at the end of the second year of the FAD research project were placed in SPC Fisheries Newsletters Numbers 105 and 106 (Attachment K). The article in issue 105 covered the FAD designs used and the cost of the FADs, with the article in issue 106 covering the results of the community surveys and the catch and effort data collected by the project. These articles have generated interest by member countries and territories as well as others, both inside and outside the region. Two progress reports have also been produced for the funding agency, the first provided in May 2002 and the second in June 2003. Positive feedback has been received from the donor on the work and the results presented in the progress report. The donor also requested additional analysis of the sex disaggregated data collected during the community surveys, and this has been presented in this, the final report for the project. The results presented in this final report will also be placed in a series of feature articles in the SPC Fisheries Newsletter. The results will be split into several components as was done with the results at the end of the second year of the project. The article in Fisheries Newsletter No 112 (Attachment K) covered the results on mooring design, aggregators and costs. The final article will be placed in Fisheries Newsletter 113 and cover the results from the community surveys, gender assessment and catch and effort data analysis. The final part of this project was the writing of a technical manual on the best recommended FAD designs as a result of the current project. Limited staff time has hindered the production of this manual and it was completed in June and printed in July 2005. This manual was widely distributed in the region to encourage fisheries departments and donors to start using this new recommended design. A copy of the technical manual is also provided with this final report. SPC is looking to further promote the outcomes of this project. In particular, the new design recommended in this report and the technical manual will be presented at the next Heads of Fisheries Meeting as well as other national or regional meetings as identified. 4. FINANCIAL STATEMENT Attachment L provides the SPC financial statements of income and expenditure as an acquittal of the funding received in all three years for the FAD research project. Table 22 summarises the main areas of expenditure, with the CFP figures being the actual amounts being acquitted against. As there was unspent funding at the end of year three for the printing and distribution of the technical manual, this was carried forward to year four of the project.

42

Table 22: Main areas of expenditure for the FAD research project by year in CFP

Item Year 1 CFP

Year 2 CFP

Year 3 CFP

Year 4 CFP

TOTAL CFP

Project management fee (3%) Salary of part-time employee in Niue Travel Equipment purchase and operating costs Communication costs Publications (manual), printing and distribution Data collection and data entry

183,000

892,677

7,941,071

27,000

536,105

174,698

274,392

1,242,751

2,703,084

28,390

196,810

500,000

94,492

276,040

831,389

954,407

28,500

0

550,000

0

0

0

0

0

1,046,593

0

269,190

733,432

2,966,817

11,598,562

83,890

1,779,508

1,050,000

TOTAL 9,579,853 5,120,125 2,734,828 1,046,593 18,481,399 Table 23 summarises the annual expenditure against funding received with the balance from years one, two and three carried forward. As can be seen in Table 23, the balance carried forward from year three to year four was used to fund the printing and distribution of the technical manual on FAD design, based on the findings of this project. Table 23: Summary of funds received and expenditure by year over the life of the project.

Funding and expenditure Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 TOTAL Funding received in NZD CFP equivalent to NZD received Actual expenditure in CFP Balance brought forward from previous year

161,900

9,508,387

9,579,853

95,500

5,823,264

5,120,125

–71,466

52,200

3,149,748

2,734,828

+631,673

0

0

1,046,593

1,046,593

309,600

18,481,399

18,481,399

Balance in CFP at end of year – 71,466 631,673 1,046,593 0 0

43

Attachment A COASTAL COMMUNITY SURVEY SHEET (NIUE AND COOK ISLANDS) FOR THE FAD RESEARCH PROJECT Location: ______________ Interviewer: ______________________________ Date: _________________ Family Interviewed (list people): ___________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________ General notes The survey should be based on the fishing activities of each family over the last 12 months, based on an average month. A family is defined for this survey as a family unit that resides at the same dwelling. One person (wherever possible the head of the household) can be interviewed to provide the information for the whole family. All family members should be listed on the survey sheet with the person providing the information first on the list. Also, only include data from the actual owner of a canoe or boat, as people from different families may fish together. Has the family unit changed since the last survey? First survey Yes No If yes, what change has occurred? ________________________________________________ 1. General fishing Is anyone in your family involved in any form of fishing activity (fishing, spear fishing, reef gleaning, diving for clams, crayfish)? Yes No If yes, on average, what percentage of the family’s fishing time per month is spent?: Reef gleaning 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Reef fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Spearfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Diving (clams/crays) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Bottomfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Mid-water fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Bait fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Gillnetting 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Trolling 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Flyingfish 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Other (specify) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 _____________________ On average, how many times per month would your family fish (if more than one fishing activity is undertaken at one time, each is a separate fishing trip)?:

1 to 3 4 to 6 7 to 9 10 to 12 13 to 15 16 to 18 >18

44

In the family unit, who is involved in fishing activities?: Mother: Yes No Father: Yes No

Daughters: Yes No Sons: Yes No

Grandmothers: Yes No Grandfathers: Yes No

Aunts/Sisters: Yes No Uncles/Brothers: Yes No

Other (please specify): ______________________________________ Yes No What percentage of the Mother’s fishing time per month is spent?: Reef gleaning 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Reef fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Spearfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Bottomfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Bait fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Gillnetting 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Trolling 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Flyingfish 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Other (specify) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ____________________

What percentage of the Father’s fishing time per month is spent?: Reef gleaning 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Reef fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Spearfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Bottomfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Bait fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Gillnetting 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Trolling 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Flyingfish 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Other (specify) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ____________________

45

What percentage of the Daughter’s fishing time per month is spent?:

Reef gleaning 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Reef fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Spearfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Bottomfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Bait fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Gillnetting 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Trolling 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Flyingfish 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Other (specify) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ____________________ What percentage of the Son’s fishing time per month is spent?:

Reef gleaning 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Reef fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Spearfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Bottomfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Bait fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Gillnetting 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Trolling 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Flyingfish 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Other (specify) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ____________________ What percentage of the (specify) ____________________ fishing time per month is spent?:

Reef gleaning 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Reef fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Spearfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Bottomfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Bait fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Gillnetting 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Trolling 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Flyingfish 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Other (specify) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ____________________

46

What percentage of the (specify) ____________________ fishing time per month is spent?:

Reef gleaning 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Reef fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Spearfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Bottomfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Bait fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Gillnetting 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Trolling 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Flyingfish 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Other (specify) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ____________________ 2. Boats/canoes used for fishing Note: Please list all canoes and boats owned by the family unit, including those that are not currently operational. In the description of each canoe or boat, please specify if it is operational or not. Are boats and/or canoes used in your family’s fishing operations? Yes No If yes, what number and size of boat(s) and/or canoe(s) are used?: Canoes 1 2 3 Boats 1 2 3 Brief description of canoe 1: _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________ Brief description of canoe 2: _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________ Brief description of canoe 3: _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________ Brief description of boat 1: _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

Horsepower of outboard used on boat 1: 8 15 20 25 40 Other Brief description of boat 2: _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

Horsepower of outboard used on boat 2: 8 15 20 25 40 Other Brief description of boat 3: _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

Horsepower of outboard used on boat 3: 8 15 20 25 40 Other

47

3. Marine protected areas (MPAs) Are there any MPAs adjacent to your village? Yes No If yes, how long has the MPA been in effect? ___________________________________ Please specify the name of the MPA ___________________________________ What restrictions are in place in the MPA? ___________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________ Did the implementation of the MPA affected your normal fishing activities at the time? Yes No If yes, how did your fishing practices change? __________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________ Have you made any recent changes to your fishing practices as a result of an MPA? Yes No If yes, what were these changes? ________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Canoe and boat fishing outside the reef Note: Night time trolling for pike and squirrel fish is included under ‘open water trolling’. Also, this section refers to the owner of the canoes/boats and not others that may have fished with the owner from time to time. On average, how many times per month would your family canoes/boats fish outside the reef (if more than one canoe and/or boat is fished at one time, each is a separate fishing trip)?:

1 to 3 4 to 6 7 to 9 10 to 12 13 to 15 >15 Please specify which family canoes/boats (refer section 2) are used outside the reef:

canoe 1 canoe 2 canoe 3 boat 1 boat 2 boat 3

48

What percentage of the family’s canoe fishing time per month is spent outside the reef doing?: FAD fishing — all techniques

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Non-FAD fishing techniques like:

Open water trolling 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Mid-water handlining 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Bait fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Bottomfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Gillnetting 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Flyingfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Other (specify) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ________________________________ What percentage of the family’s boat fishing time per month is spent outside the reef doing?: FAD fishing — all techniques

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Non-FAD fishing techniques like:

Open water trolling 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Bait fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Bottomfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Gillnetting 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Flyingfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Other (specify) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 If you catch pelagic fish (wahoo, tuna etc) on a fishing trip, are you less likely to stop and bottomfish on this fishing trip? Yes No 5. Fishing around fish aggregating devices (FADs) Are there any FADs adjacent or close to your village? Yes No If yes, how many? 1 2 3 4 Roughly how long has each FAD been there?: FAD 1 — specify location ____________________________________________

— duration 3 m 6 m 9 m 1 yr 2 yrs 3 yrs >3 yrs FAD 2 — specify location ____________________________________________

— duration 3 m 6 m 9 m 1 yr 2 yrs 3 yrs >3 yrs FAD 3 — specify location ____________________________________________

— duration 3 m 6 m 9 m 1 yr 2 yrs 3 yrs >3 yrs

49

FAD 4 — specify location ____________________________________________

— duration 3 m 6 m 9 m 1 yr 2 yrs 3 yrs >3 yrs Did the deployment of FADs near your village affect your normal fishing activities at the time? Yes No If yes, how did your fishing practices change? ________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________ Do you fish at FADs that are not close to your village? Yes No If yes, how far will you travel to fish at other FADs? 5 km 10 km 15 km 20 km >20 km Please specify which family canoes/boats are used for FAD fishing (refer section 2):

canoe 1 canoe 2 canoe 3 boat 1 boat 2 boat 3 On average, how many times per month would your family canoes/boats fish around FADs (if more than one canoe and/or boat, each is a separate trip to the FADs)?:

1 to 3 4 to 6 7 to 9 10 to 12 13 to 15 >15 What percentage of the family’s canoe fishing time per month is spent around FADs doing?: Trolling 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vertical longlining 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Bait fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Bottomfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Other (specify) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

________________________________ What percentage of the family’s boat fishing time per month is spent around FADs doing?: Trolling 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vertical longlining 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Bait fishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Bottomfishing 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Other (specify) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

________________________________ Are you happy with an FAD being adjacent to your village? Yes No If no, please give reason(s): __________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

50

What is your preference for FAD placement? Inshore Offshore Reason(s) for your choice: ___________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Would you be willing to contribute to the cost of maintaining an FAD adjacent to your village? Yes No If yes, how much per year would you be willing to contribute?: <$50 $50-100 $100-150 $150-200 >$200 6. Catch from fishing activities outside the reef What would be the average whole-weight catch (kg) from a family canoe fishing trip doing?: FAD fishing—all techniques (kg per average trip)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 >100 (specify)

Non-FAD fishing techniques (kg per average trip) like:

Open water trolling <10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Mid-water handlining <10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Bait fishing <10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Bottomfishing <10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Flyingfishing <10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Other (specify) <10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

________________________________ What would be the average whole-weight catch (kg) from a family boat fishing trip doing?: FAD fishing—all techniques (kg per average trip)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 >100 (specify)

Non-FAD fishing techniques (kg per average trip) like:

Open water trolling <10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Mid-water handlining <10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Bait fishing <10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Bottomfishing <10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gillnetting <10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Flyingfishing <10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Other (specify) <10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

________________________________

51

What is the percentage use of the average monthly family catch from fishing outside the reef for?:

Home consumption 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Given away/donated 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Sold (domestic) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Exported 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Used as bait 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 When selling fish, is any processing undertaken? Yes No If yes, what percentage of the catch is processed into?: Gilled and gutted 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

G&G, head and tailed 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Cut into chunks 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Filleted 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Smoked 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Other (specify) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

________________________________

52

53

Attachment B

Daily FAD fishing logsheet for Niue and the Cook Islands

Location/port: Date: DDMMYY Fishing area, which FADs: Boat, skipper and crew:

Departure time: Return time: Fuel and amount:

Time of day (local) 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Total

Engine hours Trolling inshore FADs Trolling offshore FADs Trolling open water Vertical longline (VLL) Drop-stone Palu-ahi Single hook drift line Jigging Tuna-hole fishing Other Catch by number Catch by weight (kg) Weather Bait type: amount (kg) or Fishing effortWind pieces used No. of trolling lines Sea No. of VLLs and hooks Current or tide No. of other lines and hooks Moon phase Tied to FAD?

Trolling catch Catch by other methods Species Inshore FAD Offshore

FAD Open water VLL Drop-stone Other: TOTAL

No. kg No. kg No. kg No. kg No. kg No. kg No. kg Yellowfin tuna Albacore tuna Bigeye tuna Skipjack tuna Rainbow runner Wahoo Mahi mahi Barracuda Marlin Sailfish Shark Opelu Atule Triggerfish Other Other TOTAL Comments Depth of catch (VLL/drop-stone)

54

55

Attachment C

Summary of all catch and effort data by fishing method, location and month Trolling inshore FADs

Island/ Effort Yellowfin

tuna Skipjack tuna Wahoo Other Total month/yr (hours) No. kg No. kg No. kg No. kg No. kg CPUE

Niue

11/2001 2.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 10.0 2 20.0 3 30.0 12.0

04/2002 14.0 1 2.0 0 0.0 10 101.0 4 25.0 15 128.0 9.1 05/2002 27.5 10 93.0 2 5.0 17 154.0 5 68.0 34 320.0 11.6 06/2002 4.5 1 2.0 1 4.0 1 14.0 1 6.0 4 26.0 5.8 07/2002 20.5 8 48.0 4 8.0 3 44.0 7 24.0 22 124.0 6.0 08/2002 22.5 2 6.0 2 12.0 13 174.0 23 100.0 40 292.0 13.0 09/2002 18.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 18 207.0 9 69.0 27 276.0 14.9 10/2002 46.0 5 25.0 3 4.0 61 623.0 20 175.0 89 827.0 18.0 11/2002 11.0 0 0.0 1 2.0 12 92.0 3 15.0 16 109.0 9.9 12/2002 7.5 1 6.0 0 0.0 5 42.0 5 31.0 11 79.0 10.5

Total 2002 172.0 28 182.0 13 35.0 140 1451.0 77 513.0 258 2181.0 12.7

01/2003 15.0 11 20.0 38 137.0 2 33.0 3 6.0 54 199.0 13.3 02/2003 2.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 10.0 1 10.0 2 20.0 10.0 03/2003 0.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 30.0 0 0.0 3 30.0 60.0 05/2003 2.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 26.0 0 0.0 2 26.0 13.0 06/2003 1.0 11 45.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 11 45.0 45.0 07/2003 33.5 11 61.0 6 42.0 29 506.0 3 31.0 49 640.0 19.1 08/2003 23.5 5 25.0 7 40.0 17 272.0 3 26.0 32 363.0 15.4 09/2003 11.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 8 102.0 9 73.0 17 175.0 15.9 10/2003 3.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 28.0 2 16.0 5 44.0 12.6 11/2003 4.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 43.0 1 12.0 5 55.0 13.8 12/2003 2.5 1 10.0 0 0.0 3 44.0 0 0.0 4 54.0 21.6

Total 2003 98.5 39 161.0 51 219.0 72 1094.0 22 174.0 184 1651.0 16.8

02/2004 2.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 13.0 2 10.0 3 23.0 11.5 03/2004 6.0 2 32.0 0 0.0 3 33.0 1 1.0 6 66.0 11.0 04/2004 5.5 7 139.0 0 0.0 8 74.0 1 5.0 16 218.0 39.6 05/2004 6.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 30.0 6 20.0 9 50.0 8.3 06/2004 3.5 3 44.0 0 0.0 5 49.0 0 0.0 8 93.0 26.6 07/2004 6.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 18 185.0 1 6.0 19 191.0 29.4

Total 2004 29.5 12 215.0 0 0.0 38 384.0 11 42.0 61 641.0 21.7

Aitutaki 05/2002 6.0 16 101.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 5.0 17 106.0 17.7 07/2002 108.5 98 545.0 63 182.0 4 46.0 34 189.0 199 962.0 8.9 08/2002 2.0 1 5.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 9.0 2 14.0 7.0 11/2002 4.0 2 25.0 0 0.0 2 19.0 0 0.0 4 44.0 11.0

Total 2002 120.5 117 676.0 63 182.0 6 65.0 36 203.0 222 1126.0 9.3

Rarotonga 02/2002 8.5 2 3.0 10 8.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 11.0 1.3 03/2002 33.5 8 25.0 28 127.0 0 0.0 1 12.0 37 164.0 4.9 05/2002 7.0 7 64.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 20.0 8 84.0 12.0 06/2002 4.0 5 30.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 30.0 7.5 08/2002 1.0 1 6.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 6.0 6.0

56

12/2002 6.0 32 128.0 4 10.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 36 138.0 23.0 Total 2002 60.0 55 256.0 42 145.0 0 0.0 2 32.0 99 433.0 7.2

01/2003 30.0 158 756.0 13 65.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 171 821.0 27.4 02/2003 41.0 99 332.0 7 24.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 106 356.0 8.7 03/2003 25.0 38 124.0 2 8.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 40 132.0 5.3 04/2003 29.5 37 144.0 4 12.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 41 156.0 5.3 05/2003 5.5 7 19.0 2 7.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 26.0 4.7 06/2003 20.0 5 20.0 3 6.0 2 39.0 1 1.0 11 66.0 3.3 07/2003 10.0 7 38.0 2 8.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 46.0 4.6 08/2003 1.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 16.0 0 0.0 1 16.0 16.0 09/2003 8.0 1 3.0 0 0.0 4 109.0 0 0.0 5 112.0 14.0 12/2003 8.5 4 26.0 2 4.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 30.0 3.5

Total 2003 178.5 356 1462.0 35 134.0 7 164.0 1 1.0 399 1761.0 9.9

01/2004 4.0 5 30.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 30.0 7.5 03/2004 3.0 1 15.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 15.0 5.0 06/2004 0.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 7.0 1 7.0 14.0

Total 2004 7.5 6 45.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 7.0 7 52.0 6.9

Trolling offshore FADs

Island/ Effort Yellowfin tuna Skipjack tuna Wahoo Other Total month/yr (hours) No. kg No. kg No. kg No. kg No. kg CPUE

Niue

11/2001 1.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 14.0 2 14.0 14.0

04/2002 5.0 3 18.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 7.0 13 25.0 5.0 05/2002 29.0 47 147.0 29 58.0 3 17.0 20 84.0 99 306.0 10.6 06/2002 30.5 43 127.0 20 39.0 0 0.0 11 32.0 74 198.0 6.5 07/2002 35.5 25 61.0 12 26.0 6 29.0 18 68.0 61 184.0 5.2 08/2002 49.5 41 108.0 23 52.0 20 118.0 53 325.0 137 603.0 12.2 09/2002 29.0 13 56.0 7 20.0 5 71.0 40 300.0 65 447.0 15.4 10/2002 181.0 42 180.0 51 138.0 34 279.0 159 1284.0 286 1881.0 10.4 11/2002 146.5 90 313.0 196 503.0 5 38.0 28 164.0 319 1018.0 6.9 12/2002 200.5 304 928.0 585 1302.0 5 54.0 10 40.0 904 2324.0 11.6

Total 2002 706.5 608 1938.0 923 2138.0 78 606.0 349 2304.0 1958 6986.0 9.9

01/2003 152.0 226 705.0 210 593.0 9 80.0 7 50.0 452 1428.0 9.4 02/2003 50.0 112 497.0 86 336.0 1 10.0 1 8.0 200 851.0 17.0 03/2003 54.0 95 351.0 32 76.0 0 0.0 1 5.0 128 432.0 8.0 04/2003 55.0 72 306.0 46 114.0 0 0.0 3 447.0 121 867.0 15.8 05/2003 101.0 174 523.0 45 129.0 2 18.0 1 10.0 222 680.0 6.7 06/2003 119.5 158 452.0 257 491.0 4 38.0 12 86.0 431 1067.0 8.9 07/2003 75.0 121 369.0 86 199.0 0 0.0 59 460.0 266 1028.0 13.7 08/2003 406.5 185 536.0 133 264.0 0 0.0 38 261.0 356 1061.0 2.6 09/2003 50.5 44 132.0 49 112.0 3 37.0 38 236.0 134 517.0 10.2 10/2003 174.0 99 383.0 433 919.0 3 51.0 49 513.0 584 1866.0 10.7 11/2003 167.0 113 521.0 581 1293.0 3 57.0 11 42.0 708 1913.0 11.5 12/2003 48.5 10 56.0 205 499.0 2 25.0 3 75.0 220 655.0 13.5

Total 2003 1453.0 1409 4831.0 2163 5025.0 27 316.0 223 2193.0 3822 12365.0 8.5

02/2004 1.0 5 30.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 30.0 30.0 05/2004 1.0 4 15.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 15.0 15.0 06/2004 7.5 4 51.0 0 0.0 1 10.0 6 25.0 11 86.0 11.5 07/2004 47.0 30 186.0 11 31.0 8 40.0 26 256.0 75 513.0 10.9

57

Total 2004 56.5 43 282.0 11 31.0 9 50.0 32 281.0 95 644.0 11.4

Aitutaki 04/2002 10.5 7 27.0 1 4.0 0 0.0 3 32.0 11 63.0 6.0 05/2002 23.5 43 265.0 5 30.0 1 10.0 2 39.0 51 344.0 14.6 06/2002 20.0 7 31.0 0 0.0 2 8.0 6 69.0 15 108.0 5.4 07/2002 72.0 77 424.0 29 90.0 1 10.0 12 121.0 119 645.0 9.0 08/2002 53.0 18 88.0 18 70.0 4 39.0 23 137.0 63 334.0 6.3 09/2002 8.0 2 10.0 0 0.0 1 10.0 6 60.0 9 80.0 10.0 10/2002 18.5 50 205.0 9 35.0 1 5.0 0 0.0 60 245.0 13.2 11/2002 124.5 303 1720.0 51 270.0 5 31.0 7 53.0 366 2074.0 16.7 12/2002 35.0 177 964.0 5 21.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 182 985.0 28.1

Total 2002 365.0 684 3734.0 118 520.0 15 113.0 59 511.0 876 4878.0 13.4

01/2003 26.0 51 358.0 9 49.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 60 407.0 15.7 02/2003 7.0 9 137.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 137.0 19.6 05/2003 2.0 21 70.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 21 70.0 35.0 06/2003 6.0 11 37.0 1 3.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 40.0 6.7 07/2003 7.0 15 55.0 4 12.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 19 67.0 9.6

Total 2003 48.0 107 657.0 14 64.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 121 721.0 15.0

Rarotonga 02/2002 13.0 8 26.0 10 18.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 18 44.0 3.4 03/2002 439.5 324 1155.0 523 1105.0 0 0.0 181 660.0 1028 2920.0 6.6 04/2002 188.5 45 172.0 154 382.0 2 20.0 14 125.0 215 699.0 3.7 05/2002 194.0 147 747.0 62 144.0 5 23.0 16 121.0 230 1035.0 5.3 06/2002 303.5 381 1878.0 76 233.0 0 0.0 10 124.0 467 2235.0 7.4 07/2002 48.0 40 215.0 1 14.0 1 20.0 5 70.0 47 319.0 6.6 08/2002 18.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 54.0 5 56.0 11 110.0 5.9 09/2002 82.5 100 335.0 0 0.0 4 50.0 10 100.0 114 485.0 5.9 10/2002 53.0 22 92.0 3 9.0 5 81.0 7 58.0 37 240.0 4.5 11/2002 221.0 195 864.0 41 158.0 3 37.0 1 7.0 240 1066.0 4.8 12/2002 240.0 295 1325.0 112 308.0 0 0.0 5 23.0 412 1656.0 6.9

Total 2002 1801.5 1557 6809.0 982 2371.0 26 285.0 254 1344.0 2819 10809.0 6.0

01/2003 310.0 421 1835.0 174 527.0 1 8.0 0 0.0 596 2370.0 7.6 02/2003 411.5 458 1929.0 215 750.0 3 22.0 4 20.0 680 2721.0 6.6 03/2003 301.5 281 1238.0 22 71.0 8 55.0 6 27.0 317 1391.0 4.6 04/2003 491.5 824 3242.0 155 481.0 5 41.0 3 32.0 987 3796.0 7.7 05/2003 500.5 549 2234.0 114 339.0 6 117.0 16 233.0 685 2923.0 5.8 06/2003 613.0 503 1940.0 273 647.0 7 126.0 30 225.0 813 2938.0 4.8 07/2003 128.0 152 551.0 33 110.0 2 34.0 18 150.0 205 845.0 6.6 08/2003 143.5 71 342.0 13 51.0 14 287.0 6 84.0 104 764.0 5.3 09/2003 10.0 7 36.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 76.0 14 112.0 11.2 10/2003 6.5 4 20.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 16 196.0 20 216.0 33.2 11/2003 8.5 5 31.0 0 0.0 1 25.0 5 46.0 11 102.0 12.0 12/2003 61.0 72 516.0 20 71.0 0 0.0 2 42.0 94 629.0 10.3

Total 2003 2985.5 3347 13914.0 1019 3047.0 47 715.0 113 1131.0 4526 18807.0 6.3

01/2004 62.0 37 280.0 57 140.0 1 23.0 4 59.0 99 502.0 8.1 02/2004 32.0 13 157.0 8 51.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 21 208.0 6.5 03/2004 42.5 27 176.0 3 10.0 0 0.0 5 40.0 35 226.0 5.3 04/2004 3.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 8.0 2 24.0 4 32.0 9.1 05/2004 57.0 108 702.0 6 28.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 114 730.0 12.8 06/2004 89.5 63 423.0 20 89.0 0 0.0 4 49.0 87 561.0 6.3

Total 2004 286.5 248 1738.0 94 318.0 3 31.0 15 172.0 360 2259.0 7.9

58

Trolling open water



Niue

09/2001 18.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 126.0 3 15.0 12 141.0 7.8 11/2001 6.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 11 166.0 0 0.0 11 166.0 25.5

Total 2001 24.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 20 292.0 3 15.0 23 307.0 12.5

03/2002 1.0 2 20.0 0 0.0 1 12.0 0 0.0 3 32.0 32.0 04/2002 13.0 2 14.0 1 3.0 3 61.0 5 11.0 11 89.0 6.8 05/2002 39.0 7 35.0 3 12.0 13 192.0 5 20.0 28 259.0 6.6 06/2002 7.0 0 0.0 24 48.0 1 16.0 0 0.0 25 64.0 9.1 07/2002 54.0 10 39.0 48 96.0 52 704.0 1 4.0 111 843.0 15.6 08/2002 132.5 10 58.0 14 55.0 122 1749.0 27 309.0 173 2171.0 16.4 09/2002 300.0 8 45.0 36 237.0 204 3033.0 42 294.0 290 3609.0 12.0 10/2002 142.5 26 68.0 2 16.0 152 1931.0 14 106.0 194 2121.0 14.9 11/2002 101.5 42 100.0 51 162.0 57 736.0 11 86.0 161 1084.0 10.7 12/2002 80.0 2 32.0 1 4.0 30 365.0 13 58.0 46 459.0 5.7

Total 2002 870.5 109 411.0 180 633.0 635 8799.0 118 888.0 1042 10731.0 12.3

01/2003 36.0 6 48.0 0 0.0 18 168.0 8 87.0 32 303.0 8.4 02/2003 18.0 2 7.0 0 0.0 3 37.0 6 28.0 11 72.0 4.0 03/2003 19.0 11 90.0 0 0.0 4 50.0 3 13.0 18 153.0 8.1 04/2003 47.0 8 178.0 1 3.0 21 268.0 5 38.0 35 487.0 10.4 05/2003 246.0 30 182.0 2 6.0 23 272.0 9 59.0 64 519.0 2.1 06/2003 44.5 4 30.0 0 0.0 26 330.0 3 30.0 33 390.0 8.8 07/2003 162.0 62 252.0 32 81.0 62 983.0 29 262.0 185 1578.0 9.7 08/2003 132.0 2 30.0 40 80.0 73 1123.0 52 502.0 167 1735.0 13.1 09/2003 127.5 2 6.0 1 2.0 51 700.0 23 176.0 77 884.0 6.9 10/2003 97.0 16 52.0 21 46.0 60 727.0 9 89.0 106 904.0 9.3 11/2003 112.5 21 136.0 15 42.0 37 499.0 21 145.0 94 822.0 7.3 12/2003 44.5 5 33.0 3 26.0 16 224.0 13 66.0 37 349.0 7.8

Total 2003 1086.0 169 1044.0 115 286.0 394 5381.0 181 1495.0 859 8196.0 7.5

01/2004 27.5 3 48.0 133 399.0 10 118.0 4 12.0 150 577.0 21.0 02/2004 35.5 2 40.0 82 164.0 10 145.0 5 24.0 99 373.0 10.5 03/2004 157.0 14 182.0 46 121.0 58 617.0 21 95.0 139 1015.0 6.5 04/2004 106.5 24 341.0 4 24.0 62 693.0 8 68.0 98 1126.0 10.6 05/2004 108.0 14 148.0 5 11.0 55 616.0 14 89.0 88 864.0 8.0 06/2004 93.5 17 314.0 2 4.0 53 623.0 12 72.0 84 1013.0 10.8 07/2004 153.0 66 378.0 12 24.0 90 1063.0 7 47.0 175 1512.0 9.9

Total 2004 681.0 140 1451.0 284 747.0 338 3875.0 71 407.0 833 6480.0 9.5

Aitutaki 5/2001 4.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 10.0 1 10.0 2.5

03/2002 26.5 1 11.0 9 18.0 8 76.0 1 1.0 19 106.0 4.0 04/2002 35.0 11 83.0 20 41.0 8 106.0 6 32.0 45 262.0 7.5 05/2002 60.0 13 107.0 2 14.0 4 65.0 4 17.0 23 203.0 3.4 06/2002 54.0 29 187.0 3 20.0 5 34.0 10 74.0 47 315.0 5.8 07/2002 117.5 19 112.0 5 29.0 31 430.0 14 108.0 69 679.0 5.8 08/2002 119.0 20 116.0 0 0.0 45 776.0 12 135.0 77 1027.0 8.6 09/2002 47.0 1 8.0 0 0.0 26 220.0 16 118.0 43 346.0 7.4 10/2002 59.0 5 27.0 0 0.0 17 170.0 4 37.0 26 234.0 4.0

59

11/2002 38.0 7 41.0 0 0.0 4 38.0 4 85.0 15 164.0 4.3 12/2002 15.5 36 129.0 2 10.0 2 30.0 0 0.0 40 169.0 10.9

Total 2002 571.5 142 821.0 41 132.0 150 1945.0 71 607.0 404 3505.0 6.1

01/2003 31.5 30 222.0 0 0.0 1 6.0 11 15.0 42 243.0 7.7 04/2003 2.0 8 48.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 8 48.0 24.0 07/2003 3.5 3 15.0 0 0.0 1 10.0 0 0.0 4 25.0 7.1

Total 2003 37.0 41 285.0 0 0.0 2 16.0 11 15.0 54 316.0 8.5

Rarotonga 03/2002 87.5 23 128.0 20 55.0 0 0.0 12 335.0 55 518.0 5.9 04/2002 61.5 7 41.0 33 70.0 0 0.0 19 160.0 59 271.0 4.4 05/2002 32.5 34 162.0 7 21.0 1 15.0 8 76.0 50 274.0 8.4 06/2002 30.0 11 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 100.0 21 200.0 6.7 07/2002 34.0 34 181.0 4 36.0 5 124.0 0 0.0 43 341.0 10.0 08/2002 66.5 19 106.0 0 0.0 30 544.0 1 13.0 50 663.0 10.0 09/2002 108.5 5 29.0 0 0.0 32 574.0 11 83.0 48 686.0 6.3 10/2002 150.5 57 277.0 1 3.0 34 540.0 18 234.0 110 1054.0 7.0

Total 2002 571.0 190 1024.0 65 185.0 102 1797.0 79 1001.0 436 4007.0 7.0

01/2003 7.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 63.0 3 90.0 7 153.0 20.4 02/2003 1.5 1 4.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 4.0 2.7 03/2003 6.0 2 30.0 0 0.0 2 60.0 1 6.0 5 96.0 16.0 04/2003 2.5 0 0.0 2 10.0 1 11.0 0 0.0 3 21.0 8.4 05/2003 69.0 82 572.0 7 21.0 7 139.0 17 155.0 113 887.0 12.9 06/2003 108.0 26 237.0 4 9.0 36 581.0 6 60.0 72 887.0 8.2 07/2003 103.5 8 50.0 5 22.0 60 1282.0 3 42.0 76 1396.0 13.5 08/2003 135.0 12 60.0 2 4.0 65 1086.0 2 14.0 81 1164.0 8.6 09/2003 190.0 77 566.0 2 9.0 18 347.0 16 146.0 113 1068.0 5.6 10/2003 273.0 207 1111.0 44 130.0 48 1025.0 13 132.0 312 2398.0 8.8 11/2003 159.0 53 321.0 55 174.0 6 153.0 3 18.0 117 666.0 4.2 12/2003 240.0 47 278.0 309 841.0 2 17.0 2 40.0 360 1176.0 4.9

Total 2003 1295.0 515 3229.0 430 1220.0 249 4764.0 66 703.0 1260 9916.0 7.7

01/2004 92.0 21 198.0 37 111.0 8 102.0 8 89.0 74 500.0 5.4 02/2004 65.5 9 98.0 12 35.0 3 36.0 6 29.0 30 198.0 3.0 03/2004 17.0 5 71.0 6 19.0 2 16.0 0 0.0 13 106.0 6.2 04/2004 78.0 7 29.0 12 66.0 21 186.0 11 132.0 51 413.0 5.3 05/2004 41.0 8 31.0 9 35.0 3 54.0 4 44.0 24 164.0 4.0 06/2004 62.0 13 138.0 5 18.0 6 115.0 2 34.0 26 305.0 4.9

Total 2004 355.5 63 565.0 81 284.0 43 509.0 31 328.0 218 1686.0 4.7

60

Vertical longlining



Niue

06/2002 2.5 4 40.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 40.0 16.0 09/2002 13.0 2 17.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 29.0 3 46.0 3.5 11/2002 3.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 26.0 1 26.0 8.7 12/2002 42.5 22 257.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 117.0 28 374.0 8.8

Total 2002 61.0 28 314.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 8 172.0 36 486.0 8.0

01/2003 8.5 10 103.0 0 0.0 1 7.0 0 0.0 11 110.0 12.9 03/2003 28.0 28 257.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 18.0 30 275.0 9.8 04/2002 6.0 4 36.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 10.0 5 46.0 7.7 07/2003 6.0 11 104.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 11 104.0 17.3 08/2003 82.0 10 106.0 1 5.0 8 107.0 16 138.0 35 356.0 4.3 09/2003 24.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 62.0 3 28.0 7 90.0 3.7 11/2003 33.0 13 85.0 3 7.0 0 0.0 5 61.0 21 153.0 4.6 12/2003 16.5 15 109.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 10.0 16 119.0 7.2

Total 2003 204.5 91 800.0 4 12.0 13 176.0 28 265.0 136 1253.0 6.1

04/2004 22.0 7 123.0 0 0.0 1 10.0 1 6.0 9 139.0 6.3 05/2004 12.5 1 12.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 28.0 5 40.0 3.2 07/2004 5.5 9 161.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 161.0 29.3

Total 2004 40.0 17 296.0 0 0.0 1 10.0 5 34.0 23 340.0 8.5

Aitutaki 06/2002 2.0 1 28.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 28.0 14.0 07/2002 12.0 1 7.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 21.0 2 28.0 2.3 08/2002 13.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 13.0 2 35.0 3 48.0 3.7

Total 2002 27.0 2 35.0 0 0.0 1 13.0 3 56.0 6 104.0 3.9

Rarotonga 04/2002 37.0 8 205.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 146.0 13 351.0 9.5 05/2002 26.0 2 26.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 28.0 3 54.0 2.1 06/2002 72.0 17 125.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 8 121.0 25 246.0 3.4 07/2002 42.5 8 61.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 204.0 13 265.0 6.2 12/2002 3.0 2 12.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 12.0 4.0

Total 2002 180.5 37 429.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 19 499.0 56 928.0 5.1

02/2003 1.5 2 28.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 28.0 18.7 04/2003 23.5 8 44.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 130.0 10 174.0 7.4 05/2003 35.5 10 69.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 16.0 11 85.0 2.4 06/2003 11.0 2 29.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 29.0 2.6 07/2003 89.5 22 229.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 60.0 25 289.0 3.2 08/2003 22.0 3 13.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 65.0 7 78.0 3.5 09/2003 10.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 29.0 2 29.0 2.9 10/2003 6.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 33.0 2 33.0 5.5

Total 2003 199.0 47 412.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 14 333.0 61 745.0 3.7

01/2004 34.5 41 296.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 18.0 44 314.0 9.1 02/2004 6.5 1 10.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 10.0 1.5 05/2004 53.5 26 495.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 3.0 27 498.0 9.3

Total 2004 94.5 68 801.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 21.0 72 822.0 8.7

61

Dropstone fishing



Niue

04/2002 5.0 1 15.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 15.0 3.0 08/2002 5.0 7 41.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 41.0 8.2 09/2002 11.5 5 25.0 0 0.0 3 31.0 0 0.0 8 56.0 4.9 10/2002 10.0 2 18.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 40 23.0 42 41.0 4.1 11/2002 37.5 17 93.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 17 93.0 2.5

Total 2002 69.0 32 192.0 0 0.0 3 31.0 40 23.0 75 246.0 3.6

03/2003 24.5 14 124.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 14 62.0 28 186.0 7.6 04/2003 46.0 26 209.0 9 14.0 0 0.0 11 54.0 46 277.0 6.0 08/2003 9.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 13 7.0 13 7.0 0.7 10/2003 1.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 6.0 1 6.0 4.0

Total 2003 81.5 40 333.0 9 14.0 0 0.0 39 129.0 88 476.0 5.8

Aitutaki 05/2002 22.0 9 22.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 12.0 11 34.0 1.5 06/2002 2.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 15.0 1 15.0 6.0

Total 2002 24.5 9 22.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 27.0 12 49.0 2.0 Rarotonga

03/2002 47.5 69 269.0 1 2.0 0 0.0 32 17.0 102 288.0 6.1 04/2002 42.5 16 265.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 16 265.0 6.2 05/2002 21.0 9 55.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 22.0 10 77.0 3.7 06/2002 29.0 18 101.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 18 101.0 3.5 07/2002 18.0 15 122.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 7.0 16 129.0 7.2 12/2002 3.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 6.0 2 6.0 2.0

Total 2002 161.0 127 812.0 1 2.0 0 0.0 36 52.0 164 866.0 5.4

02/2003 6.0 6 24.0 2 20.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 8 44.0 7.3 03/2003 2.0 2 10.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 10.0 5.0 04/2003 4.0 7 51.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 37.0 9 88.0 22.0 05/2003 13.0 19 123.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 19 123.0 9.5 06/2003 27.0 25 168.0 0 0.0 1 16.0 2 12.0 28 196.0 7.3 07/2003 55.0 33 203.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 33 203.0 3.7 08/2003 17.0 13 57.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 13 57.0 3.4 09/2003 8.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 22.0 2.8

Total 2003 132.0 105 636.0 2 20.0 1 16.0 4 49.0 113 743.0 5.6

01/2004 28.5 36 238.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 34.0 38 272.0 9.5

62

Palu-ahi fishing



Rarotonga

03/2002 3.0 1 4.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 4.0 1.3 04/2002 8.0 3 49.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 20.0 4 69.0 8.6 05/2002 7.5 12 77.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 77.0 10.3 06/2002 11.0 5 104.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 104.0 9.5 07/2002 5.0 2 12.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 12.0 2.4

Total 2002 34.5 23 246.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 20.0 24 266.0 7.7

07/2003 32.5 29 158.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 56.0 32 214.0 6.6 08/2003 19.0 3 7.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 102.0 9 109.0 5.7

Total 2003 51.5 32 165.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 158.0 41 323.0 6.3

05/2004 2.5 2 40.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 40.0 16.0

Single hook driftlining



Niue

05/2002 19.0 9 139.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 139.0 7.3 08/2002 3.0 1 10.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 10.0 3.3

Total 2002 22.0 10 149.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 149.0 6.8

07/2004 12.0 3 14.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 9.0 6 23.0 1.9

Aitutaki 05/2002 3.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 38.0 1 38.0 12.7

Rarotonga

03/2002 1.5 1 8.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 8.0 5.3 04/2002 4.0 1 19.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 19.0 4.8 07/2002 2.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 14.0 1 14.0 7.0 08/2002 5.0 2 26.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 26.0 5.2

Total 2002 12.5 4 53.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 14.0 5 67.0 5.4

03/2003 3.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 12.0 1 12.0 4.0

01/2004 2.0 1 5.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 5.0 2.5

63

Attachment D

Aggregator maintenance sheet

MAINTENANCE OF AGGREGATOR Current (strength and Bait species and number (est) around Pelagic fish and bird activity: direction):

aggregator):

Type of aggregator used:

Condition of aggregator:

Condition of bridle/connection to FAD:

Repairs or additions/changes to aggregator:

Comments:

64

65

Attachment E

FAD maintenance sheet

Date: DDMMYY FAD identification: Skipper and crew of launch:

Amount of fuel used: Other costs: Fisheries staff doing service:

Next FAD maintenance date: MAINTENANCE OF BUOY AND MOORING

Condition of buoy system and any repairs done:

Condition of cotter pins and any repairs done:

Condition of safety shackles and any repairs done:

Condition of swivel and any repairs done:

Condition of rope connector(s) and any repairs done:

Condition of eye splice(s) and any repairs done:

Condition of upper rope/wire cable and any repairs done:

Condition of anodes (if used) and any repairs done:

Condition of safety float arrangement (if used) and any repairs done:

Condition of marker pole, light etc and any repairs done:

List all fishing gear found on the FAD buoy system, aggregator and mooring line:

66

67

Attachment F

Summary of the FAD designs and materials used in the initial 15 riggings and deployments

Niue shallower-water FADs deployed in February 2002

Lakepa FAD in

400 m Vaiea FAD in

400 m Toi No. 1 FAD in

550 m

A -- Buoy system used No. 2: 8 m of 32 mm nylon rope, 1 mussel, 4 purse seine and 5 pressure floats

No. 3: 8 m of 20 mm nylon rope sheathed with PVC tube, 1 mussel, 4 purse seine and 5 pressure floats

No. 2: 8 m of 32 mm nylon rope, 1 mussel, 4 purse seine and 5 pressure floats

B -- Connection of buoy system to upper mooring line

25 mm safety shackle, 19 mm swivel, 22 mm safety shackle (SS cotter pins used)

25 mm safety shackle, 22 mm swivel, 22 mm safety shackle (SS cotter pins used) and No. 3 nylite connector


C -- Upper mooring line 150 m of 9 mm galvanised wire cable with eye splice and tube thimble each end and zinc anodes on each splice

100 m of 20 mm nylon 3-strand rope with eye splice in top end

160 m of 20 mm polypropylene 3-strand rope with eye splice in each end

D -- Connection of upper and lower mooring lines


3-strand polypropylene and nylon ropes spliced together

2 x 22 mm and 4 x 19 mm shackle (SS cotter pins used), 2 x 19 mm swivel, 2 m of 20 mm chain and 2 x No. 3 connectors

E -- Lower mooring line 330 m of 20 mm polypropylene 3-strand rope with eye splice each end and 2 x 12.5 kg lift pressure floats

380 m of 20 mm polypropylene 3-strand rope with eye splice in bottom end and 2 x 12.5 kg lift pressure floats

500 m of 20 mm polypropylene 3-strand rope with eye splice each end and 2 x 12.5 kg lift pressure floats

F -- Connection of lower mooring line to anchor system

No. 3 nylite rope connector, 22 mm shackle, 22 mm swivel, and 25 mm shackle (SS cotter pins used)



G -- Anchor system used 10 m of 20 mm galvanised chain, 25 mm shackle (SS cotter pin used) and 2 t concrete block

10 m of 20 mm galvanised chain, 25 mm shackle (SS cotter pin used) and 2 t concrete block

5 m of 20 mm galvanised chain with end imbedded in a 2 t concrete block

Status of FAD Lost after 10 months -- cable eye splice broke

Lost after 17 months, hockling of 3-strand nylon rope at a depth of 90 m

Lost after 23 months as a result of cyclone Heta

68

Niue deeper-water FADs deployed in February 2002

Avatele FAD in 900 m

Limufuafua FAD in 900 m

Halagigie FAD in 800 m

Toi No. 2 FAD in 1100 m

Hikutavake FAD in 650 m

A -- Buoy system used

No. 1: 18 m of 32 mm nylon rope with eye splice and thimble each end, 14 purse seine and 15 pressure floats











C -- Upper mooring line


400 m of 9 mm galvanised wire cable with eye splice and tube thimble each end and zinc anodes on each splice

100 m of 20 mm nylon 3-strand rope (dyed black) with eye splice in top end

200 m of 20 mm polypropylene lead-core 3-strand rope with eye splice in top end






3-strand polypropylene ropes spliced together


E -- Lower mooring line












G -- Anchor system used

10 m of 22 mm cable, eye splice and tube thimble each end, 25 mm shackle (SS pin used) and 2 t concrete block





Status of FAD On station after 30 months (at 31 July 2004)

Lost after 12 months -- cable failure suspected



Lost after 18 months, suspected failure of the 9 mm wire cable

69

Cook Islands (Rarotonga) FADs deployed in March 2002 Arorangi FAD in

1150 m SE Titikaveka FAD in

1150 m N of Black rock FAD

(Nikao) in 550 m Matavera FAD in

650 m

A -- Buoy system used No. 1: 18 m of 32 mm nylon rope with eye splice and thimble each end, 14 purse seine and 15 pressure floats


No. 3: 8 m of 20 mm nylon rope sheathed with PVC tube, 1 mussel, 4 purse seine and 5 pressure floats

No. 2: 8 m of 32 mm nylon rope, 1 mussel, 4 purse seine and 5 pressure floats









132.5 m of 20 mm nylon 3-strand rope with eye splice in top end








980 m of 20 mm polypropylene 3-strand rope with eye splice each end and a 12.5 kg lift pressure float

1180 m of 20 mm polypropylene 3-strand rope with eye splice in bottom end and one 12.5 kg lift pressure float













Status of FAD Lost after 15 months, suspected failure of the 9 mm wire cable

Lost after 22 months, suspected float damage, with float pulled under in strong current

On station after 28 months (at 31 July 2004)


70

Cook Islands (Aitutaki) FADs deployed in April 2002

Arutanga FAD in 960 m

Maina FAD in 950 m

Motukitiu FAD in 1030 m

A -- Buoy system used No. 3: 10 m of 20 mm nylon rope sheathed with PVC tube, 1 mussel, 4 purse seine and 5 pressure floats







C -- Upper mooring line 150 m of 20 mm polypropylene 3-strand rope with eye splice in each end




2 x 22 mm and 4 x 19 mm shackle (SS cotter pins used), 2 x 19 mm swivel, 2 m of 20 mm chain and 2 x No. 3 connectors



E -- Lower mooring line 1000 m of 20 mm polypropylene 3-strand rope with eye splice each end and a 12.5 kg lift pressure float

1000 m of 20 mm polypropylene 3-strand rope with eye splice in bottom end and a 12.5 kg lift pressure float

840 m of 20 mm polypropylene 3-strand rope with eye splice each end and a 12.5 kg lift pressure float





G -- Anchor system used 10 m of 20 mm galvanised chain, 25 mm shackle (SS cotter pin used) and 2 t concrete block



Lost after 8 months -- float failure suspected



71

Attachment G

Summary of designs and materials used in the five replacement FADs

Niue: Limufuafua FAD in 900 m — deployed 29/05/03

Niue: Halagigie FAD in 720 m — deployed 09/06/04

Niue: Hikutavake FAD in 625 m — deployed 22/07/04

Rarotonga: Matavera FAD in

650 m — deployed 13/06/03

Aitutaki: Amuri FAD in 1000 m — deployed 18/06/03

A -- Buoy system used

No. 4: 15 m of 28 mm nylon rope with eye splice and No. 4 nylite connector each end, 11 purse seine and 12 pressure floats
























880 m of 20 mm polypropylene 3-strand rope with eye splice in bottom end and 1 x 12.5 kg lift pressure float




1000 m of 20 mm polypropylene 3-strand rope with eye splice in bottom end









5.5 m of 20 mm galvanised chain, 25 mm shackle (SS cotter pin used) and 2 t concrete block




Status of FAD Lost after 10 months – suspected mooring damage due to cyclone Heta

On station after 52 days (at 31 July 2004)

On station after 9 days (at 31 July 2004)



72

73

Attachment H Summary of costs per FAD, including maintenance, for Niue

FAD name: Lakepa FAD (NIUE) Date deployed: 8 February 2002 (lost 18 December 2002) (313 days (10 months) on station before loss) Deployment position: 19º 00.000' S and 169º 47.375' W Depth: 400 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2002 2003 2004 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 5.0 235.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 4.0 90.40 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 0.00 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 0.00 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 8.0 69.12 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 1.0 9.55 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 1.0 158.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 30.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 742.87 30.00 0.00 0.00

74

Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 330.0 402.60 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 0.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 2.0 72.80 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 0.00 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 1.0 270.58 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 2.0 14.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 0.00 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 0.00 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 4.0 46.20 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 3.0 52.65 19 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 21.75 0.00 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 1.0 28.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 2.0 79.50 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 10.0 227.00 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 4.0 2.80 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 3.0 2.25 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 2.0 97.70 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 4.0 90.00 Sub-total for mooring system 1,386.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 2,528.95

75

Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 520.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 3,048.95 Deployment cost 350.00 Total cost including deployment 3,398.95 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 5.0 54.50 65.40 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 10.0 15.80 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 12.0 33.24 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 0.00 12.20 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 40.0 11.20 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 13.10 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 15.75 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.2 3.30 6.60 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 100.0 3.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 Sub-total for aggregators 121.04 113.05 0.00 0.00 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 3,519.99 Fuel and boat hire costs for maintenance purposes 55.00 Total cost of maintenance 198.05 0.00 0.00

76

FAD name: Avatele FAD (NIUE) Date deployed: 8 February 2002 (on station at 31 July 2004) (904 days (30 months) on station) Deployment position: 19º 07.125' S 169º 56.750' W Depth: 900 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2002 2003 2004 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 15.0 705.00 94.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 14.0 316.40 45.20 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 0.00 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 0.00 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 18.0 155.52 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 2.0 19.10 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 0.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 40.00 75.00 40.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 130.00 50.00 Sub-total for buoy system 1,376.82 179.20 205.00 90.00

77

Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 150.0 505.50 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 930.0 1,134.60 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 0.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 2.0 72.80 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 0.00 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 0.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 1.0 84.98 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 2.0 50.60 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 2.0 23.10 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 3.0 52.65 19 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 21.75 0.00 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 0.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 2.0 79.50 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 2.0 1.40 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 3.0 2.25 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 2.0 97.70 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 0.00 Sub-total for mooring system 2,105.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 3,881.90

78

Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 520.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 4,401.90 Deployment cost 350.00 Total cost including deployment 4,751.90 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 5.0 54.50 65.40 65.40 65.40 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 10.0 15.80 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 12.0 33.24 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 0.00 12.20 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 40.0 11.20 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 13.10 13.10 6.55 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 15.75 15.75 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.2 3.30 6.60 10.50 6.60 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 100.0 3.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 Sub-total for aggregators 121.04 113.05 89.00 94.30 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 4,872.94 Fuel and boat hire costs for maintenance purposes 60.00 75.00 45.00 Total cost of maintenance 352.25 369.00 229.30

79

FAD name: Limufuafua FAD (NIUE) Date deployed: 11February 2002 (lost around 1 March 2003) (around 382 days (12.5 months) on station before loss) Deployment position: 19º 11.125' S 169º 51.875' W Depth: 900 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2002 2003 2004 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 15.0 705.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 14.0 316.40 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 0.00 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 0.00 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 18.0 155.52 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 2.0 19.10 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 0.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 85.80 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 1,376.82 85.80 0.00 0.00

80

Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 680.0 829.60 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 0.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 2.0 72.80 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 1.0 700.58 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 2.0 14.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 0.00 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 0.00 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 4.0 46.20 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 3.0 52.65 19 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 21.75 0.00 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 0.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 3.0 119.25 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 10.0 227.00 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 4.0 2.80 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 3.0 2.25 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 2.0 97.70 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 4.0 90.00 Sub-total for mooring system 2,254.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 4,031.65

81


82

FAD name: Vaiea FAD (NIUE) Date deployed: 11 February 2002 (lost around 19 July 2003) (523 days (17 months) on station before loss) Deployment position: 19º 08.875' S 169º 54.125' W Depth: 400 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2002 2003 2004 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 5.0 235.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 4.0 90.40 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 0.00 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 0.00 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 0.00 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 0.00 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 8.0 12.64 19 mm galvanised thimble 3.35 1.0 3.35 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 8.0 26.96 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 1.0 158.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 90.00 75.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 130.00 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 707.15 220.00 205.00 0.00

83

Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 100.0 337.00 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 380.0 463.60 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 0.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 2.0 72.80 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 0.00 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 0.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 0.00 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 0.00 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 2.0 23.10 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 3.0 52.65 19 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 21.75 0.00 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 0.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 2.0 79.50 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 10.0 227.00 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 2.0 1.40 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 3.0 2.25 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 2.0 97.70 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 0.00 Sub-total for mooring system 1,357.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 2,464.15

84

Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 520.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 2,984.15 Deployment cost 350.00 Total cost including deployment 3,334.15 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 5.0 54.50 130.80 54.50 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 10.0 15.80 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 12.0 33.24 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 24.40 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 40.0 11.20 15.00 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 26.20 13.10 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 31.50 15.75 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.2 3.30 16.50 6.60 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 100.0 3.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 Sub-total for aggregators 121.04 229.40 104.95 0.00 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 3,455.19 Fuel and boat hire costs for maintenance purposes 75.00 50.00 Total cost of maintenance 524.40 359.95 0.00

85

FAD name: Halagigie FAD (NIUE) Date deployed: 11 February 2002 (lost around 5 January 2004) (693 days (23 months) on station before loss) Deployment position: 19º 04.000' S 169 º59.500' W Depth: 800 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2002 2003 2004 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 15.0 705.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 14.0 316.40 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 0.00 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 0.00 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 18.0 155.52 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 2.0 19.10 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 0.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 40.00 90.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 1,376.82 40.00 220.00 0.00

86

Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 100.0 337.00 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 880.0 1,073.60 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 0.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 2.0 72.80 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 0.00 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 0.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 0.00 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 0.00 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 2.0 23.10 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 3.0 52.65 19 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 21.75 0.00 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 0.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 2.0 79.50 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 10.0 227.00 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 2.0 1.40 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 3.0 2.25 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 2.0 97.70 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 0.00 Sub-total for mooring system 1,967.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 3,743.82

87

Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 520.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 4,263.82 Deployment cost 350.00 Total cost including deployment 4,613.82 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 6.0 65.40 54.50 54.50 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 10.0 12.20 6.10 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 0.00 15.00 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 2.0 13.10 13.10 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 1.0 15.75 15.75 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.4 6.60 3.30 6.60 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 0.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 Sub-total for aggregators 113.05 63.90 104.95 0.00 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 4,726.87 Fuel and boat hire costs for maintenance purposes 65.00 75.00 Total cost of maintenance 168.90 399.95 0.00

88

FAD name: Toi 1 FAD (inshore -- NIUE) Date deployed: 13 February 2002 (lost around 5 January 2004) (691 days (23 months) on station before loss) Deployment position: 18º 56.725' S 169º 53.025' W Depth: 550 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2002 2003 2004 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 5.0 235.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 4.0 90.40 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 0.00 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 0.00 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 8.0 69.12 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 1.0 9.55 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 1.0 158.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 20.00 60.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 60.00 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 742.87 80.00 190.00 0.00

89

Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 660.0 805.20 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 0.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 4.0 145.60 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 0.00 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 0.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 0.00 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 0.00 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 4.0 37.80 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 4.0 46.20 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 2.0 35.10 19 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 21.75 0.00 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 2.0 56.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 2.0 79.50 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 7.0 158.90 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 4.0 2.80 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 4.0 2.80 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 2.0 1.50 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 2.0 97.70 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 0.00 Sub-total for mooring system 1,469.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 2,611.97

90

Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 520.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 3,131.97 Deployment cost 350.00 Total cost including deployment 3,481.97 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 6.0 65.40 54.50 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 10.0 12.20 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 0.00 15.00 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 2.0 13.10 13.10 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 1.0 15.75 15.75 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.4 6.60 6.60 6.60 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 0.00 20.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 Sub-total for aggregators 113.05 6.60 124.95 0.00 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 3,595.02 Fuel and boat hire costs for maintenance purposes 55.00 75.00 Total cost of maintenance 141.60 389.95 0.00

91

FAD name: Toi 2 FAD (offshore -- NIUE) Date deployed: 13 February 2002 (lost around 5 January 2004) (691 days (23 months) on station before loss) Deployment position: 18º 56.225' S 169º 52.150' W Depth: 1,100 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2002 2003 2004 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 15.0 705.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 14.0 316.40 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.80 0.00 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 0.00 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 18.0 155.52 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 2.0 19.10 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 0.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 51.50 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 40.00 90.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 35.00 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 1,376.82 75.00 271.50 0.00

92

Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 820.0 1,000.40 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 1.0 832.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 2.0 72.80 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 0.00 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 0.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 0.00 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 0.00 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 2.0 23.10 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 3.0 52.65 19 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 21.75 0.00 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 0.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 2.0 79.50 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 10.0 227.00 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 2.0 1.40 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 3.0 2.25 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 2.0 97.70 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 0.00 Sub-total for mooring system 2,388.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 4,165.62

93

Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 520.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 4,685.62 Deployment cost 350.00 Total cost including deployment 5,035.62 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 5.0 54.50 65.40 65.40 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 10.0 15.80 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 12.0 33.24 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 0.00 12.20 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 40.0 11.20 15.00 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 13.10 13.10 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 15.75 15.75 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.2 3.30 6.60 13.20 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 100.0 3.00 15.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 Sub-total for aggregators 121.04 113.05 137.45 0.00 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 5,156.66 Fuel and boat hire costs for maintenance purposes 75.00 75.00 Total cost of maintenance 263.05 483.95 0.00

94

FAD name: Hikutavake FAD (NIUE) Date deployed: 14 February 2002 (lost around 29 July 2003) (530 days (18 months) on station before loss) Deployment position: 18º 57.250' S 169º 55.375' W Depth: 650 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2002 2003 2004 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 15.0 705.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 14.0 316.40 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 0.00 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 0.00 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 18.0 155.52 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 2.0 19.10 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 0.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 45.00 75.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 1,376.82 45.00 205.00 0.00

95

Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 380.0 463.60 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 0.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 2.0 72.80 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 1.0 700.58 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 2.0 14.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 0.00 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 0.00 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 4.0 46.20 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 3.0 52.65 19 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 21.75 0.00 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 0.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 3.0 119.25 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 10.0 227.00 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 4.0 2.80 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 3.0 2.25 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 2.0 97.70 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 4.0 90.00 Sub-total for mooring system 1,888.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 3,665.65

96

Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 520.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 4,185.65 Deployment cost 350.00 Total cost including deployment 4,535.65 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 5.0 54.50 65.40 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 10.0 15.80 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 12.0 33.24 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 0.00 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 40.0 11.20 22.40 15.00 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 13.10 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 15.75 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.2 3.30 16.50 9.90 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 100.0 3.00 6.00 15.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 Sub-total for aggregators 121.04 44.90 134.15 0.00 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 4,656.69 Fuel and boat hire for maintenance purposes 75.00 75.00 Total cost of maintenance 164.90 414.15 0.00

97

Attachment I Summary of costs per FAD, including maintenance, for the Cook Islands (Rarotonga and Aitutaki)

FAD name: Matavera FAD (RAROTONGA) Date deployed: 27 March 2002 (lost around 20 March 2003 (similar to Lakepa FAD) (around 358 days (12 months) on station before loss) Deployment position: 21º 13.000' S and 159º 43.000' W Depth: 650 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2002 2003 2004 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 5.0 235.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 4.0 90.40 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 0.00 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 0.00 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 8.0 69.12 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 1.0 9.55 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 1.0 158.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 692.07 0.00 0.00 0.00

98

Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 600.0 732.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 0.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 2.0 72.80 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 0.00 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 1.0 270.58 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 2.0 14.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 1.0 84.98 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 2.0 50.60 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 4.0 46.20 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 3.0 52.65 19 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 21.75 0.00 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 1.0 28.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 2.0 79.50 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 4.0 2.80 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 3.0 2.25 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 2.0 97.70 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 4.0 90.00 Sub-total for mooring system 1,624.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 2,716.13

99

Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 430.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 3,146.13 Deployment cost 800.00 Total cost including deployment 3,946.13 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 5.0 54.50 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 10.0 15.80 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 12.0 33.24 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 0.00 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 40.0 11.20 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.2 3.30 6.60 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 100.0 3.00 6.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 Sub-total for aggregators 121.04 12.60 0.00 0.00 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 4,067.17 Fuel and boat hire costs for maintenance purposes 85.00 Total cost of maintenance 97.60 0.00 0.00

100

FAD name: Titikaveka FAD (RAROTONGA) Date deployed: 27 March 2002 (lost around 15 January 2004) (similar to Toi 2 FAD) (659 days (22 months) on station before loss) Deployment position: 21º 18.125' S and 159º 43.750' W Depth: 1,150 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2002 2003 2004 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 15.0 705.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 14.0 316.40 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 0.00 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 0.00 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 18.0 155.52 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 2.0 19.10 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 0.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 51.50 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 90.00 90.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 130.00 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 1,376.82 220.00 271.50 0.00

101

Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 880.0 1,073.60 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 1.0 832.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 2.0 72.80 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 0.00 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 0.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 0.00 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 0.00 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 2.0 23.10 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 3.0 52.65 19 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 21.75 0.00 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 0.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 2.0 79.50 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 10.0 227.00 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 2.0 1.40 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 3.0 2.25 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 1.0 48.85 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 0.00 Sub-total for mooring system 2,413.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 4,189.97

102

Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 430.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 4,619.97 Deployment cost 800.00 Total cost including deployment 5,419.97 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 5.0 54.50 21.80 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 10.0 15.80 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 12.0 33.24 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 0.00 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 40.0 11.20 22.40 15.00 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 13.10 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 15.75 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.2 3.30 13.20 9.90 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 100.0 3.00 6.00 15.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 49.20 Sub-total for aggregators 121.04 41.60 139.75 0.00 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 5,541.01 Fuel and boat hire costs for maintenance purposes 75.00 90.00 Total cost of maintenance 336.60 501.25 0.00

103

FAD name: Rarotongan Hotel FAD (RAROTONGA) Date deployed: 27 March 2002 (lost around 3 July 2003) (similar to Limufuafua FAD) (463 days (15 months) on station before loss) Deployment position: 21º 17.500' S and 159º 50.250' W Depth: 1,150 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2002 2003 2004 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 15.0 705.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 14.0 316.40 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 0.00 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 0.00 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 18.0 155.52 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 2.0 19.10 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 0.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 85.00 75.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 1,376.82 85.00 205.00 0.00

104

Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 980.0 1,195.60 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 0.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 2.0 72.80 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 1.0 700.58 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 2.0 14.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 0.00 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 0.00 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 4.0 46.20 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 3.0 52.65 19 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 21.75 0.00 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 0.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 3.0 119.25 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 10.0 227.00 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 4.0 2.80 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 3.0 2.25 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 1.0 48.85 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 4.0 90.00 Sub-total for mooring system 2,571.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 4,348.80

105

Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 430.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 4,778.80 Deployment cost 800.00 Total cost including deployment 5,578.80 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 5.0 54.50 65.40 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 10.0 15.80 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 12.0 33.24 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 0.00 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 40.0 11.20 22.40 15.00 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 13.10 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 15.75 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.2 3.30 16.50 9.90 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 100.0 3.00 6.00 10.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 Sub-total for aggregators 121.04 44.90 129.15 0.00 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 5,699.84 Fuel and boat hire costs for maintenance purposes 125.00 110.00 Total cost of maintenance 254.90 444.15 0.00

106

FAD name: North Black Rock FAD (RAROTONGA) Date deployed: 27 March 2002 (on station at 31 July 2004) (similar to Vaiea FAD) (857 days (28 months) on station) Deployment position: 21º 10.875' S and 159º 48.250' W Depth: 550 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2002 2003 2004 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 5.0 235.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 4.0 90.40 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 0.00 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 0.00 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 0.00 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 0.00 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 8.0 12.64 19 mm galvanised thimble 3.35 1.0 3.35 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 8.0 26.96 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 1.0 158.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 51.50 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 72.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 85.00 90.00 75.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 130.00 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 707.15 85.00 292.00 256.50

107

Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 133.0 448.21 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 500.0 610.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 0.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 2.0 72.80 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 0.00 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 0.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 0.00 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 0.00 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 2.0 23.10 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 3.0 52.65 19 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 21.75 0.00 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 0.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 2.0 79.50 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 10.0 227.00 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 2.0 1.40 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 3.0 2.25 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 2.0 97.70 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 0.00 Sub-total for mooring system 1,614.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 2,721.76

108

Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 430.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 3,151.76 Deployment cost 800.00 Total cost including deployment 3,951.76 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 5.0 54.50 65.40 32.70 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 10.0 15.80 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 12.0 33.24 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 0.00 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 40.0 11.20 22.40 15.00 15.00 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 13.10 13.10 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 15.75 15.75 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.2 3.30 13.20 9.90 6.60 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 100.0 3.00 6.00 5.00 8.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 Sub-total for aggregators 121.04 41.60 124.15 91.15 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 4,072.80 Fuel and boat hire costs for maintenance purposes 85.00 120.00 85.00 Total cost of maintenance 211.60 536.15 432.65

109

FAD name: West Maina FAD (AITUTAKI) Date deployed: 5 April 2002 (on station at 31 July 2004) (similar to Halagigie FAD) 848 days (28 months) on station) Deployment position: 18º 56.000' S and 159º 52.625' W Depth: 950 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2002 2003 2004 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 15.0 705.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 14.0 316.40 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 0.00 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 0.00 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 18.0 155.52 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 2.0 19.10 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 0.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 51.50 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 85.00 75.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 60.00 130.00 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 1,376.82 60.00 266.50 205.00

110

Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 140.0 471.80 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 1000.0 1,220.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 0.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 2.0 72.80 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 0.00 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 0.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 0.00 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 0.00 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 2.0 23.10 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 3.0 52.65 19 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 21.75 0.00 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 0.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 2.0 79.50 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 10.0 227.00 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 2.0 1.40 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 3.0 2.25 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 1.0 48.85 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 0.00 Sub-total for mooring system 2,199.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 3,976.17

111

Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 650.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 4,626.17 Deployment cost 150.00 Total cost including deployment 4,776.17 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 5.0 54.50 65.40 65.40 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 10.0 15.80 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 12.0 33.24 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 0.00 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 40.0 11.20 15.00 15.00 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 13.10 13.10 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 15.75 15.75 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.2 3.30 6.60 6.60 6.60 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 100.0 3.00 6.00 8.00 9.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 Sub-total for aggregators 121.04 12.60 123.85 124.85 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 4,897.21 Fuel and boat hire costs for maintenance purposes 95.00 120.00 75.00 Total costs of maintenance 167.60 510.35 404.85

112

FAD name: Southeast Motukitiu FAD (AITUTAKI) Date deployed: 5 April 2002 (lost around 25 May 2003) (similar to Hikutavaka FAD) (around 415 days (14 months) on station before loss) Deployment position: 18º 59.500' S and 159º 42.000' W Depth: 1,030 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2002 2003 2004 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 15.0 705.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 14.0 316.40 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 0.00 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 0.00 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 18.0 155.52 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 2.0 19.10 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 0.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 0.00 45.00 30.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 1,326.02 45.00 160.00 0.00

113

Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 840.0 1,024.80 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 0.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 2.0 72.80 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 1.0 700.58 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 2.0 14.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 1.0 84.98 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 2.0 50.60 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 4.0 46.20 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 3.0 52.65 19 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 21.75 0.00 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 0.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 3.0 119.25 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 4.0 2.80 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 3.0 2.25 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 1.0 48.85 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 4.0 90.00 Sub-total for mooring system 2,309.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 4,035.78

114

Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 650.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 4,685.78 Deployment cost 150.00 Total cost including deployment 4,835.78 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 5.0 54.50 65.40 32.70 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 10.0 15.80 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 12.0 33.24 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 0.00 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 40.0 11.20 15.00 15.00 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 13.10 13.10 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 15.75 15.75 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.2 3.30 6.00 9.00 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 100.0 3.00 10.00 8.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 Sub-total for aggregators 121.04 125.25 93.55 0.00 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 4,956.82 Fuel and boat hire costs for maintenance purposes 50.00 50.00 Total cost of maintenance 220.25 303.55

115

FAD name: North Arutanga FAD (AITUTAKI) Date deployed: 5 April 2002 (lost around 10 December 2002) (similar to Toi 1 FAD) (around 249 days (8 months) on station before loss) Deployment position: 18º 48.500' S and 159º 47.500' W Depth: 960 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2002 2003 2004 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 5.0 235.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 4.0 90.40 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 0.00 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 0.00 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 0.00 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 0.00 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 10.0 15.80 19 mm galvanised thimble 3.35 1.0 3.35 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 10.0 33.70 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 1.0 158.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 717.05 0.00 0.00 0.00

116

Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 1,150.0 1,403.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 0.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 4.0 145.60 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 0.00 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 0.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 0.00 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 0.00 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 4.0 37.80 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 4.0 46.20 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 3.0 52.65 19 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 21.75 0.00 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 2.0 56.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 2.0 79.50 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 12.0 272.40 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 4.0 2.80 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 4.0 2.80 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 3.0 2.25 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 1.0 48.85 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 0.00 Sub-total for mooring system 2,149.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 3,266.90

117

Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 650.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 3,916.90 Deployment cost 150.00 Total cost including deployment 4,066.90 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 5.0 54.50 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 10.0 15.80 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 12.0 33.24 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 0.00 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 40.0 11.20 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.2 3.30 6.60 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 100.0 3.00 6.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 Sub-total for aggregators 121.04 12.60 0.00 0.00 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 4,187.94 Fuel and boat hire costs for maintenance purposes 85.00 Total cost of maintenance 97.60 0.00 0.00

118

119

Attachment J Summary of costs, including maintenance, for each replacement FAD

FAD name: Limufuafua FAD (NIUE) Date deployed: 29 May 2003 (lost around 15 March 2004) (around 288 days (10 months) on station before loss) Deployment position: 19º 11.000' S 169º 51.600' W Depth: 900 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2003 2004 2005 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 12.0 564.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 11.0 248.60 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 0.00 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 2.0 127.30 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 15.0 103.50 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 0.00 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 0.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 85.50 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 1,224.20 215.50 0.00 0.00

120

Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 220.0 741.40 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 880.0 1,073.60 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 0.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 2.0 72.80 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 0.00 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 0.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 0.00 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 0.00 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 2.0 23.10 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 2.0 35.10 28 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 26.35 1.0 26.35 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 0.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 2.0 79.50 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 10.0 227.00 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 2.0 1.40 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 3.0 2.25 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 1.0 48.85 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 0.00 Sub-total for mooring system 2,331.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 3,955.55

121


122

FAD name: Halagigie FAD (NIUE) Date deployed: 9 June 2004 (on station at 31 July 2004) (52 days (2 months) on station) Deployment position: 19º 01.750' S 169º 55.225' W Depth: 720 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2004 2005 2006 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 14.0 658.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 13.0 293.80 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 18.0 124.20 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 2.0 127.30 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 0.00 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 0.00 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 0.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 1,384.10 0.00 0.00 0.00

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Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 220.0 741.40 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 720.0 878.40 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 0.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 2.0 72.80 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 0.00 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 0.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 0.00 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 0.00 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 3.0 34.65 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 2.0 35.10 28 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 26.35 2.0 52.70 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 0.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 2.0 79.50 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 5.5 124.85 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 3.0 2.10 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 4.0 3.00 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 2.0 97.70 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 0.00 Sub-total for mooring system 2,122.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 3,906.30

124

Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 520.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 4,426.30 Deployment cost 350.00 Total cost including deployment 4,776.30 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 6.0 65.40 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 10.0 12.20 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 0.00 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 2.0 13.10 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 1.0 15.75 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.4 6.60 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 0.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 Sub-total for aggregators 113.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 4,889.35 Fuel and boat hire costs for maintenance purposes Total cost of maintenance 0.00 0.00 0.00

125

FAD name: Hikutavake FAD (NIUE) Date deployed: 22 July 2004 (on station at 31 July 2004) (9 days on station) Deployment position: 18º 57.660' S 169º 55.060' W Depth: 625 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2004 2005 2006 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 15.0 705.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 14.0 316.40 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 18.0 124.20 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 2.0 127.30 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 0.00 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 0.00 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 0.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 1,453.70 0.00 0.00 0.00

126

Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 220.0 268.40 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 1.0 832.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 2.0 72.80 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 0.00 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 0.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 0.00 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 0.00 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 3.0 34.65 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 2.0 35.10 28 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 26.35 2.0 52.70 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 0.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 2.0 79.50 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 6.0 136.20 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 3.0 2.10 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 4.0 3.00 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 2.0 97.70 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 0.00 Sub-total for mooring system 1,614.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 3,467.85

127

Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 520.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 3,987.85 Deployment cost 350.00 Total cost including deployment 4,337.85 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 5.0 54.50 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 10.0 15.80 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 12.0 33.24 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 0.00 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 40.0 11.20 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.2 3.30 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 100.0 3.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 Sub-total for aggregators 121.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 4,458.89 Fuel and boat hire for maintenance purposes Total cost of maintenance 0.00 0.00 0.00

128

FAD name: Matavera FAD (RAROTONGA) Date deployed: 13 June 2003 (on station at 31 July 2004) (around 414 days (14 months) on station) Deployment position: 21º 12.925' S and 159º 42.950' W Depth: 650 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2003 2004 2005 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 12.0 564.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 12.0 271.20 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 15.0 103.50 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 2.0 127.30 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 0.00 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 0.00 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 0.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 51.50 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 40.00 75.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 1,246.80 40.00 256.50 0.00

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Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 280.0 341.60 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 0.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 1.0 832.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 2.0 72.80 400 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 700.58 0.00 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 0.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 0.00 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 0.00 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 2.0 23.10 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 2.0 35.10 28 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 21.75 2.0 52.70 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 0.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 2.0 79.50 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 10.0 227.00 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 2.0 1.40 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 4.0 3.00 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 2.0 97.70 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 0.00 Sub-total for mooring system 1,765.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 3,412.70

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Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 430.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 3,842.70 Deployment cost 150.00 Total cost including deployment 3,992.70 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 5.0 54.50 32.70 65.40 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 10.0 15.80 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 12.0 33.24 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 0.00 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 40.0 11.20 15.00 15.00 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 13.10 13.10 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 15.75 15.75 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.2 3.30 6.60 9.90 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 100.0 3.00 6.00 10.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 Sub-total for aggregators 121.04 89.15 129.15 0.00 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 4,113.74 Fuel and boat hire costs for maintenance purposes 85.00 75.00 Total cost of maintenance 214.15 460.65 0.00

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FAD name: North Arutanga FAD (AITUTAKI) Date deployed: 18 June 2003 (on station at 31 July 2004) (around 409 days (14 months) on station) Deployment position: 18º 48.750' S and 159º 48.000' W Depth: 1000 m Item Cost per Amount Initial Maintenance costs (materials) Total unit/metre used, No cost 2003 2004 2005 cost (NZD) or length (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) (NZD) Buoy system (includes flag, light and radar reflector) 30G-2 floats (20 kg buoyancy to 200 m) 47.00 15.0 705.00 Polytec M-700 float (7 kg buoyancy) 22.60 15.0 339.00 28 mm nylon 3-strand rope 6.90 0.00 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 0.00 32 mm nylon 3-strand rope 8.64 18.0 155.52 32 mm galvanised rope thimbles 9.55 2.0 19.10 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 19 mm galvanised thimble 3.35 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 Mussel float (orange) 158.00 0.00 PFCC2 Polyform pole buoys (400 mm dia, 29 kg lift) 51.50 0.00 PFCC3 Polyform pole buoys (485 mm dia, 55 kg lift) 72.00 0.00 Reflecto tape (light-reflecting tape, 50 mm wide) 7.85 0.00 Photosensitive strobe light (battery operated) 50.80 1.0 50.80 45.00 75.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 16 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 Flagpole arrangement 1.00 130.0 130.00 65.00 130.00 Sub-total for buoy system 1,218.62 110.00 205.00 0.00

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Mooring including top and bottom hardware 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 0.00 20 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 3.37 0.00 18 mm nylon rope 12-strand 3.23 200.0 646.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 0.00 20 mm polypropylene rope 12-strand 2.40 1,000.0 2,400.00 20 mm lead-core polypropylene rope 832.00 0.00 19 mm galvanised rope thimbles 3.35 0.00 No. 3 Samson nylite rope connectors 36.40 1.0 36.40 No. 4 Samson nylite rope connectors 63.65 1.0 63.65 150 m gal wire rope (9 mm dia -- eye splices) 270.58 0.00 G217 tube thimbles for eye splices on wire rope 7.00 0.00 Cable clamps to suit 9 mm wire cable 0.56 0.00 10 m gal wire rope (22 mm dia -- eye splices) 84.98 0.00 G225 tube thimbles for eye splice on wire rope 25.30 0.00 19 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 9.45 0.00 22 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 11.55 1.0 11.55 25 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 17.55 3.0 52.65 28 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 26.35 1.0 26.35 19 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 28.00 0.00 22 mm hot-dip galvanised swivel, eye to eye 39.75 2.0 79.50 19 mm hot-dip gal long link chain 22.70 10.0 227.00 SS cotter pins to suit 19 mm shackles 0.70 0.00 SS cotter pins to suit 22 mm shackles 0.70 1.0 0.70 SS cotter pins to suit 25 mm shackles 0.75 4.0 3.00 10M-8 pressure float (800 m depth with 12.5 kg lift) 48.85 0.00 Anodes (round clamp type) 22.50 0.00 Sub-total for mooring system 3,546.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anchor block (1.2 x 1.2 x 0.6 m) 400.00 Total cost of mooring, buoy system and anchor 5,165.42

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Freight cost on materials plus insurance (estimate) 650.00 Total cost of full FAD system with freight (materials) 5,815.42 Deployment cost 150.00 Total cost including deployment 5,965.42 Aggregators with connections PP10 Polystyrene floats (300 mm dia) 10.90 5.0 54.50 32.70 Alkathene tube/agriculture pipe (25 mm inside dia) 1.58 0.00 18 mm nylon rope, 3-strand 2.77 12.0 33.24 33.24 20 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 1.22 0.00 10 mm polypropylene rope 3-strand 0.28 40.0 11.20 11.20 10 mm galvanised rope thimbles 0.65 0.00 16 mm hot-dip gal anchor-type safety shackles 6.55 0.00 16 mm blue-line swivel, eye to eye 15.75 0.00 Stainless steel hose clamps (38 mm dia) 1.75 0.00 Stainless steel tie-wire (1.5 mm dia/16 gauge) 0.15 0.00 Twine in spools (nylon 2–3 mm dia black) 16.50 0.2 3.30 6.60 9.90 Packing case strapping (12 mm wide nylon) 0.03 100.0 3.00 6.00 10.00 Shade or wind cloth (2 m wide) 2.46 0.00 Sub-total for aggregators 105.24 89.74 19.90 0.00 Total cost of FAD system, deployment and aggregator 6,070.46 Fuel and boat hire costs for maintenance purposes 85.00 75.00 Total cost of maintenance 284.74 299.90 0.00

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135

Attachment K

Articles extracted from Fisheries Newsletters No. 105, 106 and 112

161

Attachment L Statements of income and expenditure

Documents

Secretariat of the Pacific Community Final Reportcoastfish.spc.int/Sections/Development/FDSPublications/FDSpresent… · This is the final report to New Zealand under the Pacific