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Secondary metabolites
Metabolites
Metabolites are all the products of metabolism
A primary metabolite is directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction.
A secondary metabolite is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has an important ecological function.
• Specific organs • Specific tissues • Specific cell type • Specific stages of development
Commonly secondary metabolites are produced in one part of the plant and stored in other part
Constitutive defenses always present in the plant species
Induced defenses synthesized or mobilized to the site where a plant is injured
Metabolites
Alkaloids
Alkaline nitrogenous compounds
Analgesics are selective central nervous system depressants used to relieve pain.
Heroin: esterification reaction
Papaver somniferum Alkaloids
Papaver somniferum Alkaloids
1) Morphine and codeine -‐ natural alkaloids of opium.
2) Synthe;c deriva;ves of morphine such as heroin.
3) Synthe;c agents which resemble the morphine structure.
4) Narco;c antagonists which are used as an;dotes for overdoses of narco;c analgesics.
The seeds from this poppy are protected by and inner skin from the alkaloids.
• vitamins • minerals • omega fatty acids like • linolic acid
Other products from Papaver somniferum
Pure poppy seed oil Modify poppy seed oil used for making soaps, creams and other products.
Papaver somniferum Alkaloids
Erythroxylum coca Alkaloids
There are around 250 species of Erythroxylon.
Erythroxylon coca E. novogranatense
The first and most abundant harvest is in March after the rainy season, the second is at the end of June, and the third in October or November
Pain killer Constriction of the blood vessels
Erythroxylum coca Alkaloids
Charged molecules don't cross cell membranes
Erythroxylum coca Alkaloids
Caffeine Caffeine is a psychoactive stimulant drug Natural pesticide Allelopathic compound
Yerba mate Guarana berries Yaupon Holly Coffe Tea Cocao
Ilex vomitoria
Theobroma cacao
Nicotine Biosynthesis takes place in the roots, and accumulating in the leaves
Nicotine is a stimulant, it raises blood pressure, and is a vasoconstrictor
Long-term resistance, or systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
Gaseous hormones
• jasmonic acid • salicylic acid
Warning!!! the plant is no longer edible
"an enemy of my enemy is my friend,”
Phytoalexin Nicotine
phytoalexin produced during the tobacco defense response, (right hand image shows leaf viewed under UV light).
Terpenoids They can be classified by the number of isoprene units that they have (C5H8)
volatile essential oils such as citronella, limonene, menthol, camphor, and pinene.
Terpenoids
Terpenoids are toxic for some organisms
Silica and lignins, which are completely indigestible to animals, grind down insect mandibles.
Phenolics
Antiseptic properties. Antioxidant properties.
Disrupt endocrine activity. Interfering with protein absorption and digestive enzymes.
The synthesis of fluoroacetate in several plants is an example for the use of small molecules to disturb the metabolism of the herbivore, in this case the citric acid cycle.
Flavonoids:
red, blue, yellow, and white pigments.
lignin, silymarin and cannabinoids.
Phenolics
Lignin is deposited in the cell wall by a lignification process The structure of plants is the consequence of lignification Water proofs the cell wall
Phenolics
2nd
The Cell and the cell cycle
Cells are the structural and functional units of all known living organisms
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
DNA
The cell cycle
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Chloroplast
Chloroplast photorelocation in a protonemal cell of the fern Adiantum capillus-veneris
Cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic streaming
Mitosis
Early prophase
Late prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Cytokinesis
The phragmoplast is a complex assembly of microtubules, microfilaments, and endoplasmic reticulum
The phragmosome is a sheet of cytoplasm forming in highly vacuolated plant cells in preparation for mitosis.
Attendance 1. What are the differences between primary metabolites and secondary metabolites?
2.In a plant, what is an induced defense?
3.What is the R- group for alkaloids?
4.Why is it possible to eat seeds of Papaver somniferum without becoming intoxicated?
5.What is the function of phytoalexins ?
6.What parts of the plant cell cycle are not found in the animal cell cycle?