5/27/2015r.4.9.1r.3Apr 2011r.2Jan 2006

r.11989

contact at kwonbbl@gmail.com Updated file of this is downloadablefrom online at tiny.cc/bostonreaders in the folder Other useful collectionsTo be attached to this PDF: AppendixSearching for a new computer keyboard layoutfor Korean languageContents

Introduction

Purpose and GoalsSummary: Two layouts at a glance

Ch. 1. Layouts before and after KSK

Ch. 2. On Korean alphabetCh. 3. KSK layoutCh. 4. ARJ layoutCh. 5. Conclusion

Appendix: (a file to be attached)I. Terminology on alphabet and keyboardII. Hangul jamo how to write and pronounceIII. Frequency data of Hangul jamoIV. Online references on Korean alphabet

Supplements: (a separate file)

Candidate layouts examined On typewriters in the history

IntroductionA new computer keyboard layout (ARJ) is proposed to be used for Korean alphabet. It is the culmination of my effort stretching over several decades of investigation with periods of incubation, inspiration, and interruption. This is what I deeply owe a modest contribution to our unsurpassed cultural heritage of Hangul ( in Korean). As a promising alternative to the current layout of the long held official standard of 1982 (KSK), this is presented here and argued for it.The work of typing used to be laborious especially for writers and editors, even with electric typewriters. Thanks to computers and word processor software their work is no longer burdened with a drudgery of retyping over and over again. Even so, it is now simple and easy to bring up any preferred layout (including Dvorak English and international) on a computer keyboard.This work addresses especially to those who do extensive work of typing and are serious of looking for an effective way to lessen typing workload as much as possible when using Korean. It should also help even for those in need of casual typing. It is worthy to challenge our old ways. To unlearn old and learn anew is necessary in order to experience how it will bring much benefit in return.The current layout for Korean language is for a 2-set input system in 1982 KSK standard for typewriter keyboards, which was a mere carryover from 1969 standard for teletype keyboards.

This government-enforced standard had brewed much discontent and was criticized even wrongly as linguistically ignorant and unscientific. Compared to the popular traditional 3-set input typewriters many found it overall inferior, the only advantage being less a number of jamo placement to learn. In time, much of arguments turned out to be irrelevant in this computer age. Yes, even typewriters themselves practically disappeared from everyday use.It is not the 2-set input system of KSK that makes typing difficult on typewriters, but the layout itself that proved to be problematic. However, no effort has shown up to move beyond the layout. A promising replacement of that which was really meant for typewriters in the past is yet to appear until now.Purpose and GoalsThe subject of this work is to study how to arrange a total 26 Hangul jamo to assign to the keys for a best possible ergonomic layout.On 3 rows x 10 columns of a keyboard, 26 out of 30 keys are for assigning Hangul 26 letters besides 4 keys for punctuation marks. [With additional 7 letters on 7 keys in the shift status, total 33 letters are assigned to the keys.]

[For pronunciation, see Appendix.]

Proposed as an alternative to KSK, this layout has come out from the work to make ergonomically sound, which was inspired by Dvorak layout of English keyboards. With the alphabetic letters arranged intuitively and logically, it is simpler and easier to learn and use. A no-nonsense design of the layout should help the users of the keyboard for improved accuracy and faster typing speed with efficiency for comfortable and less fatigue on finger work.A dozen of candidate layouts are collected from permutations of alphabetic letter arrangement on a layout. They were scrutinized for the pattern of jamo alignment as well as the characteristics of frequency distribution. Finger workloads are compared. The final choice, ARJ-2015, is presented here as a challenge to offer an alternative to KSK layout for a promising replacement.

Only briefly covered is the goals to achieve: (1) how to implement the new layout implemented on the computer keyboards in use and (2) how to design an ergonomically sound physical keyboard itself which comes with resident multiple layouts.Summary: Two different layouts at a glanceHere the two contrasting layouts are shown which are subject to scrutiny and comparison throughout this work. [For easy orientation QWERTY layout of English keyboards is also shown.]

KSK layout (1982) with 2-set input: the current standard for computer keyboards.

[Note the conventional slanted staggered alignment of the columns]

ARJ layout (2015) with 2-set input: the new proposal to be a challenge to KSK.

[Note a vertical straight alignment of the columns.]

Spatial relation of the alphabetic letters on the layout:A first thing for us to do is to check and compare these two layouts to see how differently the alphabetic letters are arranged in a keyboard.They are shown below in simplified diagrams with alphabetic letters only. The natural and intuitive placement of the letters is apparent in the ARJ layout. It makes simple and easy to learn in a sharp contrast to the KSK layout . The whole picture of the layout can be grasped and put into memory with a few close look at it. Those alphabetic letters that are morphologically and phonetically related should also be spatially related on the keyboard layout as well.KSK 1982

[doubled line left half and right half of a keyboard divided]

[Broken lines hapzardly placed letters with lack of any discernable spatial or other logical relationship]ARJ 2015

[Note: (1) Dashed lines to show a spatially symmetric arrangement of all vowel jamo; (2) all consonant group on the right and the vowel group on the left; and (3) /; /; /, / are aligned in columns.]Vowel groups compared:

KSK has only three vowel pairs with aligned in column and and in partial alignment in columns. The rest of vowel letters is hapzardly placed without any discernable logical pattern of relating each other. is on the wrong side, intruding into the consonant group. One has to memorize 9 vowel positions. The whole vowel group should have been separated out and on the left half of the keyboard.ARJ has all five vowels aligned in columns in triplets or pairs ; ; ; ; . The symmetric arrangement of the vowel letters reflects the symmetry of the Korean vowel sound group. Importantly, this is also found to be in harmony with the ergornomic layout study of frequency distribution and finger workload.The bright vowels ( ) and the dark vowels ( ) are in mirror positions on both sides of the neutral vowels ( ) in Column III. That means, when the principle of symmetry and alignment column is recognized, the whole can be simply filled in with only two positions (,) known. Easy to remember is the position of the letter , which can be pictured as , the left middle finger pointing up. Ironically, the letter in the middle of the layout representing Man between Heaven and Earth, resembles English letter I of onesef who now in the center of the created universe. Nothing to work to memorize!Consonant groups compared: Aspirated consonant letters in KSK are not found in the place aligned in column with as one would expect. It requires the users a mental effort to remember the positions of all 14 consonant letters, along with 9 vowel letters.ARJ has aligned in column with . It suffices to memorize only 10 consonant letter positions. It is a no-brainer with a simple mnemonic device of a Korean phrase (e.g. ; ) to remember the positions of consonant letters easy to learn, quick to memorize, and a cinch to refresh memory.Here, the letter begins a Korean word , which sounds like English letter O, which in turn is in a shape similar to the Hangul letter itself as well.The whole layout picture compared:

The position of the letter on the left middle finger is at the middle of the vowel group. It is positioned symmetrical to the letter of the right middle finger, which is also smack in the middle of the whole consonant group. It may be easily pictured as the middle finger pressing a button for the letter. Coincidentally the letters and / are the only ones found exactly in the same position in ARJ as in KSK (in a mirror image position).

Actually no effort is required to memorize as the whole is intuitively grasped visually and mentally to be effectively transferred to finger movements once this picture of the layout is put into memory. It should not take more than a few second! The whole layout can be mentally reconstructed easily, knowing only two positions (, ) to begin with:

To somehow further convince ourselves of advantage and superiority of such a layout, we have to examine how it is also in harmony with frequency distribution of the alphabetic letters. We will be evaluating them from the ergonomic angle in Ch. 5.

KSK vs. ARJ: Frequency distribution compared

KSK (mirror image) vs. ARJ: Frequency distribution compared

Ch. 1. Keyboard layouts before and after KSKSeveral layouts for Hangul were developed in the past; they are briefly covered in this chapter:(1) The Sejong layout (1989) one of several modification of Dr. Gongs layout (3-set input) for the typewriter he invented 1949. A 3-set input system layout required all four rows, including the numeric row, to have one key set for each of initial and final jamo of consonant letters, in addition to one set for middle jamo of vowel letters.(2) The older 1969 official standard for teletype (2-set input) and for typewriter keyboard (4-set input), A backward government attempt to replace the traditional 3-set input typewriter.(3) The 1982 official standard of KSK (2-set input). It was originally for typewriters; it is the current official standard for computer keyboards;All these layouts originally for typewriters were then simply carried over to computer keyboards with little modification.(4) ARJ-2015 layout for the computer keyboard (2-set input) a new proposal.A number of layout diagrams with data on frequency distribution are shown here only for alphabet letters and some punctuation marks. To make it simple for presentation, all the diagrams in this writing are shown in a straight vertical alignment, except a few typewriter keyboard layout for 3-set and 4-set input keyboard which had a typical slanted staggered alignment keyboards (legacy of the typewriter design).Note: 1.Those unassigned to the keys 7 complex vowel jamo and 11 consonant clusters are to be entered by consecutive keying of jamo elements. The same is true for composite consonant letters in a 3-set input system.2. In 2-set input systems, those letters which are on shift status ( and ) are omitted from all the diagrams of the layouts to make them simple.1.1. Sejong keyboard layout (1989): 3-set input

Note: Blue initial jamo; red vowel jamo; green final jamo. Note: Additional two jamo of a smaller form, eq \o\ac(,) eq \o\ac(,).

1.2. KSK keyboard layout (1969): 4-set input

Large bold blue initial jamo; Small green final jamoLarge bold red long-form vowel letters; Small red short-form vowel letters1.4. KSK keyboard layout (1982) 2-set input:[Same as in 1969 KSK standard for teletype (2-set input)]

1.5. ARJ layout for computer keyboard (2015) 2-set input.

Ch. 2. On Korean alphabet

2.1. Korean alphabetic letters 24, 26, or more letters?Hangul 24 letters: Korean alphabet Hangul consists of 24 letters is a leftover expression from Old Hangul 28 letters minus now obsolete four letters , , , .Subgrouping jamo is needed to categorize and characterize them. A simplified practical vowel system used here suffices for our purpose with attention to morphological over phonetical aspect. [Ref. www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/42544/BerrjodMaster.pdf?sequence=1 ]The 14 basic consonant letters are listed in this order:

[5 composite letters are not counted in here.]The 10 vowel letters are listed in this order:

2.1.1. Problem with and Hangul 26 letters:

Two vowel letters , originally of diphthongs, but monophthongs in modern Korean, has not been counted in the subgroup of 10 basic vowel letters. However, for the purpose of our work of keyboard layout with Hangul jamo, these comprise the 12 vowel letters (8 basic simple nd 4 composite aspirated letters) to work with. Together with the basic 14 consonant letters we have to deal with modern Hangul 26 letters instead of Hangul 24 letters, having 8 basic phonemes of distinct sound.

In Middle Korean language, phonetically,

[a] sound + [i] sound = sound of monophothongIn modern Korean, morphologically:

(letter) + | (stroke) (to form) (letter) for monophthong.2.1.2. Letter-sound correspondence:

(1) There are only 7 consonant sounds found at the end of a syllable of a spoken word, the sounds which are represented by the consonant letters .

(2) final-initial interaction may reveal full phonemes of the consonant clusters or may change the sound of final jamo and initial consonant jamo.

2.1.2.1. Problem with consonant clusters:Consonant clusters, may be labelled as complex letters. Each of these 11 letter clusters is made of two different letters among the 14 basic consonant letters. Just as with the subgroup of the 11 complex vowel letters, this subgroup of the total 55 Hangul jamo is not considered in the matter of jamo-key assignment. They are more of grammatical construct and are not confused as (consonant) digraphs as in English. (Cf. vowel diphthong).A 3-set input system has complicated mechanical design of typewriters, requiring assignment of these 11 more to the keys of the typewriters. In contrast, with a 2-set input system on computer keyobards, it is simple matter of typing in each element one after another of jamo of a complex letters (be it consonant clusters or complex vowel letters).2.2. Hangul 51 jamo:If we count up every letter of jamo, including composite, complex, and clusters, we have a totol of 51 jamo in modern Hangul. The table below shows all the jamo categorized to serve a descriptive purpose in our task of letter-to-key assignment.

[Red and blue 26 assigned on the normal status of the keysPurple 7 on the shift status of the keys; Black 18 unassigned to the keys]

Of the terminologies used here, both morphological and phonetical aspects need to be distinguished: composite and complex consonant/vowel letters as well as -combination vowel letters are my own terms, arbitrary but convenient for subgrouping them. consonant/vowel letters vs. consonant/vowel sounds. Korean consonant sounds (phoneme) vs. Hangul consonant letters (morpheme).2.2. jamo-to-keys summary table

Consonant jamo initial and final jamo

Vowel jamo: (in the arrangement reflecting ARJ keyboard layout)

Status of the keys: 33 (19+14) jamo are assigned to the keys

Unassigned to the keys: 18 (7 + 11)

2.3. Writing Korean alphabet and keyboard input

2.3.1. Grouping of Hangul jamo in three sets:

Hangul alphabetic letters (jamo) are grouped into three sets: initial and final jamo of consonant letters; and middle jamo of vowel letters. The words initial, middle, and final is in reference to the position the jamo takes in a syllabic character.The distinction between three groups of Hangul jamo is of linguistical importance (in phonetics, grammar, and orthography). It has an important bearing on computer encoding of Hangul letters. In the past, however, it was in typewriter design and keyboard layout, especially with typographical matter of initial and final consonant letters.2.3.2. Hangul script (system of writing):

Only 8 strokes of diffirent shapes are needed to write all Hangul letters.

To write Hangul letters, alphabetic jamo of consonant and vowel letters are put in predetermined sequence into a virtual square display dimension ('syllable block') to form a syllabic character (Hangul character, or Hangul letter). Such a linguistically unique writing mode is called in Hangul (mo-a-sseu-gi, meaning gather-up; packed of script), in contrast to (pul-eo-sseu-gi, meaning unassembled, unpacked of script). Thus, Korean Hangul script is 'syllabic' from the very beginning of its invention, and writing Hangul with alphabetic letters forms syllabic characters

In such linguistically marvelous and ingenious way Hangul has advantages of both phonetic script and logosyllabic script. It is quite unlike other languages of the world, in which alphabetic letters are written simply one after another.Every jamo takes one of several variations of its basic shape in a horizontal or vertical stroke-form and (for a vowel) reverse L forms to become a part in the assembled syllabic character of esthetic appearance.The unique writing mode combined with a typographic need for typewritten characters had actually required a great technical solution to develop Korean typewriters. It is not possible with a simple modification of English typewriters, with the three sets of jamo replacing English alphabetic letters embossed on the typebars.2.3.3. Hangul jamo on the keyboard layoutA practical typewriter for Korean language invented by Dr. Gong (1949) used a 3-set input system, which assigns three sets of jamo with each on its own set of keys on the keyboard. It produced typewritten Hangul characters of acceptable appearance. It was good for typing speed and became widely used. Typographic appearance improved noticeably when the typewriter mechanism added another set for consonant jamo (e.g. the older 1969 KSK standard with 4-set input) and even another one for vowel jamo. However, the typewriters were mechanically complicated and difficult to learn typing on them; and typing speed was comprised. They never became widely used. In 1982 a two-set input layout was adopted by a new KSK standard for typewriter keyboard which was a mere copy of the teletype keyboard layout of the older standard. Now most of the issues disappeared with coming of computer technology, which removed constraints inherent in legacy mechanical typewriters. For inputting on a computer keyboard, it also removed a need to have separate sets of initial and final jamo; only one set of consonant jamo is needed with a 2-set input system. That means, input on a computer keyboard only needs two sets of keys one for vowel and one for consonant jamo.

All that is needed is a well scripted computer algorithm to encode jamo properly and assemble them into syllabic characters. A program encodes in real time properly determining whether a consonant letter input belongs to a final jamo or to be the initial jamo of a next letter. This is accomplished by computers and software along with Microsoft Windows IME for Korean language support. The output is then displayed on a computer monitor, with printing function completely uncoupled.

It is in the matter of ergonomic consideration of the layout, however, which KSK has been lagging far behind, as one can easily see how illogical and unintuitive it is in its placement of alphabetic letters.2.4. Frequency data of alphabetic letters for ergonomic studyThe data on relative frequency for each alphabet letter is essential without which a layout cannot be examined for its ergonomical soundness. It helps us analyze workload for each finger. Relative strength and agility of each finger should match the relative workload of each finger represented by frequency data and finger travel from the home position.For the modern Korean alphabet, the two-set input system allocates 26 alphabetic letters to the keys fit for touch-typing on a keyboard. The following table shows frequency data for alphabet characters to be considered for a two-set input system (one set for the consonants and one set for the vowels) which is a current official standard and is for use in Korean language support with Microsoft Windows IME. Some discrepancy is shown when the figures are calculated based on a different text corpus. However, the difference is not significant enough to affect the overall result.

Certain points are shown from such studies:1. Consonant letters to be on the right hand.2. The frequency should be I < II > III > IV > V gradually so. Though the index finger index finger can take more workload, the sum of I + II frequency should not be too large compared to III, since the finger has to move more to reach 3 additional keys, compared to the rest of the fingers.3. The frequency should be Home >> Top >> Bottom rows, as much as possible on the Home row.2.4.1 Table: A frequency data based on Corpus INote: (1) Initial and final jamo not separated, (2) all the keystrokes for each element are to be counted for complex vowel letters (), and (3) shown in green font are jamo , , , , and , to be assigned to the keys in Shift status. [Source: www.ahnmatae.org/Common/Documents/Article-11.pdf AhnMaTae 12 Key Input System (2003)]

[See Appendix on data from different corpus. Separate data for the initial jamo and the final jamo shown there (as well as complex vowels) do not affect frequency distribution for two-set input system.

Ch. 3. KSK keyboard layout and its problems:3.1. Keyboard layouts for Korean Hangul and problems with KSKSeveral different layouts for Korean alphabet were developed over several decades for typewriters in the past and for computer keyboards of in our computer age. A 2-set input system has come out as an unbeatable standard for computer keyboards. Only one needed for consonant letter input, instead of 2 sets, it makes typing much simpler and easier to learn and practice, which is not possible with a 3-set input system.Here this chapter examines how KSK has failed to live up to what is possible with such a 2-set input system, all because of its deficient layout.

3.1.1. Problem of right vs. left hand workload:

In a 2-input system, unlike a 3-set input system, consonant and vowel jamo groups can be separated to each hand. There is no reason why they cannot be so (as KSK does with the letter ).Moreover, the consonant letters should be placed for the right hand.(1) The right hand should be given more workload. The frequency of the consonant group is larger than of the vowel group (58 % vs. 42 %). Whether a person is right handed or not is relevant.(2) It is natural to use the right hand finger to begin typing. The first character to write in Korean is a consonant letter.

3.1.2. Problem of finger workloads:

Frequency in columns and rows; and finger movement out of home rows Comparison between QWERTY/Dvorak and KSK/ARJ

3.1.3. Problem of KSK with consonant jamo:

The letters on the home row and on the bottom row do not show any discernable pattern of spatial arrangement. Difference in workload and frequency has not be taken into consideration. For triplets // and // which are expected to be logically aligned in their own columns, KSK has / and / only partially paired. The two letters and are at odd places on the top row without any logical spatial relation to and .

Of the pairs / and /, only/ is aligned in column. The letter is divorced from other vowel letters and found itself in the consonant group on the opposite hand.3.1.4. Problem of KSK with consonant jamo: KSK put on the top row with on the shift status of the keys. This simplistic arrangement ignores workload balance between the top and home rows. KSK places on the bottom row, however, they are not aligned in columns as paired as /; /; /; /. Instead, goes to the column of , while , , and . With KSK we do have a strange arrangement indeed.3.2. KSK layout w/ frequency data3.2.1. KSK layout diagram with frequency data for rows and columns

3.2.2. KSK diagram - with frequency data for each key

3.2.3. KSK diagram - in mirror image for comparison purpose

3.2.4. KSK diagram - mirror-image with frequency data of the keys

For the purpose of comparison with ARJ [highlighted - problem area]

Ch. 4. ARJ layout with frequency data4.1. ARJ Diagram with frequency data of rows and columns

4.2. ARJ Diagram with frequency data for each key

Ch. 5. Conclusion:

5.1 ARJ layout (2015):Hangul, the marvelous Korean alphabet invented in 1443 by King Sejong from the scratch, has never appeared in the human cultural history. I cannot stop loving it, the only thing that there is. How can anyone who have come to know it? Hangul is remarkably simple to render itself easy to learn even for those who has never used it. Without exaggeration all that is needed is a short session of less than 15 minutes to get to know, write, and pronounce the alphabet letters.

This work on a new layout for computer keyboard began about 30 years ago at the beginning of the age of personal computing. First, it was a desire to find an improved design of a physical computer keyboard. For a task of typing in English, personally I have been using the Dvorak keyboard layout on a typewriter since late 1970s, even long before IBM introduced the first personal computer in 1981. For a while QWERTY layout was the only one to put up with until a keyboard remapping program became available. Eventually Dvorak layout became supported within Windows OS. [when?] This eventually led me to see how a typewriter keyboard layout for the Korean language may be adopted on a computer keyboard as development of word processor software began. The very key for a computer keyboard is, even as it was for the typewriters in the past, its layout of choice for speed, accuracy, and reduced workload on fingers.A better keyboard layout for the Korean language is long overdue. Proposed here is a new layout, which is designed with ergonomics in mind. Easier to learn and use, anyone should become quickly proficient in typing with accuracy and speed. Fatitgue is reduced as workload is efficiently distributed to each finger on both hands.

The new layout, ARJ 2015, for a computer keyboard for Korean alphabetic letters (jamo) comes with these features:(1) Ergonomic placement for easier and comfortable typing: Workload distribution on the left vs. right hand matches frequency of vowel vs. consonant group. It places correctly the vowel group on the Left hand; the consonant group on the Right hand. Workload distribution between four fingers with different strength and agility of each finger; taken up most by the home row, least by the bottom row. Minimal use of the shift key (same as in KSK) limited only for 4 consonant letters and 2 vowel letters. Vowel letters are arranged in symmetrical harmony. All morphogically and phonologically related letters are aligned in columns. The result is simply and easy layout, easy to learn and type by logical and intuitive placement of jamo. All jamo on the keys can be reached for touch typing of efficiency and fast typing speed.(2) Quick to start, it is easy to learn and use: Of those assigned to 26 keys (12 vowels + 14 consonants) of normal (unshifted) status, the number of jamo on a keyboard one needs to remember is no more than 16 (6 vowels + 10 consonants).

In fact, the whole layout can be mentally reconstructed from the known positions of only two consonant letter and vowel letter , since all others are placed on the layout logically and intuitively in relation to others aligned in column, with the symmetrical arrangement of columns in the vowel group. [See p. 8 for diagrams]5.2. Projects to follow:1. To practice drill on ARJ KBD layout. Cf. keyboard remapping programs, such as SharpaKeys http://sharpkeys.codeplex.com/. [See Appendix]

2. For a keyboard layout change program, which is portable, easy to install and run, and compatible with MS Windows IME. It should allow simple to select between English and Hangul with easy toggling QWERTYDvorak in English mode and KSKARJ in Korean mode much smoother than quite a number of steps Windows OS requires to go through from setting in Region and Language support. Cf. www.trulyergonomic.com (Truly Ergonomic Keyboard programmable keyboard).3. For a dongle, which connects a keyboard and a computer, various stored keyboard layouts (international as well as user-created ones) in memory and a toggle switch (rather than a dip switch) to let users select one of several layouts stored in the memory.

4. For a physical keyboard with multiple layouts:(1) An essential feature is to be installable with multiple layouts and a dedicated key for selecting Eng/Hangul and for toggling layouts (QWERTY/Dvorak and KSK/ARJ in each language).(2) Foldable keyboard - the left and right halves of the keyboard are separate (foldable for easy portability) with adjustable separation.(3) An extra pass-through USB port (e.g. a computer mouse port).(4) Programmed or user-programmable special feature keys.(5) Feet at the bottom to raise the front of the keyboard.(6) Home row locator (visual vs. tactile) cf. a few LED lighted keys; stickers;[Cf. https://youtu.be/7VNFMcYZY0Y Markal Fluorescent Valve Action Paint Marker]Ref: www.typematrix.com/ (TypeMatrix keyboard since 1997)

Ref: www.microsoft.com/hardware/en-us/p/universal-foldable-keyboard (Microsoft Universal Foldable Keyboard 2015)

Ref: http://deskthority.net/photos-f62/ergonomic-keyboard-parade-t336.html www.cataclysmicmutation.com/2014/01/18/fun-with-expensive-keyboards/ 5.This work for a new computer keyboard layout does not cover various non-traditinal keyboards.

5.3. Afterword1. As for the sources of information in the field of alphabet, phonetics, and phonology useful for this work they are easily found on the web and wiki. [Note: the underlined words or phrases in blue font in this article are those hyperlinked to online.] Some are found to be flagged in them.

2. Confusion in using terminologies. Often morphological and phonemic aspects (morpheme vs. phoneme) of the alphabet mixed. letters vs. sounds

consonant/vowel letters vs. consonant/vowel sounds Korean consonant sounds vs. Hangul consonant letters

basic letters vs. basic sounds

stroke vs. letter vs. character For the tense consonant sounds, they are forticized, not faucalized.

It is iotized not iotated for some vowels consonant clusters of Hangul are not digraph (as in English language).3. The vowel letters for monophthongs and are treated as diphthongs: and no phoneme for in Gyeongsang dialect which has become widespread; same for (also and ). [E.g. Instead of [naega] for I am/do the dialect has it as [nega], which means you are/do in the standard Korean. For I am/do the dialact substituted [niga].[End of File]. 1969 KSK covered teletypes (2-set input) and typewriters (4-set input), both having much in common. 1982 KSK, called KS C5715 (renamed as KS X-5002 in 1992).

This number 26 of Korean jamo to be sujject os assignment to keys coincides with the number of letters in English alphabet (with 5 vowels and 21 consonants).

In Korean as well as in English, 26 alphabetic letters are assigned to 26 keys out of the total 30 keys in 3 rows x 10 columns. The 4 remaining keys are for common punctuation marks. The keys in shift status is for the uppercase form in English; in Korean they are for additional 7 letters ( and ).

Korean language has 8 vowel phonemes Ref.

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#Monophtongs" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#Monophtongs

[See in the Appendix]

Ref. HYPERLINK "http://www.microsoft.com/typography/OpenTypeDev/hangul/intro.htm" www.microsoft.com/typography/OpenTypeDev/hangul/intro.htm

3-set input system (sebeolche; ); 2-set input system (dubeolche).

It is moot for the keyboard users how complex such algorithm is or how difficult to write it.

A 3-set input system needs no such extra step for code conversion, as already coded properly at input.

Ref. on MS Windows IME for Korean language support: HYPERLINK "http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/input-method-editors" http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/input-method-editors HYPERLINK "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc194848.aspx" https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc194848.aspx xxx

Only when needed print out is made on a printer in whatever fonts supported by software.

Ref. HYPERLINK "http://www.daskeyboard.com/blog/typing-through-time-the-history-of-the-keyboard/" www.daskeyboard.com/blog/typing-through-time-the-history-of-the-keyboard/

August Dvorak et al. (1936), Typewriting Behavior: Psychology Applied to Teaching and Learning Typewriting.

Randy C. Cassingham (1986), Dvorak Keyboard: The Ergonomically Designed Keyboard, Now an American Standard

HYPERLINK "http://www.dvorak-keyboards.com/Dvorak_vs_qwerty_keyboard_tests.htm" www.dvorak-keyboards.com/Dvorak_vs_qwerty_keyboard_tests.htm

Ref. on MS Windows IME for Korean language support: HYPERLINK "http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/input-method-editors" http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/input-method-editors HYPERLINK "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc194848.aspx" https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc194848.aspx xxx

Cf. HYPERLINK "http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=105361" www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=105361 Beauty of Hangeul as art form explored in exhibition

Cf. HYPERLINK "http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Society/view?articleId=98342" www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Society/view?articleId=98342 HangulBot wows international crowd HYPERLINK "https://youtu.be/jQlym8cdiso" https://youtu.be/jQlym8cdiso The People I Met (in Korean); The Robots We Made (in English): Sonya S. Kwak at TEDxKAIST

Cf. keyboards by Northgate HYPERLINK "http://deskthority.net/wiki/Northgate_OmniKey_101" http://deskthority.net/wiki/Northgate_OmniKey_101

HYPERLINK "http://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc25/pc25_birth.html" www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc25/pc25_birth.html

IBM Selectric typewriters made it possible when a type-ball for Dvorak became available. Later I had this typewriter itself modified for Dvorak layout to make it possible to use any type-ball for different fonts. [Unveiled by IBM in 1961, the revolutionary Selectric typewriter eliminated the need for conventional type bars and movable carriage.]

Ref. HYPERLINK "http://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/attic2/attic2_022.html" www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/attic2/attic2_022.html

Ref: (1) First IBM-compatible PC was made 1984 in Korea. [Dedrick & Kraemer (1998) Asia's Computer Challenge: Threat or Opportunity for the United States and the World? p.127]

(2) First Hangul word processor for MS-DOS in 1989.

(3) HYPERLINK "https://net.its.hawaii.edu/history/Korean_Internet_History.pdf" https://net.its.hawaii.edu/history/Korean_Internet_History.pdf

sight typing: (1) looking at the keys for hunt-and-peck typing like most beginners who tend to look at their fingers and the keys; and (2) typing while watching what is being typed out or displayed. Both are undesirable habits, killing efficiency and speed of typing.

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