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Seafarer Sleepiness and Fatigue What have we learned? What should we do? Professor Claire Pekcan Emeritus Professor Mike Barnett

Project”MARTHA”:ResearchDesign

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Datacollectedfromeachvessel:110volunteercrewmembers

•  Backgroundques<onnaireforeachvolunteer•  Weeklydiaries(includingKSSandMFI*)foreachvolunteer

•  Ac<watchdatafortwoweeksatbeginningandendoftourforselectedvolunteers.

•  Voyagereportsofvesseltocoverperiodofstudy•  Officialhoursofwork/restforeachindividualvolunteer

*KSS=KarolinskaSleepinessScaleMFI=Mul<dimensionalFa<gueInventory

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! Healthy individuals ! Rapid onset

! Short duration

! Single cause ! Short-term effect on daily

activities

Distinguishing Sleepiness from Fatigue

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Short-term Sleepiness

!  May cause health disorders (physical and mental)

!  Insidious onset !  Persists over time !  Multi-factor causes !  Significantly affects

behaviour and wellbeing

Longer-term Fatigue

vs

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What have we learned?

Some results from the analysis of Weekly Diaries and Actigraphy*

*WithacknowledgementstoDrAnnePHillstromandGemmaHansonof

UniversityofSouthampton,CentreforVisionandCogni<on

Fa<gue:isithigherorlowerattheendofavoyage?

Acloserlookatthe3ranks(Thirdofficer,Captain,AB)forwhichthereisthehighestnumber(i.e.:n>10)

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Captain ThirdOfficer AB

Is Stress higher or lower at the end of a voyage?

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Highlevelsofsleepinessatall<mes

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Several other weekly diary items potentially increase with time at sea (including reduced motivation)

Example of Actiwatch data: A Bosun on Day work

Actigraph example of a Master – disturbed sleep?

Actigraphy: Example of a Master – disturbed sleep?

AverageSleepbyRank

Sleepovercourseofstudy

•  Errorbarsrepresents1sem

•  Significantwhenanchoredatstartofcontract

Theeffectofvoyage<meonwakebouts

What should we do? Fatigue Risk Management Systems (FRMS)?

© March 2012 - European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL) https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/article/content/documents/nm/safety/safety-fatigueriskbrochureweb.pdf

Two Ways to Mitigate the Fatigue Risk:

  “Hours of rest” – STCW and MLC   Prescriptive   Negotiated Contract   Compliance culture: minimum standards   Reactive   Control   Inspection and audit

  FRMS within the IMO revised guidelines on fatigue   Non-mandatory   Goal-based approach   Scientific basis: data driven   “Best practice”: aspiring to excellence   Custom-built to own company

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Three Core Elements of Fatigue Risk Management

1 Fatigue Awareness training and cultural change programmes; 2 Fatigue reporting system within a just culture; 3 ”Data-driven” predictive analysis for fatigue risk assessment, workload management and monitoring adequate sleep*

• *Tools may include subjective reporting, actigraphy, and fatigue prediction models

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Fa#gue Predic#on models

•  Bio-mathema<calmodelling-nottobeconfusedwithfa<guemanagementso_warewhichshowscompliancewithhoursofrestregula<ons.

•  Predictsfa<guelevelorriskoffallingasleepfordifferentworkhourpa`erns.

•  Somealsoshowdecrementinperformanceagainstfa<gue

•  ModelsincludeSAFTE/FAST(USA),FAID(AUS)andMARTHA(Sweden)

•  ProjectHORIZONaddednovelinforma<ononoff-watchsleeppa`ernsandvalidatedtheMARTHAmodelforuseinshippingopera<ons

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www.warsashacademy.co.uk

A Vision for the Future…?

NOV13 Source: http://www.futurenautics.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Cyb_feat2.png

Or crew “condition monitoring”? Measure physical health and mental wellbeing variables at a distance? Big data and predictive analytics? Ethics: “Big brother” or self-ownership?

Unmanned vessels? The Cyborg Crew?