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8/3/2019 Sdlc Cycle
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Project ManagementDefine project, project management, RAD, JADDescribe the project triangle and its tradeoffsDescribe project management activitiesDiscuss the advantages and disadvantages of functional,project (purpose) and matrix structuresDescribe the advantages, disadvantages and characteristics of SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) and prototypingDescribe the phases of SDLCDescribe project dimensions affecting risk Discuss integration in dealing with risk Discuss issues in managing behavioral factors
Discuss open sourcing as a development approach
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Project Management
Project - temporary endeavor undertakento create a unique product or service
may be divided into subprojectsProject management - application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to
project activities to meet or exceedstakeholder needs and expectations froma project
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Project Triangle
Time Cost
Scope
QUALITY
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Project ManagementActivities
Ensuring progress of project using metricsIdentifying risks and assessing the probability of them occurringEnsuring progress toward deliverables withinconstraints of time and resourcesRunning coordination meetings of the project
teamNegotiating for resources on behalf of theproject
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Development Models
Systems Development Life CycleRapid Applications Development (RAD)
PrototypingJoint Applications Development (JAD) (likeRAD with users)
Agile ProgrammingObject-Oriented
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Systems DevelopmentLife Cycle (SDLC)
Overview
Software Acquisition ChoicesSDLC OverviewSDLC:Phases
Alternative Approaches
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SDLC - Prior Problems
Failure to meet:BudgetsSchedulesExpectations
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SDLC - Characteristics “Problem” or “Opportunity” Many names; Widely applicable
“Analysis” vs. “Synthesis” Variance across stages
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SDLC - Characteristics
Disciplined approachSystems approachIterative (not sequential)Cyclical
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SDLC - Advantages
Focus on tradeoffsFocus on goals
Controls: milestones, checklist,accountabilityTools, models, CASEHierarchical decompositionDesigned for user & managerinvolvement
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SDLC - Reasons for Failure
Scope too broad or too narrowLack of needed skillsIncomplete specificationsNo control/no framework
Lack of management/userinvolvementToo time-consuming
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SDLC Phases
Initiation and FeasibilityRequirements DefinitionFunctional DesignTechnical Design and Construction
VerificationImplementationTest
Maintenance & Review
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. n a onFeasibility
Project objectives & ScopePreliminary survey & feasibility
TechnicalEconomicOperational
Project proposal and scheduleIdentify assumptions & constraints
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. equ remen sDefinition
Problem/Opportunity definition
Analyze current systemFocus on decisions and relatedinformation needsDefine business functionalityPlan for training, user acceptance
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ro em ppor un yDefinition
Symptoms vs. real problems
Question decision maker’sstatement of problemBound problem realisticallyTry to ascertain actual causeSometimes figuring out the
problem is half the solution
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na yze urrenSystem
+ Understand activities involved
+ Identify decision points+ Identify problems & efficiencies+ Be aware of history- Bias thinking
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III. Functional DesignFocus on business needs
usability, reliability
Logical designOutputsInputs
PresentationProcessesDatabases
Personnel
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IV. Technical Designand Construction
Finalize architecture and acquirehardware
Complete technical definition of data access and other systemcomponentsMake (program) vs. buyDevelop test plans
Revise schedule, plan and costs
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V. VerificationProgram Testing
Structured walkthrough
Code inspectionUnit testPairs testing
Verification, stress, user andsecurity testing
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VI. Implementation
Cut-overParallel conversionDirect cut-overPilot conversion
Phased conversionUser training
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. a n enance anReview
Post-implementation auditEnds - information requirements
(information, performance)Means - process
Maintenance (correcting bugs & scheduled maintenance)Enhancement (adding
functionality)
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Iterative Development
SystemConcept
Version“1”
Version“2”
Version“N” SoftwareDevelopment
Process
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Uses of Prototyping
Verifying user needs
Verifying that design = specifications
Selecting the “best” design
Developing a conceptual understanding of
novel situations
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Uses of Prototyping
Testing a design under varying
environments
Demonstrating a new product to upper
management
Implementing a new system in the user
environment quickly
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Prototyping
Proposed AdvantagesImproved user
communicationUsers like itLow risk
Avoids over-designExperimentation
and innovationSpreads labor to
user department
Disadvantages in practicePrototypes are used
“as is” Integration often
difficultDesign flawsPoor performance
Difficult to manage
processCreates unrealisticexpectations Documentation isdifficult
Ob d Eff t f
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Observed Effects of Prototyping
ease of use (+)user needs (+)unrealistic user
expectations (-)added features (?)poorer performance(-)mixed design quality
mixed maintainabilityless needmore difficult to do
effort decreased (+)difficult cost-estimation (-)end-user participationincreased (+)more expertiseneeded (-)difficult planning & control (-)
Software Product Software Process
R id A li i
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Rapid ApplicationsDevelopment (RAD)
+ Like prototyping, uses iterativedevelopment
+ Uses tools to speed up developmentGUIreusable codecode generation
programming, language testing and debugging- Requirements may be frozen too early- Basic standards often overlooked
J i t A li ti
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Joint ApplicationsDevelopment (JAD)
+ Saves interviewing and datacollection time
+ Structured process+ Highly collaborative with businessunits
- Expensive- Low use of technology
P j t Di i
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Project DimensionsAffecting Risk
Project Size (relative to others)
The pregnant ladyComplexity
Extent of difficultyInterdependence of componentsRelative
ClarityHigh vs. Low
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Integration ToolsEXTERNALUser project managerUser specificationapproval processUser-managed controlprocess
Users as teammembersUser responsibility foreducation&installation
INTERNALIT professional teamleaderFrequent teammeetingsRegular technical
status reviewsOutside technicalassistanceGoal setting by team