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~SCrI:ENC0E NEw SERiEs SUBSCRIPTION, $6.00 VOL. 100, NO. 2585 -FRIDAY, JULY 14, 1944 SINGLE COPMIS, .15 P/anilt Srences BLAKISTON BOOKS LAURIE and KIPLINGER 0 Commercial Flower Forcing-4th Edition In this new, improved edition, the chapter on Gravel Culture has been greatly extended and brought up-to-date in detail. The sections on major cut flower crops and on pot plants have also been thor- oughly revised and brought up to the minute by the addition of new material. The book incorporates the results of important research work being done in our agricultural experiment stations and presents, as a whole,? the methods of the better growers and the newest developments in scientific growing. By Alex Laurie and D. C. Kiplinger, Ohio State University. Illus. Probable Price $4.50 COLLINGS * Commercial Fertilizers, Their Sources and Use-3rd Edition This is an authoritative textbook and guide. It tells what to use for fertilizers, where the materials come from, how they are mixed and how used. Important chapters are included on soil reaction, and methods of application of fertilizers. Economic problems are discussed and a useful bibliography is included. By Gilbeart H. Collings, Clemson Agricultural College. 131 Illus. 12 in Colors. 480 Pages. $4.50 BESSEY Textbook of Mycology This is a standard text on the structure, life history and classification of fungi. It includes an abundance of detailed illustrations and a carefully prepared bibliography. By E. A. Bessey, Michigan State College. 139 Illus. 495 Pages. $4.00 HYLANDER and STANLEY * Plants and Man In this text, botany is presented as a cultural and practical subject. Economic and ecological aspects are stressed and the fundamental facts of morphology, physiology and taxonomy are concisely pre- sented. By C. J. Hylander and 0. B. Stanley, Colgate University. 308 Illus. 518 Pages. $3.00 SHOEMAKER * Small-Fruit Culture This authoritative guide and textbook presents a study of the best methods in field practice. It in- corporates practical information gathered from the experience of commercial growers and the extensive research work of the author. By J. S. Shoemaker, Ohio State University. 52 Illus. 434 Pages. $3.50 CHESTER * Nature and Prevention of Plant Diseases Designed for students majoring in field crops, horticulture, soils, entomology and related subjects and for students in plant pathology, this text offers an up-to-date study of essentials as exemplified in diseases of important leading crops. By K. Starr Chester, Oklahoma Agricultural -Station. 207 Illus. 584 Pages. $4.50 THE BLAKISTON COMPANY Philadelphia 5, Pa. Science: published weekly by The Science Press, Lancaster, Pa. Entered as second-class matter July 18, 1923, at the Post )affice at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

~SCrI:ENC0E · beam of light from a 16-inch search-light locates cloud layers; using an alidade (similar to a sextant) an ob-server sights the bright spot madeby thebeam. Bytriangulation,

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  • ~SCrI:ENC0ENEw SERiEs SUBSCRIPTION, $6.00VOL. 100, NO. 2585 -FRIDAY, JULY 14, 1944 SINGLE COPMIS, .15

    P/anilt SrencesBLAKISTON BOOKS

    LAURIE and KIPLINGER0 Commercial Flower Forcing-4th Edition

    In this new, improved edition, the chapter on Gravel Culture has been greatly extended and broughtup-to-date in detail. The sections on major cut flower crops and on pot plants have also been thor-oughly revised and brought up to the minute by the addition of new material. The book incorporatesthe results of important research work being done in our agricultural experiment stations and presents,as a whole,? the methods of the better growers and the newest developments in scientific growing. ByAlex Laurie and D. C. Kiplinger, Ohio State University. Illus. Probable Price $4.50

    COLLINGS* Commercial Fertilizers, Their Sources and Use-3rd Edition

    This is an authoritative textbook and guide. It tells what to use for fertilizers, where the materialscome from, how they are mixed and how used. Important chapters are included on soil reaction, andmethods of application of fertilizers. Economic problems are discussed and a useful bibliography isincluded. By Gilbeart H. Collings, Clemson Agricultural College. 131 Illus. 12 in Colors. 480Pages. $4.50

    BESSEYTextbook of Mycology

    This is a standard text on the structure, life history and classification of fungi. It includes anabundance of detailed illustrations and a carefully prepared bibliography. By E. A. Bessey, MichiganState College. 139 Illus. 495 Pages. $4.00

    HYLANDER and STANLEY* Plants and Man

    In this text, botany is presented as a cultural and practical subject. Economic and ecological aspectsare stressed and the fundamental facts of morphology, physiology and taxonomy are concisely pre-sented. By C. J. Hylander and 0. B. Stanley, Colgate University. 308 Illus. 518 Pages. $3.00

    SHOEMAKER* Small-Fruit Culture

    This authoritative guide and textbook presents a study of the best methods in field practice. It in-corporates practical information gathered from the experience of commercial growers and the extensiveresearch work of the author. By J. S. Shoemaker, Ohio State University. 52 Illus. 434 Pages. $3.50

    CHESTER* Nature and Prevention of Plant Diseases

    Designed for students majoring in field crops, horticulture, soils, entomology and related subjects andfor students in plant pathology, this text offers an up-to-date study of essentials as exemplified indiseases of important leading crops. By K. Starr Chester, Oklahoma Agricultural-Station. 207 Illus.584 Pages. $4.50

    THE BLAKISTON COMPANYPhiladelphia 5, Pa.

    Science: published weekly by The Science Press, Lancaster, Pa.Entered as second-class matter July 18, 1923, at the Post )affice at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

  • SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

    Basteriologist, abaunologist and Virus *orker available.Ph.D, desires faculty appointment with research oppor-tunities in a medical school or active biological researchfaculty. Has had ten years of teaching bacteriology, im-munology and public health on graduate and undergraduatelevels with university rank. Now employed in industry aschief of division. Desires better opportunity to do medicalresearch and teaching, and is available on reasonable noticefor permanent appointment. Address inquiries to Box"123," c/o SCIENCE, Lancaster, Pa.

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  • JULY 14, 1944 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 3

    K E I N G UP WIT H

    ORDNANCE SPELLS IT F-U-Z-E, whenreferring to the mechanical device thatkeeps bombs safe to handle, but setsthem to detonate on impact. If bombsare to be both safe and effective, fuze-timing must be accurate to a split sec-ond. To test them, Westinghouse engi-neers designed a new miniature windtunnel, in which a blast of compressedair simulates speeds up to 800 miles anhour. A photoelectric cell device checksthe timing to one one-hundred-twenti-eth of a second.

    NEW FLUORESCENT DEVELOPMENTSinclude a cold cathode tube that lightsup instantly; a new type Qf starterthat eliminates blinking of fluorescentlamps; and a bulb so tiny that it canoperate for several weeks on powerfrom a single dry cell.

    TOO GOOD. A short time after a largenon-condensing turbine was placed inservice by a large industpal company,the designer was called back to do fur-ther work in it. Reason: it was tooefficientl Temperature of the exhauststeam was too low for plant processwork. Machine is now operating with asatisfactory degree of inefficiency.HEIGHT BY LIGHT is the basis of adevice that is making flying safer. Abeam of light from a 16-inch search-light locates cloud layers; using analidade (similar to a sextant) an ob-server sights the bright spot made bythe beam. By triangulation, the heightof the clouds can be calculated exactlyin a matter of seconds, and this ceil-ing height is then radioed to the planesin the vicinity.NEW HURRICANE is now in servicewith Boeing Aircraft Company. West-inghouse has just installed an 18,000horsepower electric motor to drive themulti-bladed fan in Boeing's new windtunnel. One of the largest operated bya private aircraft manufacturer, thenew tunnel will be able to test airfoils,etc., at speeds up to 700 miles an hour.

    When .oool inch 1000 hoursProblem: To provide an air-tight joint where the insulated connectorsof an airplane radio vibrator project through the metal shell. (Vibratorcontacts disintegrated in ten hours at high altitudes, when shells werenot air-tight.)

    Westinghouse research engineers were ready with the answer-amethod of soldering metal to porcelain.The porcelain piece is painted with a solution of gold and platinum

    and is then fired. This reduces the metal to a firmly adhering glaze,which is coated with a flux and tinned for soldering.

    This gold-platinum film-barely one ten-thousandth of an inch thick-is the reason radio vibrators today last as long as the plane.

    Solder Seal is the only known method of completely and permanentlyhermetically sealing a porcelain-to-metal joint. It is another exampleof Westinghouse leadership in every phase of electrical development.Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, Pittsburgh 30O

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    JULY 14, 1944 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 3

  • VoL .100, No. 25854

    CENCO "PHOTELOMETER" lndlustrial Type B- :This new compact filter photometer embodies the most recent improvements in design for effi-ciency, sensitiveness, attractiveness, and economy. Its use.in the control or clinical laboratoryfor chemical analyses offers many advantages. Where speed, accuracy, and freedom from "hu-man element" errors are desirable, the "Photelometer" method of determining concentrationsof colored solutions is rapidly replacing older, slower methods. Readings are now Wng appliedto determinations such as molybdenum, titanium, vanadium, or manganese. in steel; for lead,copper, iron or vitamins in foods; for hemoglobin and blood chemistry; and many other colori-metric procedures.The New "Photelometer" is a barrier-layer type instrument consisting of basically a low volt-age light source, an adjustable iight aperture, a three-color filter holder, receptacles for tubularor rectangular absorption. cells, a single photoelectric cell, and a sensitive current-measuringinstrument with a 2%-inch scale. The scale reads from 0-100 in 50- divisions.

    No. 12346 "Photelometer" Industrial Type 3-2 Including apackage of (12) No. 12344G Cells and blue, green, and red filters:

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    _ THE CHUSAL GLASSW cH*I-CH ttP5S',M'AKE' 1,:t

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    [-' A,Over 2700 different kboratory glassware items are fabricated from this versatile :gl.T rngfrom simple test tubes to the most complex apparatus, yet all have one common characierilic-blta..Most glassware- possesses in varying degree, the three essential properties-mechanicalstrengt chemical

    ;stability and thermal resistance. Only in Pyrex Glassware-fabricated from Pyrex brand ChemicalGlams o774- will you find these properties scientifically balanced. All are combined in exactly the rightEach is balanced aginst the other; none.is sacrificed, none enhanced at the expense of another.

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    That is why Pyrex Laboratory Glassware has become standard euipet i# most industrial (roteand r h) laboratories, and college laboratories. As Its longer-life ad grter economy avbeincreasingly evident, Pyrex Ware has become recognised as the stand in school and hospital l

    atories. Make your own tests. You will find that daily use provides daily proof that Pyex Ware isthe all-around. ware for all-around laboratory use.,For information on Pwrex, Vycor and, Corning brand lassae, sult our laboratory nat, dar.

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  • SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

    RIBOFLLVIN ~HUGoHENOW

    All you want - no W. P. B. allocation -Order any time -for immediate delivery

    Now-for the first time since Hoffmann-La Roche pio-neered in the production of riboflavin-you who wantit for research are permitted both by quantity produc-etion and by the Government to have all you want, when-ever you want.

    It is now the eleventh year since riboflavin (vitaminB., or G) was first isolated. Then, 1933, it took from5,000-11,000 quarts of whey to yield a single gram.

    In 1935, when Karrer, collaborating with theHoffmnann-La Roche Scientific Laboratories, announcedthe first synthesis of riboflavin, the first gram cost $2,500.Commercial production seemed a baffling problem.

    Nutritional data, too, were slow in accumulating. Purecrystalline riboflavin (made from liver) was experimen-tally used in animal feed in 1935. Later, reports began totell of its growth-promoting properties. In 1938. defi-ciency symptoms in chicks were described, evidencegiven that the vitamin could prevent them. Differentgroups of scientists reported also on hatchability studies.Still later, reports began to establish the precise percen-tages of riboflavin for various types of feeds and foodproducts.By 1940, date of the Food and Drug Administration's

    first hearing to consider the addition of vitamins to white

    flour, nutritionists were convinced that riboflavin de-ficiency was widespread among our human population,so agreement was reached that it should be-included withthe other enrichment ingredients.

    But it was not till 1941 that the persistence and skillof Roche chemists solved-after 6 years-the problem ofindustrial production on a scale making possible present-day quantities-at favorable prices.

    Large new riboflavin units at Roche Park came intooperation in 1943, and pushed production to new peaks.Then, April 1, 1943, the War Production Board issuedGeneral Preference Order No. M-299 placing all ribo-flavin on allocation.Now, however-as of June 20, 1944-no W.P.B.

    application is needed. You need not even plan yourorders ahead as you have been doing. You are free toorder all you want, for immediate delivery, when-ever you want it.And now Hoffmann-La Roche, proud of the part it

    has been able to play in all this, renews its pledge to you:to produce the finest possible; to do so at the lowestprices consistent with the highest quality.

    Why you should specify 'Roche'"Vitamins by the tons" pour in a steady stream from thisultra-modern scientific plant, to meet military, civilian andfeed requirements of America and her Allies. Unremit-tingly every "batch" must not only fulfill U. S. Pharma-copoqia requirements, but also rigid specifications developedwithin our own laboratories, still pioneering. When youspecify 'Roche-BI, B2, or C-you specify "the finest"`

    HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE, INC.Vitamin Division * Nutley 10, N. J.

    9

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    JULY 14, 1944 7

  • SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

    A n H-B InstrumentCompany official check-ing a Lab-StandardThermometer by meansof a Type G-2 MuellerBridge. The glass ther-mometer and the refer-ence-standard resistancethermometer are shown(see arrows) in con-stant-temperature bathat rear; galvanometerand scale are in dust-and light-tight housingin front of man.

    THERMOMETERS CHECKED TO +0.005CWith Time-Saving Type G-2 Mueller Bridge

    In extending their lines of mercury-in-glassthermometers to include new high-precision items,the H-B Instrument Co., Inc. of Philadelphia nowuses as the primary standard of accuracy an L&NMueller G-2 Thermometer Bridge. Used with aconstant temperature bath of extreme uniformity,this bridge enables the thermometer manufacturerto check his products with ease and rapidity . . .and assures thermometers well-worthy of NBScertification if desired.

    Brief Specifications:The L&N Mueller Bridge has a limit of error of

    a few hundred-thousandths of an ohm, or a fewparts per million, whichever is greater; between- 190 and + 500 C it is thus capable of greateraccuracy than any other means available. Onlyaccessories required are batteries, galvanometerand galvanometer reading device. The Bridge'sIr nnr.' ;eC ton 1 1 1 1 1 1 nilMc in ctpne rnf ) M01

    Typical uses of such precise thermometers (and g 'J lAthermostats) include: the checking of TNT solidi- Our Mueller Bridges are completely describedfication temperature; the measurement of sur- in Catalog E-33C(I), sent on request. For aface temperature of gun breeches; and regulationin broadcasting equipments of crystal tempera- brief description of all L&N electrical standardsture within + 0.05 C in order to avoid frequency and other instruments foi research, teaching andchanges in assigned wave bands. testing, ask for Catalog E.

    LEEDS & NORTHRUP COMPANY, 4926 STENTON AVE., PHILA. 44, PA.

    3Jp Zids on e!A SAogan For Every AmericanJrl Ad E-33C-500 (1 ) MEASURING tNSTRUMENTS * TELEMETERS AUTOMATIC CONTROLS 4 HEAT-TREATING FURNACES

    VOL. 100, No. 2585

  • SCIENCEVOL. 100 FRIDAY, JULY 14, 1944 No. 2585

    Address of the President of the Royal Society: SiRHENRY DALE ..........

    Obituary:Leo Hendrik Baekeland: DR. ARTHUR W. HIxsoN

    andOTHERS.Recent Deaths .....................................................

    Scientific Events:Proposed Memorial to Sir Horace Darwin; TheResearch Council of Rutgers University; Legisla-tion on the Scope of the U. S. Public Health Ser-vice; The New Civil Public Health Division in the

    OfficeoftheSurgeon General ......................................................

    Scientific Notes and News .................................................................

    Discussin:F2 and N1-Methylnicotinamide: JESSE W. HUFFand DR. WILLIAM A. PERLZWEIG. The Recent Re-searches on Heavy Water: TSING-LIEN CHANG.The Permeability of Living Cells:- PROFESSOR S. C.BROOKS. Mathematics in a Nutshell: DR. G. A.MILLER ...... ...

    Scientific Books:Citrology: DR. T. D. A. COCKERELL .... ..

    Special Articles:Aerosolization of Penicillin Solutions: DR. VERNON

    BRYSON, EVA SANSOME and SIDNEY LASKIN. Endo-crinological Aspects of Avidin Formation in theAvian Oviduct: DR. Roy HERTZ, DR. R. M. FRAPSand DR. W. H. SEBRELL. On the Vitamin Bc Con-jugate in Yeast: DR. J. J. PFIFFNER and OTHERS .... 33

    Scientific Apparatus and Laboratory Methods:A Five-Minute Method for Staining Fecal Smears:DR. GLENN A. NOBLE. A Pressure-Controlled Elec-tric Circuit: DR. CARL D. MILLER ................7............... .... 37

    Science News ......... 10

    SCIENCE: A Weekly Journal devoted to the Advance-ment of Science. Editorial communications should be sentto the editors of SCIENCE, Lancaster, Pa. Published everyFriday by

    THE SCIENCE PRESSLancaster, Pennsylvania

    Annual Subscription, $6.00 Single Copies, 15 Ots.31 SCIENCE is the official organ of the American Associa-

    tion for the Advancement of Science. Information regard-ing membership in the Association may be secured fromthe office of the permanent secretary in the SmithsonianInstitution Building, Washington 25, D. C.

    ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY'By Sir HENRY DALE, G.B.E.

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    THE council's report, covering the period of a yearending September 30, makes mention of the scientificmission to Australia now completed by our ForeignSecretary,. Sir Henry Tizard, whom we are glad towelcome on his return. The report does not extend,however, to the later departure for India of our secre-tary, Professor A. V. Hill. The Government ofIndia, through the Secretary of State, asked theRoyal Society to depute a distinguished scientist tovisit India for consultation on scientific matters, andin particular to advise on scientific and industrialresearch in relation to measures of post-war recon-struction and on the coordination of such plans inIndia with corresponding activities here and else-where. We felt that our proper response to suchan invitation was to let' India have a man of thehighest qualification from our own fellowship; and Ifeel confident that the fellows will approve of our

    1 Delivered at the 281st anniversary meeting, November30, 1943.

    action in releasing for the necessary period our seniorsecretary, who is also one of our research professors,to enable him to accept this important mission. I askyou, further, to send from this meeting a message toProfessor Hill of good wishes for the full success ofhis undertaking and of hope that one of its resultswill be to strengthen the bonds of understanding andtrue comradeship between our Indian colleagues andthe men of science of this country. In that connectionI ought further to report to you a step which I havetaken, with the approval of the council, and for whichI have not found any precedent in our records. Itwas brought to my notice that of the six distinguishedIndian men of science who are at present on the rollof our fellows only two have hitherto been able topresent themselves here in order to subscribe the obli-gation in our charter book and to be admitted accord-ing to the statute. It seems certain that the war willcreate still further difficulty and delay for the attend-ance here of the other four, and I have accordingly