Scottish MPA Project

Data Confidence Assessments

NORTH-EAST FAROE-SHETLAND CHANNEL POSSIBLE MPA

JULY 2013

The following documents provide further information about the North-east Faroe-Shetland Channel possible MPA:

Site Summary Document

Detailed assessment against the MPA Selection Guidelines

Management Options Paper

The documents are all available at www.jncc.defra.gov.uk/scottish-mpa-consultation

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Document version control

Version Date Author Reason / Comments

Version 1.0 7/12/2012 I Marengo Creating Data Confidence Assessment from North-East Faroe-Shetland Channel proposal development audit - v1_2.doc (7/12/2012 I Marengo ed.)

Version 1.1 25/01/2013 M Linwood Errors identified while using DCA

Version 1.2 01/03/2013 I Marengo Review of maps. New shape for continental slope

Version 1.3 03/04/2013 O Crawford-Avis

Final check and edit prior to formal review

Version 1.4 15/04/2013 Neil Ellis Copy edit

Version 1.5 15/04/2013 Megan Linwood

Final review before circulation to MPA Sub Group

Version 2.0 15/04/2013 Megan Linwood

Version for sign off by MPA Sub Group

Version 2.1 17/04/2013 Beth Henshall Query in summary

Version 2.2 2/05/2013 I Marengo Refresh of maps

Version 2.3 22/05/2013 O Crawford-Avis

Edits based on sub-group comments

Version 2.4 30/05/2013 M Linwood Review of document

Version 3.0 30/05/2013 Beth Henshall Preparation of document for MPA Sub Group

Version 3.1 09/07/2013 O Crawford-Avis

Consistency check and minor descriptive improvements

Version 4.0 15/07/2013 O Crawford-Avis

Finalisation of document for public release

Distribution list

Format Version Issue date Issued to

Electronic 2.0 16/04/2015 MPA Sub Group

Electronic 3.0 30/05/2013 MPA Sub Group

Electronic 4.0 15/07/2013 Preparation of document for JNCC website upload

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Figure 1 The North-East Faroe-Shetland Channel possible MPA

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Possible MPA name North-East Faroe-Shetland Channel

Date of initial assessment

31th July 2012 Assessors ALR, NC, PC, ML, OCA

The North-East Faroe-Shetland Channel possible MPA is recommended for the protection of deep-sea sponge aggregations, Atlantic and Arctic influenced offshore subtidal sands and gravels on the slope and off the shelf, Arctic influenced offshore deep sea muds on the slope and off the shelf, and an area of the continental slope. The possible MPA also includes geodiversity features representing the North Sea Fan, Miller Slide, West Shetland Margin Contourite Deposits and the Pilot Whale Diapirs Key Geodiversity Areas (Brooks et al., 2012). The area was selected following consideration of Least Damaged/More Natural locations (Faroe-Shetland Channel) as detailed in Chaniotis et al. (2011).

Protected features

Biodiversity Atlantic and Arctic influenced offshore subtidal sands and gravels (OSSG) on the slope and off-shelf

Arctic influenced offshore deep-sea muds (ODSM) on the slope and off-shelf

Deep-sea sponge aggregations (DSSA)

Continental slope (CS)

Geodiversity Overlaps with proposed Key Geodiversity Areas –

Prograding wedges from the Quaternary of Scotland Block

Slide deposits from the Submarine Mass Movement Block

Contourite sand/silt from the Marine Geomorphology of the Scottish Deep Ocean Seabed Block

Mud diapirs from the Cenozoic Structures of the Atlantic Margin Block

(Brooks et al., 2012)

Feature exclusions (MPA search features recorded within the possible MPA but excluded from the assessment with reasons)

No features excluded

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Data used in assessment

Version of GeMS database

Ver.2 (i10) & JNCC

additions Nov2012

Other datasets used (specify)

[superscripts are used to reference these datasets in the following discussion]

1British Geological Survey (BGS) Particle Size Analysis (PSA) data

(supplied February 2012) classed according to EUNIS categories/BGS modified Folk classification

2Plymouth University predictive deep sea habitat mapping (Howell et al.,

2011)

3Multibeam data collected during the 2006 MV Franklin SEA-SAC survey

4Multibeam data collected during the 2002 Kommandor Jack SEA survey,

Leg 1. (Masson and Le Bas, 2002),

5BGS interpretation of seabed sediments from multibeam/backscatter data

(2006 MV Franklin SEA-SAC survey)

Summary of data confidence assessment (see detailed assessment on following pages)

Confident in underpinning data Yes Partial - No -

Confident in presence of identified features?

all features

Data suitable to define extent of individual MPA search features

Partial

- OSSG

ODSM

DSSA

CS

-

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Summary of data confidence assessment (see detailed assessment on following pages)

Summary The predictive habitat mapping project UKSeaMap 2010 (McBreen et al., 2011) habitat map used in this assessment shows that within the North-East Faroe-Shetland Channel possible MPA offshore deep-sea mud habitat extends in a south-west to north-east band and roughly follows the base of the continental slope. In some areas the mud habitats extend onto the slope. The habitat map predicts that offshore subtidal sands and gravel habitats occur on the continental slope and extend onto the bathyal area in some places. Farther offshore, subtidal sands and gravels occur in patches on the northern edge of the possible MPA boundary. Multiple survey data points (Bett, 2012) within the possible MPA, collected between 1996 and 2006, confirm the presence of offshore subtidal sands and gravels and offshore deep-sea muds within the predicted

boundaries for these features and on both the continental slope and bathyal area. There are a number of data points

that do not confirm the predicted distribution in some areas. These inconsistencies occur relatively close to the predicted boundary between these two habitats and probably reflect some uncertainty in the location of the boundary, or a patchy habitat distribution. There is some overlap between the point data for offshore deep-sea mud (which lie mainly at base of the slope and on the bathyal area) and the predicted area of offshore subtidal sands and gravels (predominantly on the slope). We have greater confidence that these point data offer a more reliable indication of the extent of these features. In summary we can be confident in the presence as well as in the general extent of these features.

We have high confidence in the presence of deep-sea sponge aggregations based on multiple survey records collected in 2006 that confirmed the presence of live specimens of this feature on the slope. The shape of the boundary for this possible MPA was designed to ensure the range of habitat and biological community variation described by Bett (2012) were well represented within this part of the SEA4 region. It was also developed to include the actual and predicted distribution of deep-sea sponge aggregations (Howell et al., 2010; 2011)

2 and a range of key geodiversity features present within the Faroe-

Shetland Channel (Brooks et al., 2012).

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Figure 2 The known distribution of protected features within the North-East Faroe-Shetland Channel possible MPA (Note that the DSSA records to the south-west of the possible MPA are represented in the Faroe-Shetland sponge belt possible MPA)

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Data confidence assessment Our assessment of data confidence is based on considering the age and source of the data, type of sampling methodologies used and overall coverage across the possible MPA

Age of data (Map A)

Multiple or majority of records collected within last 6 years

DSSA

OSSG

Multiple records collected 6-12 years ago

OSSG

ODSM

CS

Multiple records >12 years old ODSM

Comments The majority of data for offshore subtidal sands and gravels and offshore deep-sea muds were collected between 1996 and 2002, with some samples collected in 2006. The British Geological Survey (BGS) dataset

1 of PSA samples collected between 1978 and 1986 provide

further data for the presence and distribution of offshore subtidal sands and gravels and offshore deep-sea muds. Data for deep-sea sponge aggregations are available from 2006. The polygon for the continental slope was digitised by experts from the National Oceanographic Centre (NOC) in 2009.

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Source of data (Map B)

Targeted data collection for nature conservation purposes

Statutory monitoring (marine licensing etc.)

Fisheries survey work

Data collection associated with development proposals (EIA etc.)

- Recreational / volunteer data collection - Other (specify) – BGS, UKSeaMap 2010

Comments Evidence for the presence and extent of offshore deep-sea muds and offshore subtidal sands and gravels comes from the predictive seabed mapping project UKSeaMap 2010 (McBreen et al., 2011). Ground-truthing data for offshore subtidal sands and gravels and offshore deep-sea muds were collected on a number of different surveys carried out in the SEA4 area between 1996 and 2002. Biotope identification and characterisation of these data was undertaken by NOC (Bett, 2012). The first two surveys (1996 and 1998) were undertaken on behalf of AFEN (Atlantic Frontier Environmental Network), a consortium of oil companies, UK government environmental advisers (JNCC, Fisheries Research Services (Now Marine Scotland Science)) and the UK Department for Trade and Industry (DTI, now BIS). A further three surveys (1999, 2000, 2002) were carried out as part of DECC’s Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) process of which data from 2000 and 2002 lie within the possible MPA. Feature data were also generated through the analysis of the video and stills images collected on the 2006 SEA survey on the MV Franklin undertaken by Plymouth University. Linked to this was the expert interpretation by BGS of the multibeam and backscatter data also collected on this survey to derive updated seabed substrate information

5. PSA data were

sourced from the British Geological Survey (BGS)1.

The data for deep-sea sponge aggregations were generated through the analysis by Plymouth University of multibeam sonar data, video and still image data collected on the MV Franklin SEA survey in 2006 (Howell et. al., 2010). The possible MPA encompasses these data, and includes the extent of deep-sea sponge aggregations predicted by Howell et. al., (2011)

2.

The polygon for the continental slope was digitised by experts from the National Oceanographic Centre (NOC) as part of work completed for Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) in support of the national MPA projects to further a deep-sea habitat classification scheme (Jacobs, C. & Porritt, L., 2009). The feature was digitised through the analysis of the GEBCO digital atlas (www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/gebco/grid/1mingrid.html) and other acoustic survey datasets (TOBI sidescan, multibeam bathymetry and backscatter).This polygon is from the physiographic feature dataset which fed into the SNH-JNCC contract to characterise and identify Key Geodiversity Areas in Scottish waters (Brooks et al., 2012).

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Sampling methods / resolution

Feature Modelled Acoustic / remote sensing

Remote video / camera Infaunal - grab / core

Fisheries trawl

Diving Sediment sampling

OSSG

ODSM

DSSA

CS

Comments The National Oceanographic Centre determined biotopes from samples collected using the Megacore, box core and Day grab-sampling gears as appropriate to local seabed conditions on the 1996-2002 surveys. Photographic imagery (video and stills) captured on these surveys also informed the descriptions of the final biotope proposals. These data are distributed evenly throughout the predicted distribution of the features (UKSeaMap 2010). Particle size analysis (PSA)

1 data from core samples collected by the British Geological Survey for both

features are available in the south-west of the possible MPA and lie on the bathyal area, except for four data points falling on the slope. It is acknowledged that the spatial accuracy of older PSA records may be limited where the Decca Main Chain or similar types of positioning

systems will have been used that could produce poor spatial accuracy by modern standards. Sub-surface PSA results from cores have not been reported here. Video and still image data from the 2006 MV Franklin SEA survey

GeMSv2i10 confirm the presence of the proposed

protected features within the possible area. Plymouth University used these 2006 data in combination with multibeam data collected on the same survey to map the presence and predicted extent of deep-sea sponge aggregations on the slope in the central/southern area of the possible MPA

2.

Data coverage (Maps A to I)

Across the possible MPA

Numerous protected feature records evenly distributed across possible MPA?

- Numerous protected feature records scattered across possible MPA with some clumping?

Few or isolated protected feature records - possibly clumped?

-

For Individual features

Multiple records of individual protected features providing indication of extent and distribution throughout possible MPA?

OSSG

ODSM

Few or scattered records of specific protected features making extent and broad distribution assessment difficult?

DSSA Few or isolated records of specific protected feature records

-

Are acoustic remote sensing data available to facilitate the development of a full coverage predictive seabed habitat map?

No, partial coverage with multibeam data from 2006 and 2002 SEA surveys3&4

(Map E & F)

Comments Continental Slope (CS)

Major Cenozoic Structures (SNH-JNCC contract to characterise and identify Key Geodiversity Areas in Scottish waters (Brooks et

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Data coverage (Maps A to I)

Across the possible MPA

al., 2012) - The polygon for the continental slope was digitised by experts from the National Oceanographic Centre (NOC) as part of work completed for Defra in support of the national MPA projects to further a deep-sea habitat classification scheme (Jacobs, C. & Porritt, L., 2009). The feature was digitised through the analysis of the GEBCO digital atlas (www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/gebco/grid/1mingrid.html) and other acoustic survey datasets (TOBI sidescan, multibeam bathymetry and backscatter).

Assessment of the geodiversity feature datasets created through the work of Brooks et al. (2012) illustrated a discrepancy in the extent of the continental slope in comparison to the extent of the continental slope delivered through the UKSeaMap 2006 project (Connor et al., 2006). The discrepancy originates from the slightly different criteria employed to map the extent of the feature; the NOC/Brooks et al. data are based primarily on bathymetric contours, whereas the UKSeaMap 2006 placed extra emphasis on gradient of slope. This discrepancy has implications for the location and extent of shelf and slope habitats in the possible MPA. At the present time the NOC/Brooks et al. (2012) data has been used. This version is in agreement with general habitat classification principles (i.e. limit of the deep/offshore circalittoral biological zone) which were used in habitat mapping of the UKSeaMap2010 project and therefore in spatial agreement with the broad-scale habitat data being used for predicted extent of features. Further work will be undertaken in conjunction with marine geologists to verify the extent of the slope.

Deep-Sea Sponge Aggregations (DSSA)

Plymouth University - Identification of areas of nature conservation importance in deep waters of the UK continental shelf (referred to in Map B, as: Davies, J., Howell H., 2006, PhD, Plymouth University) (in GeMS v2i10) – Clusters of survey records from the 2006 SEA survey in the central/southern area of the possible MPA confirmed the presence of live deep-sea sponge aggregations on the slope, in the area predicted to be offshore subtidal sands and gravels. All records were determined as ‘certain’. The work carried out by Howell et al.(2011), created modelled distributions for deep-sea sponge aggregations using multibeam data and video and still imagery data collected during the 2006 SEA survey within the possible MPA using the Average Predicted Probability threshold

2 (Map G). These model outputs predicted areas of boreal type ‘Ostur’ sponge grounds occurrence on the Wyville

Thompson Ridge (WTR), and on the continental slope of the Faroe-Shetland Channel. This sponge feature is reported as being centred around the 500m isobath within the Faroe-Shetland Channel in a region where temperature was observed to fluctuate from below 0 to more than 7.8°C (Howell et. al., 2010), but extends between 400 and 600m (Howell et al., 2011). Therefore, the 400m isobath was used to define the southern extent of the possible MPA boundary.

Offshore subtidal sands and gravels (OSSG)

UKSeaMap 2010 (in GeMS v2i10) - The habitat map predicts that offshore subtidal sands and gravel habitats occur on the slope and extend onto the bathyal area in some places (particularly in the east). Additional offshore subtidal sands and gravel habitats occur in patches at the northern edge of the proposed boundary. The following offshore subtidal sands and gravel habitats are predicted to occur: Arctic Lower bathyal mixed sediment, Arctic mid bathyal coarse sediment, Arctic mid bathyal mixed sediment, Arctic mid bathyal sand and muddy sand, Arctic slope coarse sediment, Arctic slope mixed sediment, Arctic slope sand and muddy sand, Arctic upper bathyal coarse sediment, Arctic upper bathyal mixed sediment, Arctic upper bathyal sand and muddy sand,

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Data coverage (Maps A to I)

Across the possible MPA

Atlantic slope coarse sediment, Atlantic slope mixed sediment, and Atlantic slope sand and muddy sand.

NOC biotope analysis SEA4 AFEN and DTI data (Bett, 2012) (referred to in Map B as: NOC SEA4) (in GeMS JNCC additions Nov2012) - Clusters of survey records from 1996 – 2002 identified offshore subtidal sands and gravels to be present across the southern area of the possible MPA and these data points intersect with the area predicted to be offshore subtidal sands and gravels on the slope. Some of the data points in the south-west identified as offshore subtidal sands and gravel habitats extending from the slope onto the bathyal area fall within an area predicted to be offshore deep-sea muds. Bett (2012) described the SEA4 region as being portioned into eight primary (proposed) biotopes. Six are sand and muddy sand biotopes, of which three are included within the possible area: Spionidae-Terebellidae-Syllidae in Atlanto-Arctic sand and muddy sand (300-600m), Spionidae-Capitellidae-Syllidae in Atlanto-Arctic sand and muddy sand (300-600m) and Cirratulidae-Maldanidae-Maldanidae in Arctic sand and muddy sand (600-1200m). Proposed biotopes/classes identified in this work may be considered, alongside those from other work streams, in the planned development of the Deep Sea section of the Marine Habitat Classification of Britain & Ireland.

Plymouth University PhD - Identification of areas of nature conservation importance in deep waters of the UK continental shelf (in GeMS v2i10) (referred to in, Map B, as: Davies, J., Howell H., 2006, PhD, Plymouth University) – Several clusters of data points in close proximity to one another confirm the presence of offshore subtidal sands and gravels in the central/southern portion of the possible MPA on the slope and overlap with the area predicted to be offshore subtidal sands and gravels. The data originate from the 2006 SEA survey. Proposed biotopes/classes identified in this work may be considered, alongside those from other work streams, in the planned development of the Deep Sea section of the Marine Habitat Classification of Britain & Ireland.

5BGS interpretation of seabed sediments from multibeam/backscatter data (2006 MV Franklin SEA-SAC survey) – BGS mapped

sand and gravel habitats (classed as mixed sediments according to the modified Folk class scheme) through expert interpretation of the block of multibeam and backscatter data from the 2006 survey (Map H).

1British Geological Survey (BGS) Particle Size Analysis (PSA) data (supplied February 2012) classed according to EUNIS

categories/BGS modified Folk classification (NB. data underpins the BGS substrate map used in the predictive seabed habitat mapping project UKSeaMap2010 habitat map) – A total of 77 sediment samples collected by BGS in 1986 were taken within the south-western region of the possible MPA boundary. Of these, 30 intersect with the predicted distribution of offshore subtidal sands and gravels on the slope and record the presence of the following modified Folk class/EUNIS: ‘sand and muddy sand’ (x3) ‘mixed sediments’ (x13), ‘mud and sandy mud’ (x14). Note this latter class is not considered part of the OSSG habitats and indicates a transitional area between sandy mud and muddy sand habitat. N.B. The majority of the data points lie on the slope, except for five data points which record modified Folk class/EUNIS ‘mixed sediments’ (x1) and ‘mud and sandy mud’ (x4) on the bathyal region close to the predicted transition to offshore deep-sea muds.

Offshore deep-sea muds (ODSM)

UKSeaMap 2010 (in GeMS v2i10) - The habitat map predicts that a band of offshore deep-sea mud habitat extends in a south-west to north-east band through the possible area, and roughly follows the base of the continental shelf slope. In some areas the mud habitats extend onto the continental slope. The following offshore deep-sea mud habitats are predicted to occur: Arctic slope mud and sandy mud, Arctic upper bathyal mud and sandy mud, Arctic mid bathyal mud and sandy mud and Arctic Lower bathyal mud

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Data coverage (Maps A to I)

Across the possible MPA

and sandy mud.

NOC biotope analysis SEA4 AFEN and DTI data (Bett, 2012) (referred to in Map B as NOC SEA4) (GeMS JNCC additions Nov2012) - A broad distribution of data points from 1996-2002 fall across the possible MPA (focused mainly towards the middle - lower area of the slope and on the bathyal region) and record the presence of offshore deep-sea mud. These data points intersect with the areas predicted to be offshore deep-sea muds, particularly on the bathyal region and also on the slope. Some of the data points intersect with an area predicted to be offshore subtidal sands and gravels, on both the slope and in the bathyal region in what is a transitional area between ‘sandy mud’ and ‘muddy sand’ either side of the EUNIS classes. This discrepancy is probably due to the resolution difference between the grab sampling and the 1:250k substrate mapping by BGS which fed into the UkSeaMap2010 model. Bett (2012) described the SEA4 region as being portioned into eight primary (proposed) biotopes: three are mud and sandy mud biotopes and all three of these are included within the possible MPA: Oweniidae-Capitellidae-Maldanidae in Arctic mud and sandy mud (>1200m), Cirratulidae-Oweniidae-Thyasiridae in Arctic mud and sandy mud (600-1200m) and Capitellidae-Oweniidae-Myriotrochidae in Arctic mud and sandy mud (>1200m). Proposed biotopes/classes identified in this work may be considered, alongside those from other work streams, in the planned development of the Deep Sea section of the Marine Habitat Classification of Britain & Ireland.

1British Geological Survey (BGS) Particle Size Analysis (PSA) data (supplied February 2012) classed according to EUNIS

categories/BGS modified Folk classification (NB. data underpins the BGS substrate map used in the predictive seabed habitat mapping project UKSeaMap2010 habitat map) – A total of 77 sediment samples collected by BGS in 1986 were taken within the possible MPA (Maps A-C), 47 of the data points (collected in 1986) record the modified Folk class/EUNIS ‘mud and sandy mud’ within the predicted extent of offshore deep-sea mud habitats which verify the predicted extent. N.B. The majority of the data points lie in the bathyal area except for four data points on the slope (see section on offshore subtidal sands and gravels above).

Geodiversity

Geodiversity features representing Key Geodiversity Areas in Scotland’s seas span the entirety of the possible MPA. To the north-west, the boundary of the possible MPA has been drawn to ensure the entirety of the slide deposits from the Submarine Mass Movement block representative of the Miller Slide Key Geodiversity Area are included (Map D). To the east of the possible MPA, the large expanse of a prograding wedge from the Quaternary of Scotland block, and contourite sand/silt deposits from the Marine Geomorphology of the Scottish Deep Ocean Seabed block, have been included, representative of the North Sea Fan and the West Shetland Margin Contourite Deposit Key Geodiversity Areas respectively. In the centre of the possible MPA Pilot Whale Diapirs are also included, representative of the Pilot Whale Diapirs Key Geodiversity Area that falls under the Cenozoic Structures of the Atlantic Margin block (Brooks et al., 2012).

N.B. GeMS is populated with data on priority marine features and the search features used to drive the selection of Nature Conservation MPAs. Non-MPA search feature/priority marine feature data are not included in the geodatabase but shall be considered as part of future work on the data confidence assessments for the possible MPA to improve the assessment of feature presence and extent.

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THE EVIDENCE BASE

A

B

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THE EVIDENCE BASE

C

D

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THE EVIDENCE BASE

E

F

16

THE EVIDENCE BASE

G

H

17

THE EVIDENCE BASE

I

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References

Year Title Features covered

2012 Bett, B.J., 2012. Seafloor biotope analysis of the deep waters of the SEA4 region of Scotland’s seas. A report for the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, JNCC Report 472, 99 pages.

OSSG, ODSM

2012 Geodatabase of Marine features in Scotland (GeMS) Ver.2 iteration 10

DSSA, OSSG, ODSM

2012 Brooks, A.J., Kenyon, N.H., Leslie, A., Long., D. and Gordon, J.E., 2012. Characterising Scotland’s marine environment to define search locations for new Marine Protected Areas. Part 2: The identification of Key Geodiversity Areas in Scottish waters (2

nd interim report ). Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 431. Available from

<http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/431.pdf>

CS, Geodiversity

2011 Chaniotis, P.D., Crawford-Avis, O.T., Cunningham, S., Gillham, K., Tobin, D. and Linwood, M. (2011). Profiles of locations considered to be least damaged/more natural in Scotland’s seas. Supplementary report produced by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Scottish Natural Heritage and Marine Scotland for the Scottish Marine Protected Areas Project. Available from <http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/295194/0121829.pdf>

-

2011 Howell, K.L., Embling, C., Holt, R. and Stewart, H.A., 2011. Using predictive modelling to map the distribution of selected habitats listed as MPA search features in Scottish waters. JNCC Report in prep, 99 pages.

DSSA

2011 McBreen, F., Askew, N., Cameron, A., Connor, D., Ellwood, H. and Carter, A., 2011. UK SeaMap 2010 Predictive mapping of seabed habitats in UK waters, JNCC Report 446, ISBN 0963 8091.

OSSG

2010 Howell, K., Davies, J., Narayanaswamy, B., 2010. Identifying deep-sea megafaunal epibenthic assemblages for use in habitat mapping and marine protected area network design. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, page 1 of 36.

DSSA

2009 Jacobs, C. and Porritt, L., 2009. Deep sea habitats - contributing towards completion of a deep-sea habitat classification scheme, NOCS Research and Consultancy Report No.62

CS

2002 Masson, D. G. and Le Bas, T.P., 2002. Multibeam survey of the UKCS north of Shetland, KOMMANDOR JACK cruise Leg 1, 1 - 23 JULY 2002, RESEARCH & CONSULTANCY REPORT No. 62, Southampton Oceanography Centre.