20 November 1959, Volume 130, Number 3386

Editorial

Articles

Science In the News

Book Reviews

Reports

Association Affairs

Departments

Cover

SCIlE NOE:

One Hat That's in the Ring ................................................

Underdeveloped Economies: P. T. Bauer and B. S. Yamey ........................

Both general and specific evidence refutes the thesis of the vicious circleof poverty and stagnation.

Reoviruses: A. B. Sabin ...................................................A new group of respiratory and enteric viruses formerly classified as ECHOtype 10 is described.

Report of the Special Committee: W. Weaver ..................................A suggestion for simplifying a procedure, now almost traditional, by whichvarious agencies reach decisions.

V. Korenchevsky, Father of Gerontology: E. V. Cowdry ........................

House Committee on Un-American Activities Continues to Investigate Education;Darwin Centennial Celebration Being Held at University of Chicago;International Atomic Agency Reports Year's Activities .... .... ......

W. Howells' Mankind in the Making, reviewed by C. S. Coon, other reviews ........

Ratio of Cesium-137 and Strontium-90 Radioactivity in Soil: P. F. Gustafson ........

Electrical Output of a Receptor Membrane: N. Ishiko and W. R. Loewenstein ........

Molecular Pumping: J. W. Beams ............................................

Effect of Ultraviolet Pretreatment on Yield of Mutations by X-rays in Wheat:M. S. Swaminathan and A. T. Natarajan .................................

Carbon Dioxide Fixation in Marine Invertebrates: A Survey of Major Phyla:C. S. Hammen and P. J. Osborne .......................................

National Academy of Sciences; Abstracts of papers presented at the autumn meeting

Programs Planned for the AAAS Chicago Meeting ............................

Forthcoming Events; New Products; Letters ..................................

These dunes, sculptured by the wind, are near Sebha, Libya (population 1702), a townin a Saharan oasis. The picture is from Africa, a book of photographs by Emil Schult-hess, published by Simon and Schuster, New York. See review on page 1402.

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20 November 1959, Volume 130, Number 3386

AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONFOR THE

ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Board of DirectorsPAUL E. KLOPSTEG, PresidentCHAUNCEY D. LEAKE, President ElectWALLACE R. BRODE, Retiring PresidentH. BENTLEY GLASSGEORGE R. HARRISONMARGARET MEADTHOMAS PARKDON K. PRICEMINA REESWILLIAM W. RUBEYALAN T. WATERMANPAUL A. SCHERER, TreasurerDAEL WOLFLE, Executive Officer

Editorial Board

DONALD J. HUGHES H. BURR STEINBACHKONRAD B. KRAUSKOPF WILLIAM L. STRAUS, JR.EDWIN M. LERNER EDWARD L. TATUM

Editorial StaffDAEL WOLFLE, Executive Officer

GRAHAM DUSHANE, EditorJOSEPH TURNER, Assistant Editor

ROBERT V. ORMES, Assistant Editor

CHARLOTrE F. CHAMBERS, SARAH S. DEES, NANCYS. HAMILTON, WILLIAM HASKELL, OLIVER W.HEATWOLE, YUKIE KOZAI, MILDRED L. MACE,ELLEN E. MURPHY, ELEANOR D. O'HARA, BETHSABEPEDERSEN, NANCY L. TEIMOURIAN, LOIS W.WOODWORTHEARL J SCHERAGO, Advertising Representative

SCIENCE, whicn is now combined with THESCIENTIFIC MONTHLY, is published each Fri-day by the American Association for the Ad-vancement of Science at National PublishingCompany, Washington, D.C. The joint journal ispublished in the SCIENCE format. SCIENCEis indexed in the Reader's Guide to PeriodicalLiterature.

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Annual subscriptions: $8.50; foreign postage,$1.50; Canadian postage, 75¢. Single copies, 35g.Cable address: Advancesci, Washington.

SCIENCE

One Hat That's in the RingAlthough most of the potential candidates for the 1960 Presidential

nominations have not yet become actual candidates, one issue comingto the fore, as it did in the 1956 campaign, is that of a moratorium onnuclear testing. In the previous campaign, a proposal by Adlai E. Stev-enson to suspend tests was dismissed by Dwight D. Eisenhower as apolitical gesture. Since then the administration has suspended tests andattempted to negotiate a permanent ban. A sticking point in the negotia-tions has been the Soviet Union's reluctance to agree to a sufficient num-ber of on-site inspections of unidentified seismic events to make controleffective. With the test suspension scheduled to end 31 December, theissue is whether wisdom lies in our continuing the suspension, and ifso, for how long, or in testing weapons again.A recent exchange of opinion in this country on test ban negotiations

began 25 October, when in the course of a television question period,New York Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller stated that the UnitedStates should resume nuclear tests but restrict them to underground ex-periments in which radioactivity contamination of the atmosphere isnegligible. The Republican Governor was promptly taken to task by aDemocratic senator. In a speech delivered 2 November at the Universityof California at Los Angeles, Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachu-setts urged that the suspension of nuclear tests be continued as long asthe Soviet Union does not resume them and negotiations for a perma-nent ban make progress. If negotiations collapse, Kennedy said, theUnited States should resume testing but only underground or in outerspace. The views of the Senator were opposed, in turn, by anotherDemocrat but one who, we can be sure, is not seeking the Presidentialnomination. In an article published 8 November in many newspapers,Harry S. Truman found little sense in our abstaining now from under-ground experiments. Disagreement with the position taken by Rockefellerand Truman was then voiced at a press conference 12 November in Wis-consin Rapids, Wis., by Vice President Richard M. Nixon.The most detailed plan for action by the United States was offered

in a talk delivered 30 October in Pontiac, Mich., by Senator Hubert H.Humphrey. The Democrat from Minnesota distinguished between theproblems posed for mobile inspections by explosions with a yield of5000 tons or more and the problems posed by smaller explosions.According to Humphrey's plan, the present moratorium on all testingshould be extended for a period up to one year to allow further workon the problem of larger explosions. This problem is simpler than thatof smaller explosions because effective control would require consider-ably fewer inspection trips. The number needed in the Soviet Union,the Senator said, would be between 25 and 50. If agreement on thefirst problem were reached, the plan continues, the moratorium onsmaller explosions should be extended another two years; during thistime the participating nations could study methods for improving thepolicing of smaller explosions without increasing unreasonably the num-ber of mobile inspections.

This sample of opinion points up some aspects of the test ban issue.The two Republicans and three Democrats are agreed that if tests areresumed they should not take place in the atmosphere. Aside from theamount of detail that these thinkers are willing, or able, to specify, dif-ferences on how long to continue negotiations center not on scientificor technical matters but on different estimates of Soviet intentions. If aperson believes that Moscow is seeking either a signed or de facto test'ban but without controls, then he favors resuming our test program. Or,to reload the question, if a person believes that the evidence so far indi-cates that Moscow is negotiating in good faith, then- he favors con-tinuing the suspension.-J.T.

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SCIENCE, VOL. 130

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Hanson); discussant, Edward L. Hill,(University of Minnesota); quantumphysics and relativity theory (Edward L.Hill); discussant, Paul K. Feyerabend.

Symposium: "Methodological Prob-lems of Psychology and the Social Sci-ences"; cosponsored by the AmericanPhilosophical Association and the Phi-losophy of Science Association; 30 Dec.;arranged by Herbert Feigl; WilfridSellars, presiding. Papers on method-ological issues of the social sciences(Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Columbia Univer-sity); discussant, Roger Buck (OberlinCollege); the role of intervening varia-bles in psychological theory (HerbertHochberg, Northwestern University);

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discussant, Grover Maxwell; verbalutterances as data (Alex Buchwald,Indiana University); discussant, RogerBuck; formal analysis and the languageof behavior theory (William Rozeboom);discussant, Alex Buchwald.

Philosophy of Science Association.Symposium: "The Theory of the PublicInterest"; 28 Dec.; arranged by WayneA. R. Leys, Roosevelt College. The dis-cussants will be Lewis K. Zerby, Michi-gan State University, and Wayne A. R.Leys.

Society for General Systems Re-search. Business meeting and symposi-um: "The Synthesis of Organization";29 Dec.; arranged by Richard L. Meier,

50 MILLION CAPILLARY PORES PER SQ.CM. OF SURFACE AREAThe Millipore filter is a thin plastic screen withmillions of tiny pores evenly distributed over

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University of Michigan, with AnatolRapoport, University of Michigan,presiding. Papers will be presented onself-organizing phenomena and the firstlife (Sidney W. Fox, Florida State Uni-versity); the theory of plans and humanbehavior (Eugene Galanter, Universityof Pennsylvania); self-organizing sys-tems (Heinz Von Foerster, University ofIllinois).

There will be a session for contrib-uted papers; 30 Dec.; Charles A. Mc-Clelland, San Francisco State College,chairman.

Society for the History of Tech-nology. There will be two sessions ofinvited papers, cosponsored by AAASSection L; 29 Dec.; arranged by RobertP. Multhauf, Smithsonian Institution.Session I; Carl W. Condit, Northwest-ern University, presiding. Papers on thesocial consequences of occupationalspecialization (Raymond Mack, North-western University); individualism andtechnological change (Homer Barnett,Oregon State College); commentator,Otis D. Duncan (University of Chicago).Session II; Robert Carlson, Universityof Pittsburgh, presiding. Papers on theNiagara power project (Harold Sharlin,Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute); medie-val technology as reflected in theTreatise on Divers Arts of Theophilis(Cyril Stanley Smith, University of Chi-cago); the legend of Eli Whitney and in-terchangeable parts (Robert S. Wood-bury, Massachusetts Institute of Tech-nology).

Forthcoming EventsDecember

16-18. American Soc. of AgriculturalEngineers, Chicago, Ill. (J. L. Butt, P.O.Box 229, St. Joseph, Mich.)

25-27. Indian Mathematical Soc., 25thconf., Allahabad, India. (B. N. Prasad,Allahabad Univ., Lakshmi Niwas, GeorgeTown, Allahabad 2.)

26-30. American Assoc. for the Ad-vancement of Science, annual, Chicago,Ill. (R. L. Taylor, AAAS, 1515 Massa-chusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5.)27-30. American Anthropological Assoc.,

Mexico City. (W. S. Godfrey, Jr., LoganMuseum, Beloit College, Beloit, Wisc.)

27-30. American Astronomical Soc.,Cleveland, Ohio. (J. A. Hynek, Smith-sonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60Garden St., Cambridge 38, Mass.)

27-30. American Folklore Soc., MexicoCity. (MacE. Leach, 110 Bennett Hall,Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 4.)

27-30. American Statistical Assoc.,Washington, D.C. (D. C. Riley, 1757 KSt., NW, Washington 6.)

27-30. Institute of Mathematical Statis-tics (weather control), Washington, D.C.(J. Neyman, Statistical Lab., Univ. ofCalifornia, Berkeley 4.)

28-29. American Chemical Soc. (Div.of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry),

SCIENCE, VOL. 130

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symp., Baltimore, Md. (M. A. H. Emery,ACS, 18 and K Sts., NW, WashingtonD.C.)

28-29. Industrial Relations ResearchAssoc., Washington, D.C. (E. Young, Ster-ling Hall, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison.

28-29 Mechanism of Interfacial Reac-tion, American Chemical Soc., annualsymp, Baltimore, Md. (H. E. Hoelscher,Chemical Engineering Dept., Johns Hop-kins Univ., Baltimore, Md.)

28-29. Lepidopterists' Soc., 10th annual,Ann Arbor, Mich. (E. G. Voss or W. H.Wagner, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Mich-igan, Ann Arbor.)

28-29. Northwest Scientific Assoc., Spo-kane, Wash. (W. B. Merriam, Dept. ofGeography, State College of Washington,Pullman.)

28-30. American Economic Assoc.,Washington, D.C. (J. W. Bell, Northwest-ern Univ., 629 Noyes St., Evanston, Ill.)

28-30. American Philosophical Assoc.(eastern div.), New York, N.Y. (L. Gar-vin, Dept. of Philosophy, Univ of Mary-land, College Park.)

28-30. American Physical Soc., Pasa-dena, Calif. (K. Darrow, APS, ColumbiaUniv., 116 St. and Broadway, New York,N.Y.)

28-30. Econometric Soc., Washington,D.C. (R. Ruggles, Dept. of Economics,Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn.)

28-30. Western Soc. of Naturalists,Los Angeles, Calif. (Y. U. Amrein, Dept.of Zoology, Pomona College, Claremont,Calif.)

28-31. Phi Delta Kappa, Columbia,Mo. (A. G. Clark, 316 Dalzell Ave., BenAvon, Pittsburgh 2, Pa.)

28-16. Bahamas Surgical Conf., Nas-sau. (B. L. Frank, P.O. Box 4037, FortLauderdale, Fla.)

January

1-5. Electrochemical Soc., Chicago, Ill.

(Electrochemical Soc., Inc., 216 W. 102St., New York 25.)

1-5. Institute of Geographers, annualconf., Southampton, England. (A. E.Smailes, Queen Mary College, Univ. ofLondon, Mile End Rd., London, E.1.)

3-9. Indian Science Cong. Assoc., 4th,Bombay. (B. W. Prasad, ISCA, LakshmiNiwas, Georgetown, Allahabad 2, India.)

5-7. Recent Mechanical Engineering De-velopments in Automatic Control, symp.,

London, England. (Institution of Mechani-cal Engineers, 1 Birdcage Walk, London,S.W. 1.)

6-8. Northeastern Weed Control Conf.,14th annual, New York, N.Y. (M. G.Wiltse, Chairman, Public Relations Com-mittee, Dow Chemical Co., 916 ShorehamBldg., 15 and H Sts., NW, Washington 5.)

7-10. Radioactive Isotopes, 4th intern.symp., Bad Gastein, Austria. (R. Hofer,Isotopen-Laboratorium, II. MedizinischeUniversitlits Klinik, 13, Garnisongasse,Vienna 9, Austria.)

8-11. Sanitary Engineering Conf., ASCE,Cincinnati, Ohio. (E. S. Kirkpatrick,ASCE, 33 W. 39 St., New York 18.)

11-13. American Acad. of Allergy,Hollywood-by-the-Sea, Fla. (J. 0. Kelley,756 N. Milwaukee St., Milwaukee 2, Wisc.)

(See issue of 13 November for comprehensive list)

20 NOVEMBER 1959

New ProductsThe information reported here is obtained from

manufacturers and from other sources consideredto be reliable. Neither Science nor the writer as-sumes responsibility for the accuracy of the in-formation. All inquiries concerning items listedshould be addressed to the manufacturer. In-clude the department number in your inquiry.

* SLIDE RULE, for teaching, is 8 feetlong and is mounted on trundles thatpermit complete 360-deg turning with-out lifting. Scale arrangement and slidemovement are the same as those of themanufacturer's standard 10-in. LogLog Duplex Decitrig slide rule. (Keuffel& Esser, Dept. Sci2 10, Adams and ThirdSts., Hoboken, N.J.)

* LABORATORY HYDRAULIC PRESS of 50-ton capacity has electrically heated plat-ens measuring 12 by 15 in. Tempera-ture of either platen can be readindependently, measured by thermo-couples and pyrometer. Controls arelocated at eye level. (Wabash MetalProducts Co., Dept. Sci223, 1576 Mor-ris St., Wabash, Ind.)

* PULSE GENERATOR produces currentpulses with output rise time variable to35 mttsec and peak amplitudes 50 mato 2.5 amp. Variable width, amplitude,and rise times are produced from ex-ternal triggers at rates to 3 Mcy/ sec.The device may also be operated as anamplifier with output widths controlledby input signal durations. (Electro-Pulse Inc., Dept. Sci224, 11861 TealeSt., Culver City, Calif.)

* CONTROLLED-TEMPERATURE BATH for12 standard cells maintains 35°C within±0.010 corresponding to cell-outputvariation of 0.5 Muv. Connection of posi-tive sides of cells to individual bindingposts permits each cell to be checkedby changing one external connection.All wire and binding posts are made ofcopper to avoid thermal voltages. Ap-proximately 4 gal of oil are required.(Daystrom, Inc., Dept. Sci226, 614Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark 12, N.J.)

* HIGH-VOLTAGE PROBE for oscilloscopeis rated at 12 kv d-c or r.m.s., 25 kvpeak. Attenuation ratio is 1000/1. Risetime is 12 mjusec and frequency re-sponse is d-c to 30 Mcy/sec. Input im-pedance is 2.5 pf paralleled by 100megohm. A compensating network per-mits adjustment to oscilloscope inputcapacitances from 20 to 47 pf. (Tek-tronix, Inc., Dept. Sci227, P.O. Box831, Portland 7, Ore.)

* MICROWAVE STABILITY TESTER meas-ures long-term drift and short-termdeviation from 1 100 to 10,000 Mcy/ sec.Short-term accuracy is said to be 1/109and long-term accuracy 1/10g. Short-

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Afascinating compilation ofthe minor as well as the majorgeographical discoveries thatdraws upon researches pub-lished in English, French, Ger-man, Italian, Portuguese, Dutch,Russian, and Scandinavian. Theauthor has included not onlythe lives of the explorers them-selves, but the great instrumentmakers and entrepreneurs whomade their journeys possible.Here, too, are the men who pio-neered the great land masses(often overshadowed by themaritime explorers)-the ban-deirantes of Brazil, the voor-trekkers of South Africa, theRussian zemlyeprokhotsy, anda remarkable group of Jewishexplorers who pioneered Euro-pean contact with the East.

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Asa Grayby A. Hunter Dupree. The leadingAmerican botanist of the nineteenthcentury, Asa Gray, helped to raise thestandards of science in America by co-operating with the greatest Europeanscientists of his day-including Darwin,who worked closely with Gray until hisdeath. "Can unhesitatingly be ac-claimed as one of the most distin-guished contributions to historicalscholarship to come out of this Dar-winian centennial -year."-N. Y. TimesBook ReviewA BELKNAP PREss BooK $7.50

Our Sunby Donald H. Menzel. Since WorldWar II enormous strides have beenmade in our understanding of the sunand solar processes. New techniques,such as radio astronomy and rocketstudy of the ultraviolet spectrum, havebeen perfected . . . terrestrial nuclearresearch has helped clarify the mannerin which solar energy is generated . . .and new theoretical methods have ledto radically new concepts. Here is afascinating account of these new de-velopments - of special concern to ageneration that must solve the practi-cal problems of space exploration.Illustrated. $7.50

Proceedings of anInternationalSymposium onthe Theoryof Switching

Edited by the Staff of the Computa-tion Laboratory, Harvard University.The advent of large-scale digital com-puters has led to the invention of manynew kinds of switches and to an enor-mous growth in both the variety andnumber of applications of switchingtheory. This symposium brings to-gether the results of research in over140 universities, industrial research or-ganizations, and government agencies.742 pages, two volumes, 435 illustra-tions. $15.00

Coming this monthAPPROACH TO ACHAEOLOGYby Stuart Piggott. A unique workstressing the theory and technique ofarchaeological investigation.Illustrated. $3.00

HarvardUniversity PressCambridge 38, Mass.

term stability disturbance waveform canbe observed on an oscilloscope or spec-trum analyzer. (Pitometer Log Corp.,Dept. Sci228, 237 Lafayette St., NewYork 12, N.Y.)

* OSMOMETER determines the vapor-pressure lowering of dissolved solutesby comparison of rates of evaporationof unknown and reference solutions.Small drops of solutions are placed insmall loops formed by thermocouples.The assembly is placed in a chamberhumidified by an aliquot of the refer-ence material, and temperature differ-ence is observed when steady state hasbeen reached (about 15 min). (Rose-mount Engineering Co., Dept. Sci229,Minneapolis, Minn.)

* AUDIO RESPONSE PLOTTER provides acontinuous single-sweep 20- to 20,000-cy/sec test signal and records test-system output on a 40 db-range loga-rithmic chart of a pen recorder. Theoscillator is directly connected to therecording drum. Sensitivity is sufficientto record signals 40 db down from 10mv. (Southwestern Industrial Electron-ics, Inc., Dept. Sci232, 10201 West-heimer Rd., Houston 19, Tex.)

* HARDNESS TESTER is adapted to meas-urement of radioactive metals by me-chanical linkages that extend controlfunctions through the wall of a test cell.Seals on each coupler permit the cellto be isolated from outside atmosphere.Both Knoop and 1 36-deg diamondpyramid indenters are used with a dualsystem of weights from 1-to-3000 andl-to-10,000 gm. Images from the view-ing microscope are brought to an eye-piece outside the test cell. A mechanicalstage carrying a turntable vise providesaccurate traverses in two directions.Vise jaws can accommodate specimensup to 1¼/4 in. in diameter. The lattermust be placed in the vise by mechani-cal hands or other accessory systems.(American Chair and Cable Co., Dept.Sci236, 929 Connecticut Ave., Bridge-port 2, Conn.)

* CLEANLINESS TESTER assigns numeri-cal values to surface cleanliness wherenonbonded soils are involved. Soil isremoved from the surface under testby pressure-sensitive tape and the latteris fixed to a microscope slide. Opticaldensity of the composite is measured bythe tester which is a densitometer spe-cifically designed for that purpose.Reading is provided by a linear 0-to-1000 scale with accuracy said to be1/ 103. Branson Ultrasonic Corp.,Dept. Sci237, 40 Brown House Rd.,Stamford, Conn.)

JOSHUA STERNNational Bureau of Standards,Washington, D.C.

1434

LettersSupport of Science byCollege Student Body

Associated student bodies of Ameri-can colleges and universities have year-ly budgets for student activities whichmay include hundreds of thousands ofdollars. Monies generally come from thesale of student-body tickets, from ad-missions, and from publications. Ex-penditures include the support ofathletics, music and arts, publications,publicity, administrative salaries, andgeneral activities. In so far as is knownby us, no student body has budgetedfunds for the support of scientific re-search.The Associated Student Body of

Long Beach State College establisheda research board composed of studentsand faculty to further basic research onthe campus. The purposes are (i) toprovide increased opportunity for stu-dents to engage in scientific research;(ii) to increase scientific knowledge;(iii) to provide an activity which is asource of interest, pride, and prestigefor the student body as a whole, and forthe college; and (iv) to emphasize theneed for acquainting the public with thegoals and values of basic research.The primary function of the re-

search board, consisting of four stu-dents and three faculty members fromthe various areas of science, is to ap-prove deserving research proposalssubmitted by student-faculty teams.Funds may be used for equipment, sup-plies, or salaries. Projects will be sup-ported for a 1-year period; however,additional funds may be requested.

While the amount budgeted the firstyear is small ($1000, representing about0.6 percent of the total student-bodybudget), it demonstrates that the under-graduate student realizes the value andthe importance of supporting basic re-search.

DONALD J. REISHRICHARD B. LOOMIS

Department of Biological Sciences,Long Beach State College,Long Beach, California

High-Altitude Observation

I have recently read with great in-terest the article by R. C. Staley"High-altitude observation techniques"[Science 130, 845 (2 Oct. 1959)]. Iwould like to make the following com-ments relative to some recent develop-ments.

1) The altitude limit of the rocket-grenade experiment for temperature

SCIENCE, VOL. 130

and winds has been pushed upwardto 94 km. No appreciable further ex-tension is in sight. [See W. G. Stroud,W. R. Bandeen, W. Nordberg, F. L.Bartman, J. Otterman, P. Titus, "Tem-peratures and winds in the arctic asobtained by the grenade experiment,"IGY Rocket Rept. Ser. No. 1, Natl.Acad. Sci. U.S. Publ. (1958), pp. 58-79.]

2) The falling-sphere technique fordetermining upper-atmosphere density,which uses the transit-time accelerom-eter invented by L. M. Jones, hasyielded atmospheric density data inseries of experiments during the lastfew years. [L. M. Jones, F. F. Fischbach,J. W. Peterson, "Seasonal and latitudevariations in upper-air density," IGYRocket Rept. Ser. No. 1, Nati. Acad.Sci. U.S. Publ. (1958), pp. 47-57.]

3) In 1958 I proposed to the AirForce Cambridge Research Center anexperiment involving a falling spherewith a stable platform and XYZ ac-celerometers. The experiment is nowunder study at the University of Mich-igan Willow Run Laboratories, undercontract AF19(604)-5205. It appearsthat good density determination canbe expected at altitudes up to 150 kmand horizontal wind determination, ataltitudes up to 120 km. Vertical windscan be estimated.

JOSEPH OTTERMANWillow Run Laboratories,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

I would like to express my apprecia-tion to Joseph Otterman for his interestin my article and for his amendmentsto it. It is regrettable that these recentreferences, although available to me,escaped my attention. The purpose ofmy article was to call attention to ma-terial scattered through the literature.I hope other workers in atmosphericphysics will share their discoveriesthrough the pages of Science as wellas through their own specialized peri-odicals.

RAYMOND C. STALEYDepartment of Meteorologyand Climatology,University of Washington, Seattle

On Selecting "Immortals"

As a teacher of the history of science,I should like to be instructed by someof your readers. In a recent issue ofScience [130, 150 (17 July 1959)], anews item lists the 25 "Immortals ofScience" whose names will be carvedin the walls of the new science buildingat the University of Bridgeport. I amnot interested in the game of fightingfor favorite names, but I should liketo ask whether anyone can explain how20 NOVEMBER 1959

the electors managed to include thename of Leonardo da Vinci-to bejudged a genius, yes, but hardly ascientist, especially on the basis of thecriteria set up by the university. Inspite of the airplanes and studies offluid flow, Leonardo did not (i) make"a fundamental discovery regarding thelaws of nature," nor was he (ii) "re-sponsible for an invention not basedon a previously known fundamentallaw of nature." -

Is this an example of the blind fol-lowing of tradition? In case there arethose who require annotations, let merefer them to the works of Leonardohimself, and to comments by Randall,Duhem, and Sarton.

I. WEBB SURRATTInstitute of Technology, Air University,Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio

Tax Deduction

In a recent issue [Science 130, 86(1959)], in discussion of a congres-sional bill to stimulate private phi-lanthropy, mention is made of an 80-cent dollar for a person with a taxableincome of $5000. This is only thecase, though, if the itemized income-tax form is used. For those of us whotake a straight 10-percent deduction, adollar given away cmnsists of 100 cents,with no tax rebate of 20 cents or even9 cents.

WILLIAM I. MARTINPittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Science Writing

The editors of Science and J. AllenHynek are to be congratulated for thereport "Occultation of the Bright StarRegulus by Venus" [Science 130, 707(18 Sept. 1959)]. To paraphrase Hynek'sdramatic opening paragraph: In thisage it is no longer often that we aregiven the opportunity to read so beau-tifully written and so personalized anaccount of a scientific observation.As recently as 25 years ago it was

not uncommon for an article in a scien-tific journal to reflect its author's in-dividuality. Hynek's refreshing stylemay remind us that the literature ante-dating our present age of self-imposedand editor-imposed conformity is richwith like examples. Perhaps stylisticexcellence might some day be revivedif we directed our students more in-sistently to the finest examples in the"classic" literature of our respectivefields.

AVRAM GOLDSTEINDepartment of Pharmacology,Stanford University

WILDR* M-20with Camr"#`ra 11Fitted with Camera 11, this truly versatile

microscope permits continuous binocularobservation of the specimen, even duringexposure. The phototube deflects 25% ofthe light to the binocular tube, with theremainder going to the Camera. Rapid,accurate focusing is achieved with a spe-cial format indicating eyepiece in thebinocular tube.

In research and scientific exploration, theM-20 is easily capable of handling anyproblem which may arise in optical micro-scopy.

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