r r dScience ew itten to accommo ate rits o igin

M 1ichael T Deans [ ] rAbout the autho

M r r y fathe was bo n in Glasgow in r d d 1913. Pe haps a escen ent of poet

r r r d2Robe t Bu ns [ ], his fathe sol r r d rtypew ite s - I touch type as a teenage .

r r dr r His mothe taught he chil en Ge man, his r r d d r r r db othe ie a p isone of wa . He collecte

r d r d d fossils, ea Geology at Camb i ge an met 3Louis Leakey [ ] r while p ospecting in East

r d d rAf ica. He stu ie ca bonatites, r r d c a b o n a c e o u s o c k s s p e w e u p b y

r volcanoes, f om his Commonwealth Institute r d d doffice. They we e sub ucte [4 ] se iments

r r dcontaining emnants of ea ly life. Associate

M r r d r y mate nal g an mothe was a r r d r rr d dfa me ’s aughte ma ie to a boot an r rd M r shoe me chant who was once Lo ayo of

M r Hull. othe won 1 st class in Botany, r r d d r esea che polythene an he biology

r r d classes we e beautifully illust ate . As a r rkeen natu alist, she taught me to ecognize

rd r r d bi s, flowe s, butte flies an fungi. She was r a conscientious objecto following pacifist

M d d dahatma Ghan i an slave abolitionist Davi r r r r Livingstone. He st ength of cha acte kept

r me innocent of WWII until ente ing high sssssss

r s s18 th M r r rr d1947a ch , I p efe e r r r r r d rscience ove histo y, ew iting en e s

1

r r r Mscience t ue but histo y false. ichael r d r r 5Fa a ay’s wo k on elect icity [ ], Linus

dr d d6Pauling’s on hy ogen bon s [ ] an r r Cha les Da win’s on evolution [7 ] ssd

ssssr sssss r fo ssrsd sssss sssssrsd r r r r me; noting F ancis C ick’s inte p etation of

d rRosalin F anklin’s d r rDNA iff action patte ns 8[ ] ssrs ssssd ss

Mssssssssss d d dan Physics, I stu ie ssss ss sssrsssss sssssss ssssrsdss sssrs sss r T ipos rsystem encou ages

d r dmulti- isciplina y e ucation.

r d C ystal shapes [9 ] an cell contents have complex names with meaningless

r r d abb eviations. Hen y Ree ’s rNaming of pa ts d r r10[ ] esc ibes guns but mentions co al,

rd d d rga ens, bees an almon blossom; p otons, r d r d neut ons an elect ons on’t satisfy

rphysicists seeking the ultimate t uth, rr r d 11concu ing with Cha les Do gson [ ]

srsssss r ‘What I tell you th ee times is r t ue’ ssd d ‘I've believe as many as six

r rimpossible things befo e b eakfast’.

r All b anches of s cience follow a common rss , r r‘The exception that p oves the ule’ ssd d d r‘A little knowle ge is a ange ous thing’ applying to each. An u dnexpecte

rsssss dsrsss s physics srsssssss sssss ssssssssd

sss r d d r c ystallize in liqui nit ogen sss r r d g eat st ength an changes shape. Having

rssd r Ku t Vonnegut’s science fiction Cat’s r dC a le 12[ ] about ‘i c e nine’ , my r r d d supe viso s ismisse it as sssssssss

d E win Abbott’s d r Flatlan : a omance in many

2

di me n s i o n s 13[ ] d r esc ibes the fate d d rof anyone thinking ‘outsi e the box’. Un e r r r the influence of ba bitu ates fo toothache, I

r d r d 4sco e % in physics, g a uating in r r rchemist y a yea late .

r r d rF equently changing ho ses mi st eam, d d r rI next stu ie biochemist y at Unive sity sssssss d dLon on, applying physics an

r chemist y to explain ssssss rsssssss , r d dr cont a icting An ew Huxley’s

d d sli ing filament mo el [1 4 ], sssss Mssssrs 15[ ] d d r iscusse my pape ‘ rElect omagnetic

quanta in living systems’ sympathetically. r r Whilst t aining in clinical biochemist y at

rr rSu ey Unive sity, s srsssrsd s ssss ss r d coppe an zinc

ssssssssss ssssssssss ssssr rssss r r in active t anspo t. rE ic

d Cun liffe [1 6 ] ssd sssrsdsssd ss ss srsss sssssss complexes at ssssrsdsss sd r eas fitting togethe neatly

r r d r inspi e gene alize theo ies, sdsss ssssssd ss r d d Camb i ge, Lon on ssd

d rdGuil fo : r rd r d r d d• P oton-o e e ice c ystallize in liqui

r r d r nit ogen at Ea th’s poles u ing s srsssrdsss sss 17age [ ].

rr r • Its fe oelect ic phase r 18t ansition [ ] d r r d emitte inf a e r l a s e l i g h t o f

wavelength 4 µ ss sssssss ssd r d • Polyme ize nsssssssdss ss rfo m

d r rDNA inclu ing tRNA analogue ‘t anspo t DNA’

d r explaine the o igin o f life.

3

r r M 360P og amming an IB r fo local rgove nment d r8accounting an K PET fo

r r rp ima y school g aphics ss ssssssssr s ssssd , ssss

ssssrsssssss suffice. Arsssss ssss ssssssd ss sss srsss

d l e t o my r‘minion’ p oposal, explaining r d rdhowi t w o k s . I c o mp i l e a w o

rssssssrs, srssssss sssssss ssd dsssssss ss s sssssdsrs

d r64 16an -bit PC to w ite Science dUncoile r r . P ofesso s d R J P Williams an Jack

r dLucy efuse ss sssssss s y PhD ssssss Some Biochemical

Consequences of a Consistent r r F amewo k rf o r the O igin of Life 19[ ]s

I’ve rssssrsssd sssss consequences d d in epen ently [2 0 ]. Basic

rthings have to be simple, reviewe s ssssd r dnot my subject, have you p ove ssd r rc i t e e f e e e s , objecting to

ssssss ssd rssssssss r r efe ences, lack of ssssrssss

rssssss ssd sssssssss . My r rr r d ecently co obo ate [2 1 ] srssssss

r d r d obse vation coul be confi me using s r d dvailable techniques, its p e ictions inclu e:

• R r r e i n t e p e t a t i o n s o f Einstein’s r elativity, r Heisenbe g’s r u n c e t a i n t y ssd

sssrss sssssrsss • H r duman-f ien ly, d minion-base A I srssssss

sssssssrs rfoste ing d d r diplomacy an wo l ssssss

• srsss sssssss sssssssssssssss ssssd rp event r d d r ch onic iseases an p olong lives.

4

d r r rI inten esuming ca pent y, r d d do nithology, mo elling an cycling an r dw iting a sequel to ‘Science Uncoile ’

d dentitle ‘Peace Buil ing’.

Introduction and abstract rr r r A fe oelect ic phase t ansition in ice at ~7 2 K

r r r r d releases latent ene gy as λ ~ 4 μ inf a e lase r d rlight, ‘ice light’, ene gizing selecte ta gets. r dPola ize

r r dby multiple eflection [2 2 ], it photophospho ylate d deoxynucleoti es, ssrssss srssssss

r d w a t e s i n t o a n o o l e s o u p o f sssrss r r DNA. tRNA analogues ‘t anspo t DNAs’, tDNAs

dd d d r r r dembe e in Alexan e Opa in’s lightning-cha ge rc o a c e v a t e s 23[ ] r d d dfo me H-bon line

r r d r d r dpo es. Abso be ice light c eate an elect ic fiel , dr r r diving a atchet mechanism which actively impo te

r d rr r r cha ge ca ie -subst ate complexes.

All life descends from the first cell to replicate a tDNA and depends on the trace element requirements of 64 tDNA variants. They constitute life’s atomic alphabet, their substrate complexes its molecular vocabulary. The inviolable rules of active transport predate protein synthesis and enzyme catalysis. Medical, veterinary and pharmaceutical data are consistent with nine independent metabolic pathways. My account of water transport contradicts Peter Mitchell’s chemiosmotic hypothesis [24]. Trace element deficiencies disabling active transport cause most mental and physical maladies, supplements could prevent them.

r d ‘Diffe entiation DNAs’, DNAs selecting tDNAs r r cont ol cells’ subst ate uptake, c.f.

d r mRNAs enco e p otein synthesis by selecting rr 25tRNAs. Ba els of α-helices [ ]

d supplement tDNAs an tDNA genetics r r gove ns familial inhe itance of metabolic

drdr d d diso es , a mi n i o n -b a s e a t a b a s e w o u l r d r facilitate thei iagnosis. T ace element

5

d r r supplements woul p event hea t attacks, r r d rst okes, cance s, iabetes, Alzheime ’s

d d r r r d rementia an a e con itions, imp ove d r d d r health an e uce NHS expen itu e.

rr r189*18The a ays of p oton rd r d d d o e e H-bon s connecting amino aci ω-amines

rto DNA phosphates on ‘minions’ cont ol r metabolism, se ve as biological clocks,

r r d r d rmemo y sto es an pe sonality biase b ain d r r r r rchips an a e basis fo einte p eting

d r scientific ogma. Nine pa allel metabolic r r d rpathways eflecting thei 9 -fol symmet y

r dcont ol metabolism. Oscillating H-bon s rsss srsssss sssss ssssss ssssssss,

dr r r iving molecula scale nuclea fusion. r r r d r dT apping the γ- ays elease at sou ce coul

rr r d solve cu ent ene gy an pollution srsssss r d d d d Compute s an ata-bases mo elle on

r r d rminions p omise human-f ien ly a tificial r r rintelligence satisfying Tu ing’s c ite ia

26[ ].

r r dCompa ing cybe netics, psychology an r d d d t a itional wis om suggeste ‘minions’, the

r rname connotes subse vience. They comp ise r 189 anti-pa allel β r -sheet hai pins [2 7 ]

ssss ssssrssss ssssrss ssd sssss sssss sssd r d d r r resi ues an p oline fo ming an asymmet ic

d d r U-ben . They hol nine DNA base pai s flat, r d fo ming a nine-coil abacus. Evolve to pack

r r DNA on ch omosomes fo efficient r d r eplication, they un e pin d philosophy an ,

sssssss r fo human ssssssssssss ssd r esolve many

M questions. y mutually consistent

6

srsssssss ssssrsdsss sssssssd dsssss

Axioms

• d r rLinus Pauling showe ice c ystals a e d rd r d r d r riso e e , the fou H-bon s inte connecting wate

r d r molecules have an om o ientations. Some of the r rd r d 16 28known ice fo ms [ ] have o e ly bon s. An

rd r d r r r d o e e va iant of the cubic st uctu e woul be d r r d ranticipate afte c ystallization in liqui nit ogen,

r d r r r rr rconfi me by ecent epo ts of a fe oelect ic r rr r72 29t ansition at K in ‘ice XIc’ [ ]. Fe oelect ic

r r r r t ansitions elease latent ene gy as lase light, r d r r d r delease inf a e lase light might be etectable , F i g s

d 1a, b an c.

• The wavelength, λ 4~ μ d r an latent ene gy of ice d d r light may be estimate an thei equality with those of

sss sssssssdsssssr d bon in ATP be r d d confi me . The imensions of ssrssssrss ss

rd sssssss ssssssssdrsss, , ssssrssssss srsss ssd

ssssrsssss sssssssdsssss ssssss r r cont action, K eb’s cycle [30], dphotosynthesis an

ssssrsss ssrsssssss ssssrsssss ss ssss d ivision rd r affo esonant cavities ssssssss

r r d d photochemical ene gy conve sions, Figs , e, f an g; r r dtestable using available lase sou ces. Ice r rai c aft

sssss r eflect d d4 31~ μ light [ ], ice in clou s an r r d d ron the su face multiply eflecting it woul elive

r d r d r pola ize light gene ate on Ea th’s poles ss srssssss ssssrss S i n c e w sssr

ssssrss ss 4 μ , photochemical activity is rsssrssssd ss r r dsu face esi ent s, r d r r pola ization ete mines chi al [3 2 ] selection, Fig

1hs

7

• d r d rDeoxynucleoti es concent ate by evapo ation ssssd r polyme ize ss r rDNA, some p obably fo ming

tRNA analogues, tDNAs . T h e dr4~ μ iven rssssss sssssssss 1, Fig i, actively

r r rr rta n s p o t i n g i o n i c c a i e -sssssrsss r rcomplexes th ough cell memb anes

d r dmight be emulate . Theo etical analysis coul d r restablish its efficiency an compa e its p obability

d rwith those of eep sea vents [3 3 ], panspe mia d r r34[ ] an othe p oposals.

r O igin of life 1967In , ice r dc ystallizing in liqui

sssrssss dssssrssd s ssssss ssssss sssrssssssr

ssssssssss, s rpo t o n -srdsrsd r va iant of r cubic ice fo ming on its

r r dsu face with its molecula ipoles ssssssd ssd ssssrssssd ss sssssss ss sssssssdsss

ssssr mo l e c u l e s ’ srrsssssr sssrsssdrss ssssss r Sixteen fo ms of ice

rs sss ssssss , dsssd sss ss sss r e c e n t l y rbeens h o w n t o e -r c ystallize slowly as f rr r r e oelect ic va iant of r 72ice Ic, ice XIc with a phase t ansition at

d rK, Figs 2a an b. It has a small stability ange d ran confi ms r r my o iginal p oposal of ‘ice It’.

V r e ifying that tss sssss srssssssss rsssssss

ssssss r ene gy as ‘ice light’, λ ≈ 4 μ r r d r wavelength inf a e lase light ssssd

ssssssr dscepticism. Its existence oesn’t r r cont avene Pauling’s p oposal that

d r dhexagonal ice with its H-bon s an omly 8

s∙∙∙ rH-O o O-H∙∙∙ r r 0O etains ent opy at K 35[ ].

r d r r Obse ve tempe atu es M r rat e cu y’s sssss ssd ss sss rmoons of Jupite

r d 36[ ] a e col enough r fo sss sss ss r r rd r fo m, p imo ial Ea th’s O2 r r-f ee atmosphe e ssrsssssd r d r pola liqui nit ogen to

r r r coexist with wa m t opical wate s. Pools of d liqui N2 r r d r fo ming on Ea th’s poles u ing a

rsssrdsss sss sss sssssd ssss sssss sssss, r r ro hail fell. Ice c ystallizing at the su face r d r rd r d rfo me p oton o e e ice, its low ent opy

r r explains life’s eme gence f om chaos. d d r r Ran om an cyclic tempe atu e fluctuations

dr rr r riving its fe oelect ic phase t ansition r d r elease latent ene gy as ice light. Reflection

d d r rby ice in clou s an on Ea th’s su face ssss M r r r d a coni’s t ans-Atlantic a io waves

d r d r d r relive e pola ize light to t opical wate s, d1Fig h. Nucleoti e synthesis has been

dssssssrsssds 37[ ] ssssr sssssssdsssssr d bon s selectively

r d r r abso be ice light, polyme izing to fo m a r d r rp e-biotic DNA ‘noo le soup’. DNA’s g eate

r stability than RNA favou s ss as life’s r r r 38p ecu so [ ] r r: RNA’s ext a –OH g oup

r rp events minion fo mation.

9

Figure 1. a and b Ordering phase transition, 2D and 3D,

c Transition temperatures, d Sarcomere, e Mitochondrion,

10

f Chloroplast granum, g Centriole, h Origin of life,

i Transport mechanism

11

Figure 2. a Ice Ic, b Ice XIc, c Nitrogen fixation, d Oxygen release,

e Vitamin A isomers, f Sulphite and selenite exchange Mg++ and Mn++ for Ca++, g Creatine,

h Creatinine, i Sodium hydrate, j, k and l Adrenalin, noradrenalin and dopamine form 6-member rings round K+, 4-member round

Na+,m LDopa, n Morphine, o Codeine

M r r r rolecules with pa ticula chi ality abso b r d r r r pola ize light p efe entially, basis fo the

d d rhan e ness of biological chemist y d d d d rhighlighte by the thali omi e isaste

39[ ]. r r T anspo t DNAs, tRNA analogues, r d d featu e an H-bon line ‘hole’ [4 0 ]. Via an dr r ice light iven atchet mechanism, they

srssssssd srsss sssssss ssssd sssrssd rr r r rca ie -subst ate complexes th ough

r Opa in’s rc o a c e v a t e ssssrssss 41[ ]. Er r r d rlecti c s t o ms c h a g e t h e p o t o - r d d d rcells, pola izing the H-bon s an i ecting ion flow. Catecholamines exchanging

r d rpotassium fo so ium ions in 2 :3 atio r 42[ ] now maintains memb ane potential.

r T ace elements constitute life’s atomic r r alphabet, a sho tlist of subst ates its

r r rmolecula vocabula y. Ove whelming d r evi ence suppo ts my contention that tDNAs

r d r drpe sist in mo e n life, ATP hy olysis rsssssss sss ssssss

r d r r Life’s chemist y evolve befo e p otein synthesis

d ran enzyme catalysis, establishing inviolable ules. s rr d a els of α-helices [4 3 ] opening an closing fine-

d r r tuning mo e n life a e less efficient than tDNAs. A r complement of ~ 2 ,0 0 0 tDNAs pe cell

12

d r un e pinning all biological systems has yet to be d d r d retecte . Life sta te when coace vates r d r d rconcent ating nucleoti es p omote tDNA eplication. r d d r dThose acqui ing mutants enjoye a ive se iet. r r rd r d dDynamic equilib ium in the p imo ial soup p e ate

r r d dint a-cellula metabolism. A tDNA an nicotinami e r d d renable oxygen p o uction [4 4 ] an nit ogen

r d fixation [4 5 ] foste ing amino aci synthesis, Figs d d r d r d2c an . Ou oxygenate atmosphe e an

r d r photosynthesis may p e ate p otein synthesis.

r T ace element rnut ition

rd r r dtDNAs affo a st ong elect ic fiel , d r d exclu ing wate . A lock-an -key match with

r r r r its oute im pe mits ent y. All life’s r d r components a e synthesize f om ionic

r d complexes between t ace elements an a r r r sho t list of subst ates with va ious shapes.

Zeolites, r rBuckminste fulle enes ssd ssssr r 46molecula cages [ ] might enable i n

rv i t o r r r rve ification of thei st uctu es. r r r rPo phy ins ha vest light of va ious

wavelengths, r r vitamin A isome etinal [4 7 ] d an vitamin E, α r rr -tocophe ol [4 8 ] ca y it r r dth ough the memb ane along conjugate

ssd dsssss sssdss , (-C-C=C-)n ss dr 49 2solitons [ ], Fig e. It ives the

photochemical synthesis of ssrrssr rcomplexes. Sulphite, selenite, py ophosphate

d r d rr r ran silicon hexafluo i e, ca ie s fo s rssssss ssd, ,

r d apatite a e assemble this way, Fig 2 e.

d d d dI’ve i entifie nine in epen ent, r mathematically ‘o thogonal’ metabolic

r pathways cont olling: motility, sensitivity, 13

r r r r exc etion, espi ation, g owth, skeletal d r r d development, assimilation, ep o uction an

d r r r r1bloo p essu e cont ol, Table . T ace r r elements’ oles as enzyme cofacto s can

ssss sssss ss ssrrssr components. T d r dechnical a vances, eligious taboos an

d r r r rfoo p ocessing: ag ochemicals (fe tilize s, d r d d 50wee kille s an pestici es [ ]),

d r r d rin ust ial pollution (sulphu an nit ogen d r r doxi es [5 1 ], me cu y [5 2 ] an

r d r p h a ma c e u t i c a l w a s t e ) a n p u s u i t o f r r rhygiene (wate pu ification, fe mentation

d r r d r an heat-te a t me n t ) e u c e t a c e e l e me n t

Table 1. Nine independent biological pathways

#

SYSTEM

TISSUE

CARRIERS

SUBSTRATE

PATHOLOGY

1 motility

muscle

SO3=

Ca++ and Mg++

spasticity

2 sensitivity

nerve

catecholamines

Na+ and K+

depression

3 excretion

kidn

Mn++

salt

kidne

14

ey

y failure

4 respiration

lung

I+ O2.H2O

bipolar

5 growth

liver

Cu++

amino acids

growth defects

6 bones and teeth

bone

SiF6= and AlF6≡

Mn++ and apatite

Alzheimer’s

7 assimilation

gut

Zn++

β-Dglucose

diabetes

8 reproduction

gonads

Ag+

and arginine

pyrophosphate

cancer

15

9 blood pressure

heart

SeO3= and MevP

water

heart disease

r d d rLa ge scale ouble-blin clinical t ials r d a e expensive, unethical an contentious,

r r r d d vete ina y expe ience gui e my initial r rinvestigations. Familial inhe itance of o phan

dsssssss srsdsssssss ssrsss rsssdsss ssd, dr d r ug si e-effects gave bette clues than

r r r rstatistical su veys. P evailing theo ies a e d rr often base on statistical co elations have

dsssrsdsssds , e.g. ssssssssss ssssssd d d r r r d as oxi ants est oying f ee a icals [5 3 ]

d d inclu e glutathione, vitamins A, C an E with r d d M r oles I’ve eluci ate . ant a such as fi v e a

day 54[ ] , r high fib e [5 5 ], davoi ing r d d satu ate fats [5 6 ] an eating oily fish

d r 57[ ] ive t attention.

d dAlthough foo labelling, sell-by ates, r r d d o ganic fa ming, vegan iets an eschewing

d d r rgenetically mo ifie c ops a e r r d envi onmentally f ien ly, they may

d r d r rina ve tently en ange consume s. r d dPha maceutical an health foo r r d r manufactu e s exploit the a ve se publicity

r d r d r dthei a vocates c eate. School inne s an r rcanteen meals can agg avate o phan

d r r r dconi t i o n s . S u p p o t g o u p s e c o mme n d r r r r r ieta y est ictions fo thei management.

r d rSupe ficial health checks an epeat 16

r r d r rp esc iptions can have a ve se long-te m deffects. Vaccinations, public hygiene an

s d r r rupplement ist ibution a e gove nment rssssssssssssssss rsssd dsssrdsrs sssd ssssssssss sss, M d r d eugenics. e n t a l h e a l t h c o n i t i o n s e l a t e t o

d rd r rphysical iso e s also benefit f om sssssssss ss dssss

1 Motility r r d rThe live c eates glutathione an etinal

d r d rcon ucts ene gy as solitons to oxi ise it, fo ming , SO3 = . A d sssdssssss sssssss sssss sssssss srssss,

58[ ]. SO3 = Mexchanges g++ r fo Ca++ Ms, ++ catalyzes dr r ATP hy olysis, eleasing Pi s si d r bon ene gy as λ ~

r rr4 μ photons, life’s ene gy cu ency 2, Fig f. Selenite, S e O3

= r r r pe fo ms the same function fo Ms++ rfo d r r r Bloo p essu e cont ol. rA l l me c h a n i c a l e n e g y

coupling involves r resonant cavities fo rλ, mo e r r defficient than any p ocess subject to the mo ynamics

59[ ]. r r d r Ene gy gene ate by cent ioles’ nine rd r dcomponents affo ing such cavities, is t ansmitte

d along the nine conjugate d H-bon dchains of spin le r fib es’ ssrss dr r rrα-helices iving p oton cu ents r d r roun ch omosomes’ minion coils, c eating

r r ralte nating magnetic fo ces with f equencies d r d r rete mine by ch omosome length, causing thei

ssssss rssssssss ss d cell ivision [6 0 ]. r Silve , d rA g me i a t e s h i g h e n e g y

r r r d rphosphate t anspo t by c eatine an c eatinine r r d replenishing ATP fo sustaine muscle cont action

61[ ] d 2, Figs ga n h , c.f. ssssr srsssssrss

2 Sensitivity

17

r r r Ne ve t ansmission t ansmits pain, catecholamines exchange Na+ r fo K+ ss

synapsess Na+ dions have the same shape an size as H2 r dr O, fo ming hy ates possibly as

r la ge as Na+28. H2 62 2O [ ], Fig i making d the cell sap viscous an slowing cell r chemist y. Substituting K+ sssds ssss

rs sssrssssss sssssssss, r , r r raccounting fo the ‘fight o flight’ eaction 63[ ], r r d r eflex esponse to ange , 2Figs j, k

d r r4an l. Catecholamines fo m -membe r r d ings oun Na+ d r r r d6an -membe ings oun K+ , exchanging 3 Na + r fo 2 K + ssd sssssss

rsynapses [6 4 ], enabling pain t ansmission (see Mi n i o n s r r) between ne ve fib es.

d r r rSubstituting co eine o mo phine fo dr r r a enalin makes la ge complexes, Fig 2 n,

, ssssssss sss tDNA ssss ssd r p eventing ssss r 65t ansmission [ ] . Pain

r sensitivity inc eases when r rmo e tDNAs a e ssrssssd ss , explaining drss

sddsssssss r d rDiffe entiate b ain srsss e mp l o y d riffe ent

ssssssssssssss dr(a enaline, ssrsdrsssssss sr d opamine), L Dopa, F i g

r r2m, supplements counte act Pa kinson’s d 66isease [ ].

3 rExc etionAldosterone, angiotensin, rennin, histamine and aspirin mediate salt transport, controlling

acidity and ionic strength. Angiotensin delivers Mn, its chlorides: MnCl3−, MnCl4= and MnCl64− excrete salt in urine, sweat and tears. The chloride shift [67] exchanges HCO3

- for Cl-. Zn-dependent carbonic anhydrase catalyzes pH control:

CO2 + H2O ↔ HCO3- + H+.

18

Figure 3. a Thyroxin delivers I+, b I+.O2.H2O complex, c NO

release, d HCN toxicity, e Ethylene release, f Liver balances amino acids, g Hooks determine tissue morphology, h Five

stages of differentiation, i Signal amplification,

19

j Lgulonate and βDglucose bind zinc

4 rRespi ations2 d r cannot iffuse th ough unit

r r 68memb anes [ ], lung su faces exchange ss ssss ss 2 d r r an e yth ocytes convey d r d dit boun to haemoglobin. The thy oi glan s

d r d r d loa thy oxin with io ine, elease as dssssss s, + rr r r dr, ca ie fo oxygen hy ate, s2. H 2 69O [ ], ssdsss ss r decycle

ss s- d d r3, Figs a an b. Io ine p otects sssssrss ssssssds sssssss

ssdss ss2 r] fluctuations [7 0 ]; thei r d r rr d pu ple an yellow colou s co espon with

those of I+ ssd s-s

r r r Bacte ial tDNAs accele ate p otons, attaching N2 d to nicotinami e in NAD, ssssssrsssss ssss sssdsss s ssssssssdss rssssssss s2 d an fixing N2 r mo e efficiently

r r r r r 71 2than the Habe p ocess [ ], Fig c. A pa allel eaction in plants eleases O2, equivalent to the r d2photolysis of wate , Fig , r r raccounting fo its p esence in Ea th’s r r 72atmosphe e [ ]. NO cont olling d 73vaso ilation [ ] d 3, Fig c, HCN an CO block

d d r r r3 74 3them, Fig an ethylene gene ation [ ], Fig e, employ simila p ocesses.

d d r Io ine eficiency causes goite , swollen r d r thy oi s [7 5 ]. Wate accompanying I+

accumulating in the eyes causes r d rd r exopthalmos [7 6 ]. Bipola iso e [7 7 ],

a k a dssrsssssss srssss, ssss s s d r r utant tDNA is upts ne ve cell

oxygenation s, d d xcess an eficient O2

d d r rcause mania an ep ession espectively. Li+ , d r d iagonally elate to I+ ss sss ssrssdss

table, stabilizes O2 rsssssrss ssssrssssss, d r 1moo swings. Familial inhe itance by in

r 7 siblings may account fo the ‘seventh son d M dof a seventh son’ myth, it isobeys en el’s

78laws [ ].

20

srssss5

sssssr ds sssss sssdss , c.f. sssrss 79test [ ]. r r T ansfe RNAs in

srsssss d r synthesis elive them ssrsss sss ssdssssssss rssssssss ss r 80ibosomes [ ] using the same mechanism

as tDNAss dA mi n o a c i s r rf om p otein d r r rigestion pass to the live fo inte -

r r r r conve sion, ensu ing the b ain eceives a d r r rbalance mixtu e, Fig 3 f. G owth ho mone

sssssssrssss dsssrssssss ss, activating hypothalamic r r d 81ho mone p o uction [ ]. Its

rn i n e c o mp o n e n t s e l a y r them to the nine matching pa ts of the r r r d ante io pituita y glan [8 2 ] which

d r r r r rist ibute fu the g owth ho mones, d d r dsomatome ins, supplying en oc ine glan s

r r with Cu. Thei ho mones balance tissue d d evelopment. This casca e effectively

r amplifies a single molecula signal r d sufficiently to ale t all bo y cells [8 3 ], Fig

3i. ‘A d d r little knowle ge is a ange ous thing’, r d r dw ote Alexan e Pope, shoul

r biotechnologists c eate synthetic tDNAs sssssss rssssssss ssssr dsss rsssss, M r a y Shelley’s rF ankenstein r dp ophecy coul

r dbe ealize .

Stem cells [8 4 ] have a full d r dcomplement of ‘ iffe entiation DNAs’. DNAs selecting tDNAs is analogous to mRNAs

r selecting tRNAs fo r rp otein synthesis. Thei d d balance iet enables all types of

r metabolism. D u i n g t h e ssssssssssss ssd r d gast ulation phases of cell ivision [8 5 ],

r r d cells facing the empty vacuole a e sta ve of 21

r r nut ients. Thei tDNA pumps r dr un y ssd ro v e h e a t , dsssssssss

d dr r r r a enylcyclase iving subst ate t anspo t in r favou of guanylcyclase [8 6 ]. The tDNAs d d fee it with amino aci s, assembling

r rmemb ane ‘hook’ p osss rns. Nut ient d r imbalance causes iffe entiation [8 7 ], the

ssss srssssss sssd sssssr sssss sssssssr ss r d r fo m a tissue. Five iffe entiation stages

r c eate all tissue types, Fig 3 h. d Biotechnologists’ patente alchemy mimics

d r Hook count ete mines tissue shapes, 3Fig g. rStem cells have none, eggs, spe m d an leucocytes one hook s, ssrssy rs f sssssss ssss ssssss,

ssssss ssrss ssd ssssss ssrss r r r rfou . Highe o ganisms’ tissues a e

combinations of cells with up to five hooks, r r d r thei g owth is limite . P oof of my Five hook

rt h e o e m 3, D equivalent of the rFou r rcolou mapping theo em d88[ ], woul r r r r rencou age esea che s to take my othe

r d r rp e ictions se iously. Ca cinogenic d r d r chemicals an a iation can p omote a sixth

r d rhook to fo m, allowing the unlimite g owth r r r d r rcha acte istic of cance s an tumou s. Thei

r d r r nuclea DNA is unchange , cont a y to d rd stana a s s u mp t i o n s . I mmu n e

system white cells, leucocytes have an r r a mou y of single hooks. These match the r d d r rr rext a hook an evou the abe ant g owth.

sssssr sssssssssss ssssrss srssss dsssrdsrs r ac omegaly, d r wa fism ssd , r att ibutable to mutant tDNAs d a n ma y

r r r 89amelio ate a th itis [ ]. ss ssss r cont aceptives compete with zinc,

22

r r r p eventing spe m acqui ing sufficient sssssss ss rssss ssssr ssrsssss sss

r d rmythology of Lib an balance an Vi goan d r r rjustice is foo fo thought: tempe ance, bi th

r d d cont ol, an wise ju gement have much to r r r r cont ibute to ou futu e welfa e. Cu

accumulating in the eye causes Wilson’s d 90isease [ ].

6 d Bones an teethSkeleton maintenance involves silicon hexafluoride [91], SiF6

=

carrying calcium phosphate, Fig 4a. Calcium phosphate occurs in apatite and fluorapatite [92], Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 and Ca10(PO4)6(F)2. The stability of ‘Blue John’, fluorspar [93], CaF2 illustrates the strong affinity between calcium and fluorine. Vitamin D stores UV light with wavelength ~265 nm [94], matching that needed to create Si~F bonds [95]. Retinal transfers it as solitons, driving SiF6= assembly, Fig 4b:SiO2 + 6 F- + 4 H+ + UV light → SiF6= + 2 H2O.

r d d r r d dBoth thy oi an pa athy oi glan s r r d r i n c o p o a t e h a l i e s t o h o mo n e s , t h e y

r d r p obably evolve in pa allel [9 6 ]. r r d r r dPa athy oi ho mone is sec ete

r rdcontinuously [9 7 ], p eventing haza ous

s- ssssssssssss ss sss ssssd d d. A c i c o n i t i o n s

r p o mo t e S i F 6 = synthesis, a dc i i t y

srsssss ss sssssssss ssd ss s d r r i ney failu e causes b ittle bones,

r 98osteopo osis [ ]. Asssssss sssssssssss

Acid air pollution sulphur or nitrogen oxides [99], SOx or NOx and tobacco smoke acidify the cavity behind the nose, promoting inappropriate SiF6= synthesis. If it passes along olfactory nerves to the brain, its breakdown releases F-, causing Alzheimer’s disease [100]. Assuming tDNAs orchestrate protein folding [101], the sensitivity of H-bonds to F- accounts for protein tangles [102]. Those characterizing prion diseases [103] may reflect mutant tRNAs

23

misinterpreting mRNA sequences, defective tRNAs embedded in the product rendering them infectious.

Phosphate is scarce for plants; diatomaceous earth [104] preserves their silica SiO2 hard parts, created via the same substrate-carrier complex. Acid air pollution enters leaves via stomata, preventing its production and causing leaf-fall. Since liming the soil had no effect [105], interest in regulating the pollution was sidelined. Controlling acid air pollution and incorporation of fluorine to pharmaceuticals to win patent rights might prevent dementia. Fluoride is excreted as aluminium hexafluoride [106], AlF6≡; simultaneous brain clearance affords temporary symptomatic relief. The other Alzheimer symptoms, protein tangles, aluminosilicate plaques and cell death are readily understood. A vector for fluorine might prevent or treat dementia.

Infant vitamin D deficiency causes rickets [107], cod

liver oil, UV lamps or sunlight can correct it. Fluoridation of water supplies replaces F- with OH-, countering childhood tooth decay by hardening tooth enamel [108]. Tea drinking supplies adequate F-, excessive exposure causes tooth mottling [109].

7Assimilationsssssss srsssssrs

ssdsssss r dr ca bohy ate metabolism 110[ ], d d keeping bloo , xylem an phloem

r suga levels ds t e a y 111[ ] . D i a b e t e s r r d r results f om efective glucose t anspo t,

r r monito ing zinc might imp ove its management. Zn accumulating in di a b e t i c s ’

eyes causes 112glaucoma [ ]. rConve ting d rglucose to glycogen, fat an sta ch 113[ ]

r d d in live , a ipose tissue an leaves also r r dr egulates ca bohy ate metabolism.

ssssrssss rssssssd ssss sss sssssr ss2 sssssssssd ssss] srsssssss ssr srssssrs sdsss sssssssssss r replacing the foetal va iety 114[ ] ssssss,

r r r rseizu es if it eaches the b ain. Colost um, 24

r r fi st b east milk 115[ ] r d , p ovi es the r dd r rnecessa y Zn to a glucose fo exc etion,

r d rp eventing neonatal jaun ice. Befo e r r d dexposu e to blue light was int o uce ,

d r sucking the mi wife’s pewte spoon 116[ ] sss ss d effective an less invasive

r d r d deme y. The silve spoons blue-bloo e d r families substitute we e ineffective.

d r Insulin ist ibutes Zn++ r rf om panc eatic r 117β-cells [ ], panc eatic α-cells issue

d 118glucagon [ ], isabling glucose r r d r t anspo t an ecycling it. Vitamin C

d r e ivative 2 -keto-Lssssssss 119[ ] d r r r elive s it to pe iphe al tissues insulin can’t

rsssss Zn++ r r rp imes tDNAs t anspo ting sDssssss d e, bin ing specifically to tss

r ‘t iangle of sweetness’ [1 2 0 ] d foun in sD glucose, 2-keto-L, ssss ssrsssss ssd

ssrssssrssss 3, Fig j. Deficient Zn rp events r r i n c o p o a t i o n o f

dr r hy oxy-p oline ss connective tissue srsssss 121collagen [ ], causing rs c u v y

122[ ] ss sssssss ssrsssrs until the vitamin C in sssss r d p evente it,

srsss example of supplementation rr dco ecting a eficiency.

s r d d hinovi uses causing col s an flu r ente nasal cells via tDNAs Zn blocks,

r accounting fo r Linus Pauling’s p omotion of vitamin C r to p event it 123[ ] , the Zn in a

rd tin of sa ines augments it. r rZn egulates ou r d d r dappetites fo foo an sex, oyste s an

r r cavia containing Zn encou age snacking d r d d rd ran inc ease libi o. Eating iso e s

25

124[ ] r r dano exia ne vosa, bulimia an r d possibly obesity espon to Zn supplements. d r r d r Excessive alcohol consumption an ba bitu ates ive t Zn

r r d d d drto the live whe e Zn- epen ent alcohol ehy ogenase d r d r d [125] an othe enzymes etoxify them. This e uces the

r r d b ain’s Zn supply, sta ving it of glucose an causing r r ineb iation. Attention to Zn might imp ove the management

r r of alcoholics. Combining ba bitu ates with alcohol can be 126lethal [ ].

r d8 Rep o uctionr d d d Be yllium, lea an in ium mimic Zn,

r d r r Victo ians calle be yllium ‘glucinium’ fo its sssss sssss 127[ ] sssss ss ss s,

d d r d poison. Romans ie f om using lea acetate ss s ssssssssr 128[ ] d . I n i u m i s

d r d r diagonally elate to Zn in the pe io ic d r d rtable, en oc ine glan s may exchange it fo

r d r rothe ivalent t ace metal ions fo r r r dincop o a t i o n t o h o mo n e s . I n i u m

r supplements might help cont ol obesity.

sss ssssss ssssd 129[ ] 6assembles -sssssr ssrssssss

130[ ] rs 4ngs, Fig c, r d r oun silve ions, A g + ssssssr ss sssss ssssssssssssss

r r d fo m a oun potassium, see Sensitivitys r Silve is ssssrssrsssd ss Ag-

r r r po phy in [1 3 1 ]. I on, magnesium ssd r r r r r dsilve po phy ins have the colou s of e d r d dbloo , g een leaves an pink leaf bu s. r r r r r rRetinal t ansfe s ene gy f om Ag-po phy in

r as solitons fo r conve ting sssssssss rto py ophosphate r. A g i n i n e

srsssssrss sss rpy ophosphate r.ag i n i n e

c o mp l e x , r d p ovi ing sss sssss 26

sssdsd r fo DNA synthesis ss dcell ivision d132 4[ ], Fig . r dr Anti-cance ugsmi mi c i t .

r r r d rSilve helps tissue epai an egulates 133sleep [ ]. r d dBefo e antibiotics isplace

s, r r d ilve was a common ing e ient of d r 134me icines [ ]. Pha macists dssssss

r dthem as ‘quack eme ies’ r. Silve ssssssd sss r d been p ove effective against sssssrs

ss ssssss srssss 135[ ] sss, r r r rpotential fo cance p evention is unce tain.

r r r The oles of phosphate fo ene gy, DNA d d synthesis an bone an tooth maintenance

r d ra e ma n a g e s e p a a t e l y 136[ ] r d r , inte ventions nee espect this.

27

Figure 4. a Silicon hexafluoride-apatite complex, b Silicon

hexafluoride synthesis, c Serotonin silver complex, d Pyrophosphate-arginine complex,

e Water transport, f Cholesterol synthesis, g Blood pressure controls

28

9 d r r rBloo p essu e cont olr M Pete itchell’s chemiosmotic

rt h e o y 137[ ] srssssss ssssr d r r riffuses f eely th ough unit memb anes, dr rescibingt h e m a s s e mi -p e me a b l e ,

r dr dimplying wate molecules ift back an r r r rfo th to equilib ate osmotic p essu e

d r iffe ences. r rIf that we e t ue, d we’ be safe r r rin salty seawate but abso b bath wate

ssrssss ssr sssss Exchange of 3 d r so ium fo 2 potassium ions, see

Sensitivity r d , maintains an elect ic fiel , the ssssrsss sssssssss 138[ ],

making this impossible. Cells must pump r r rwate , osmo egulate to su vive.

Mevalonate 139[ ] r d , e s i u e o f r d r d d r satu ate fat b eak own, is name afte the

ssrs rVale ian r r , fo me ly known as ‘all heal’s dd r A ing phosphate c eates mevalonate-5 -

sssssssss 140[ ] M, evP, r r Msusceptible to t anspo t by tDNA. evP

r r r eve sibly fo ms mevalonolactone-5 -sssssssss 141[ ] M r, evLP eleasing

r M a wate molecule. Exchanging evP with M r r r evLP t anspo ts wate , Fig 4 e.

r r rT h e p o s t e i o p i t u i t a y d d rglan packs oxytocin an vasop essin

142[ ] with selenium, Se. Vitamin E, α-r d r r tocophe ol elive s ene gy as solitons,

d oxi izing Se to selenite, SeO3= . S e l e n i t e r exchanges manganese fo calcium.

M M ssd ssssssssss Ms srs, , d r r r Mboth name afte the G eek egion agnesia

29

143[ ]. r R e me mb e i n g t h e ssrsss man gains ease r reflects the ole

o f manganese ss ssssrssssss ssssd r r M rp essu e. n activates enzymes conve ting r rsu plus mevalonate to choleste ol 144[ ],

4Fig f. E r d ssentially a waste p o uct, this d d rmuch maligne molecule is fee stock fo

r d r ste oi ho mone synthesiss

d r r r d4Bloo p essu e, Fig g, is cont olle by:

r r r• Inhe itance of the tDNA esponsible fo M r Mexchanging evP fo evLP.

r d • Satu ate fat sssssssssss 145[ ]s

d d r d d • High ensity lipi s a e goo an low d d d r r r rensity lipi s ba choleste ol t anspo te s

146[ ]s M r• n synthesising choleste ol.

r d • Exe cise an Ca levels. r • Sulphu competing with selenium

sssssssssss M r r r d • ethyl me cu y f om pollute fish

d rcompeting with imethyl selenium fo r pituita y uptake 147[ ]s

d • Se an vitamin E deficiencies.

d d r rSe eficiency is pan emic, a ising f om: r d r r r• P ecipitation u ing wate pu ification

148[ ]s d r r • Foo s g own in Se-poo soils 149[ ]s

r r r d• Using high tempe atu es fo foo srsssrsssss d r ran p ese vation

150[ ] ssd d • Eating junk foo , r r Eu opean oyal families’

r d longevity [1 5 1 ] may be att ibute to ssssr rsss dsssss

30

ss r rcauses p e-eclampsia, hype tension d r ru i n g p e g n a n c y 152[ ],

r rcance s of b east, r dbowel, ce vix an srssssss 153[ ] , tissues specializing

r d d r rin wate pumping an eaths f om hea t sssssss ssd ssrssss 154[ ]s

d Half the eaths of people following a r r r r ‘Weste n’ life-style a ise f om poo selenium

r r r nut ition. Compa e maps of su face geology r r dwith those of b east cance inci ence

155[ ] dr r r: inking wate coming f om rsssss , e.g. d r rin Snow onia, No th Wales o

d r r young se imenta y ocks, e.g. sssss ssd r d d r d limestone a oun Lon on e uces its

d r r r inci ence. Both o iginate f om emnants of r d d d dd dea ly Se- epen ent life fossilise embe e r d r d r d d on the seafloo an aise o sub ucte by

r dplate tectonics. Seafloo manganese no ules 156[ ] ma y r also eflect life’s Se-

d depen ency.

drA n i ma l h u s b a n y r dp ovi es d r d dthe best evi ence fo Se epen ency

157[ ]. sss ssssssr ss ssssrsssssssss r r d rfe tilize s use on sheep pastu es ssssssss ssss d Se, causingw h i t e mu s c l e i s e a s e . S e

sssssssssss r rp event hype tension d r r d r u ing p egnancy in cattle an p otect pigs r r r f om hea t failu e re n o u t e ss ssrssss

r r d r r d rLimes fo scu vy, io ine fo goit e, co live r r d r d r doil fo ickets an fluo i ation fo ental r r r d r rca ies a e p ece ents fo inte vention.

r r rSupplementing Se p omises to p event hea t ssd ssssss sssssrss ss sssss,

r r r r r d p event o t eat Ebola, cha acte ise by M r rinion st uctu e

31

Mi n i o n ssssssss sssd ssd sssssrvienss sssssss sssssss,

r r rfo human intelligence bette than bina y sssssssrs ssdssssd ss sssrss sssssrsss

r They comp ise 1 8 9 subunits, each with d r r nine uncoile DNA base-pai s etaining B-

sssssss 159[ ] r base-pai s p a c i n g d r d r an ove lap hel flat by an anti-pa allel β-ssssssd srsssss sssss

160[ ] r r with alte nate neut al: Ala, Leu, Ile d d r d r d ran Val an basic: A g an Lys esi ues, P o

r r d fo ming an asymmet ic U-ben , Fig 5 a ssssssssss ssss sssss

sssssssssssss sssss sssd sssssss 161[ ] r. B a c t e i a l r r d p o t e i n G a mi c i i n S 162[ ],

r r 5Fig b, has an analogous st uctu e, its D r d r phenylalanine esi ues a e equivalent to

DNA bases. The typical size of siRNAs 163[ ] ss ssssssssss ssss ssssr sssdsss ss

dr palin omic DNA sequences two units long. A , s , sss ssd Vss sssd ss

sssss s ytosine, s , A dsssss ssd s r r r hymine espectively, p ese ving DNA

r sequence integ ity (mnemonic A LIVs ssG A rsste).

r d Nine coils fo me of 2 1 subunits with r d r dinte vening ~1 7 º ben s a e boun r r r r togethe by mo e p otein hai pins, Fig 5 c.

d r r Stacke minions fo m supe -coils consistent r d with ch omosome imensions, packing DNA

r r 5on ch omosomes, Fig e, mo e neatly than r r r r rthei p epa ative a tefacts, nucleosome co e

ssrssssss 164[ ] d r5, Fig . Th ee d r d types of H-bon a e involve in minion

32

r r r a chitectu e: between DNA bases, ac oss β d-pleate ssssss ssd sssssss ω-amines

d r 6an phosphates, Fig c making thei intact r dext action ifficult)s They enable 1 ,7 0 1

r r base pai s to eplicate efficiently, Fig 5 f, rr r without the copying e o s implicit in

helicase enzymes 165[ ] sssssdsss ssd r d d ewin ing the ouble helix.

M inion function rA l a n T u i n g 166[ ] ssssd ‘Can

d machines think … o well in the imitation game?’, r d r r r a tificial intelligence nee out-pe fo m bina y ‘yes’

sr ‘no’s r Natu al intelligence using sssss ssd a n a l o g y d d has evolve to excee silicon chip t e c h n o l o g y r r. Se ving as the chips in ou

rsssss ssssr, r d 18 f equency ban s span the ssss rssss ss 103a piano with -octaves

ssd sss ssssssss sssssrsssssssss r r rspectu m. U n l i k e t h e n e u a l n e t w o k

srsss ssdss 167[ ] r, they emb ace r r d neu ological, psychiat ic an philosophical

r p e s o n a l i t y srsssss r dSenso y cells enco e r info mation ss sssssss rfo rssssssssss

ssrsssssss sss srssss

d r r The H-bon s connecting A g o Lys ω- amines to DNA phosphate on each coil

r r dsu face oscillate like ows of ominoes r6collapsing, Fig a, accele ating srsssss

along minions’ 1 8 tunnels, T 6in Fig c. r r d r r r One is eve se fo elect ical neut ality. The

r rd r d rr r9*63 p oton o e e a ays on thei r d r r r rinne an oute su faces sto e info mation

r rd r r18 63as -lette wo s using a cha acte

33

M 18alphabet. The . minions in any human d r r dcell nucleus coul sto e the Bible, Ko an an

r rShakespea e’s wo ks.

d Each constitutes one of the 18 han s of a biological clock with time unit, τ that light sssss ss r t avel ssrsss rsssd

sss fastest coil:

τ=3∗189∗7.37∗10−10∗3∗108 ≈ 1.39∗10−15 dss,

sssrs 3 r reflects Dekat on™ 168[ ], logic (c.f. r r Geige countes ),189 r the numbe of base

rs ssr sssss , 737. Å is β-sheet sssssss ssd 3*108 the velocity

o f light. U s i n g 63N τ, N = 1 to 18, coils d r d11 13 18, an have pe io s

r d app oximating ay length, S u n s p o t r dcycle pe io 169[ ] d an the age of the

runive se 170[ ]s sssss sssssds

sss rssss τ ss 6318 τ ssd ssssssssssss d 0 an ∞ srs

ssssssssss. sss ssssss’ s d d rh a n e n e s s , c h i a l i t y ,

dsssrsssss s d r he i ection of tisss

34

35

Figure 5. a B-helix uncoils retaining base pair spacing and overlap and binds to anti-parallel β-pleated sheet, b

Gramicidin S, c 21 9-base pair units per coil, d Nucleosome core particle, e Stacked minions fit

chromosome, f Minions replicate 1,701 base pairs

36

Figure 6. a Oscillating H-bonds, b Tyger equation in polar coordinates θ and φ,

where β=63-9, τ ≈1.4 femtoseconds, π and e have their standard values,

c End view of stacked minions showing three sets of H-bonds and tunnels, T, d Periodic

table showing essential and toxic elements, e Carbon nitrogen cycle, f Nine ‘perfect

solids’.

Mssssss play unique sssrds ssrrsssssdsss rd r r to the wo s they sto e, esonating with minions

sssrsss ssssssr ssrds ssssss sss ssss sssssss sr r d r r d rothe s connecte by ne ve fib es an accounting fo

r r rmemo y ecall, pa tial sssssss sssssss ssssrssssss R e c o g n i t i o n i s

sssssssss ss r inging a bell ssd sssss sssrsssssssss r r r Ne ve fib es a e equivalent to optic

37

r dcables, se ving as wave-gui es 171[ ] , the synaptic r r d r rjunctions act as filte s. Diffe entiate b ain egions

d r d r M ruse iffe ent tDNAs an chemist y. inions p actice rd s rsssss ssd srsssssssss, ,

ssssssss r f om 1 to 6 3 18 2444 * 10 32ssss d d 63 18coile abaci with bea s on

r ssssssssss ssss , sssss r, rsssssssss , d rexponents an loga ithms 172[ ]

ssss ssssss sssssrssssss

M r d r r inions compa e i eas f om all b anches of d r r3 6knowle ge, Tables to , t eating thei

srsssssssssrs ssss ssssssssss ssd rsssssssss ssssr

sssssssssssss r r rdHuman intellect t anslates expe ience into wo s, r d pictu es an symphonies; ssssrss ssssssss ss

requivalent to changing key in music o sy ssssssssss 173[ ]

(sssrsssssss sssssrs ss sssssrs ssd sssssrs ) srsssssssss

me a n i n g s b e t w e e n s e n s e s . I t ’ s d r achieve by t ansposing thoughts between minion

coils. When g r amble s confuse ssrdssss ssd srdssss sssssrs 174[ ] , they substitute

d r rd In exing info mation acco ing to the minion’s r d r18 catego ies woul imp ove r d r rsea ch an et ieval,

r it’s consistent with the 2 6 lette s in the alphabet, r d 10 64counting using base a ithmetic an the

sssrsss ss sss I Ching 175[ ], sssrsssss r r dall neu ological, psychiat ic an

sssssssssssss rp e s o n a l i t y types. r dLanguages give equal weight to past, p esent an

r r futu e, confi ming time may be an illusion [1 7 6 ]. r r r r The ealization of p ophecy a ises f om human ssssrss sss minion’s r vocabula y is finite, sssssdsss r, rssss , dsssss,

38

rsds , sssdss ssd d i iocy, ssss ssrd sss s sssssr ssd ssssssss C.f. rShakespea e's

M r e chant of Venice r d r d rfeatu ing gol , b onze an silve rr d r d caskets co espon ing to t uth, love an justice. r d Political pa ties an ssssssss flags sss

ssrssssssr s r d r olou s an they featu e in ssssss sssssssrss sssssssssss ss ssds,

r r d d high esolution photog aphs an clay mo els sss ssssssssss r fo sssssssss ssd sssssssrsss

r r Integ ating the pe sonality classifications sssd b y r r d rneu ologists, psychiat ists an philosophe s

d d d d177[ ], i entifie nine in epen ent r (mathematically o thogonal) r p e s o n a l i t y rta i t s :

d r r rgoo ness, t uth, beauty, peace, love, p og ess, d stability, justice an unity, subject to semantic

r r rr d inte p etation. They co espon to nine ‘senses’: instinct, belief, aesthetics, r joy, touch, hea ing, taste,

d vision an smell. T d he eaf, ds , rs e n s o y d r dep ive d an synaesthetes r r substitute one fo anothe . The

r d d rpe sonalities of aca emics following iffe ent d r r d r d isciplines eflect time pe io s, colou s an masses

typical of r r t h e i i n t e e s t s . N degative an r positive t aits d r d d rete mine ju gment an behaviou

r rr d r r despectively, co espon ing to int ove sion an r r ext ove sion [1 7 8 ].

sss sssssssss ssdss srssss srssss ss dssssss sssssssrs ssss dsss d r d r r dist ibute in a netwo k. If info mation was localize ,

r d d d r r r r b ain amage woul est oy memo ies, cont a y to r d r r rexpe ience – in ol age, most people emembe thei

d d M r r rchil h o o . i n i o n me mo i e s e s e mb l e h o l o g a p h s M r 179[ ]. inion logic emb aces all beauty, genius

ssd sssdss; r r r p oposals a ising f om it sssssssss sssssssss ssssssss ssd ssss

39

r d r d ve ifie p e ictions. Like silicon chips, sssssss srs r r d clocks, memo y sto es an communicate reflecting

r r thei owne ’s r r pe sonality. Biological clocks sha e a r r common o igin, they’ e all in phase, [O2 ssssssss ss]

r r dbi th legitimizes ast ology [1 8 0 ], Tables 4 an r r d r5. Inte -minion signals a e confine to the b ain,

ssssrsss rp ivacy. S rynch ony sssssss sssssss r accounts fo t elepathy [1 8 1 ].

τ is sss ssssrssssssssss equsvassss of Planck’s constant, h 182[ ] r r. Tests of Heisenbe g’s unce tainty 183[ ] r, Einstein’s elativity 184[ ] ssd

M r le ait e’s big bang cosmology 185[ ] ssrsssss ssssssrsssrss,

ssssssssss ssd ssssssssss srs srsss rr r toe o . T ss r Tyge equation 6, Fig b, ss r a hype bolic function 186[ ] r d i n s p i e b y

Blake’s r d r d r‘What immo tal han o eye a e r r f ame thy fea ful rsymmet y?’ 187[ ]

srssssss r relativity between pe ception ssd ssssssssss ssd ssssss 1 10~ in 15 r r d rr rwa p -a o u n c o u n t i n g e o s

r d resolving these isc epancies. Mssssss d r r r isto t ou pe ception of a light beam’s path,

r accounting fo Einstein’s ‘s pooky action at a distance’ 188[ ] r r r d. Ea th’s cu vatu e an r dg avitation an r rc eating the counte -intuitive

d r rillusion that fun amental pa ticles, Ea th’s r d r r r su face an sta s a e plane su faces. An

r r r expe t in topog aphy might confi m its consistency with the mutual eclipsing of

sssss ssd ssssssss

r r r d The ene gy of p otons accele ate along miniont u n n e l s i s :

40

½ pm (c/189)2 13000≈ , eV

sssrs sm srssss = 1 67 *

10-27 kg, sufficient to fuse with the atomic r r rnuclei of molecula obst uctions. They se ve

r d r ras molecula -scale col fusion eacto s, d d r d requivalent to the H-bon -line t acks un e

r d r d rwate a he ing to palla ium c ystals d dFleischmann an Pons investigate 189[ ]s

rsss ssrrsss ss s10 28 30 Ms o f rsssssss , sufficient ss rssssssss

d life’s atomic constituents, H, C, N, O, S an P. d dr Neste polyhe al shells of planes,

r r deminiscent of Plato’s pe fect soli s 190[ ] r r r6, Fig f, eplace o biting elect ons d d r d d an single, ouble, t iple an H-bon s (─, =, d ≡ an ∙∙∙∙) r r r M d r deinte p et en eleev’s pe io ic

t a b l e o f sss ssssssss 191[ ] d d rd6 2Fig an Table , affo ing

sss ssssssss ssd sssssssssss ssssssss ssd r r the ca bon-nit ogen cycle 192[ ] 6, Fig e:

r p oton planes fuse with 12 C → 13 C → 14 N → 15 N → 4 He + 12, r r eleasing γ- ays. The ½-

l i v ss ssd sssrsss s o f rssssssss ssssss ssrrsssss

w i t h t h o s e o f sssssrs 193[ ] d r , DNA iff acts the γ r r d- ays elease

r d r r rat sou ce an they etu n like boome angs ssssrdsss ss sss r Tyge equation.

Table 2. Periodic table, essential, toxic and unused elementsH HL B B C N O F NNa

Mg

Al

Si P S C

lAr

K Ca

Sc

Ti V C

rMn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

41

Rb

Sr Y Z

rNb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te I X

eCs

Ba

La

Hf

Ta W R

eOs

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

Fr

Rh

Ac

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Ds

Rg

Cn

Ess

Tox

n/u

rP oposalsr r d r d The e a e many ways to un e stan ssss

sssrssssrssssss: d • Rea ing W r illiam Shakespea e’s Seven ages o f ma n 194[ ] r 3, Table , Chauce ’s r rCante bu y t a l e s 195[ ] d r an ast ology texts 196[ ], r r r r d d• Visiting a t galle ies, lib a ies an museums an

r noting how the pe sonalities of ar s rsssrs ssd, r d r r r dinvento s ete mine thei maste pieces’ qualities an

r r d r d d 7the -yea pe io it was p o uce in. • L r d ectu es, theses an publications may be sssss

r r r into nine pa ts. Thei lengths eflect the rautho ’s r pe sonality. E.g. s sssssssss specification’s

2 dn rss , s sssssssss essay’s 4 th ssrs ssd ss r r ast onome ’s 8 th srs ssssssss

r r • Ages of pube ty at 14, majo ity ss d21 an r r r d r d63eti ement at a e wi ely especte . • d d rQualities associate with zo iac signs a e

ssssssssss with base-9 minion ssssss

• A ssrssssssss r G eat Ages 2000 r r d r r ryea s long, Table 5 , p ovi e a f amewo k fo

d r d run e stan ing histo y. d d d r d• Plato a vocate goo ness, t uth an

r r beauty; the Age of Aqua ius p omises peace, d r r d rlove an p og ess an political pa ties

r d p each stability, justice an unity, Table 6 .

42

Table 3. Seven year periods# M

ETsPssR

SEsSE

7-YEAR PERIOD

1 greenhorn

instinct

07- isf ss rts a e sssd , r63 72- r e t i e e s

ssssr 2 dn ssssdhood

2 golden truth

belief

dr 7-14 chil en sssrs srss h ,72- 81 o d l i e s rsssss sdsssssss

3 pied beauty

aesthetics

14-21 teens enjoy 81beauty, - r 88 pensione s r a e content

4 daffodil

joy

d 21-28 a ults rssssss sssss 88 91s, - e d rl e s ssssrs wisdss

43

s5 r

oses

touch

r2835- pa ents sssf srs ,d 91otage, 98 r e v i v e s

rmemo ies

6 crocuses

hearing

35- 42 w r r d r o ke s a vance their rca ee s

7 conservative

taste

42- 49 i dd n mi le age, ssss ssssss sssssss

8 liberal

sight

49-56 citizens adv i ss ssd sssssss

9 socialist

smell

d r5663- lea e s ssssrs

Table 4. Qualities associated with astrological zodiac signs

# QUAL

ZODI

# QUAL

ZODI

44

ITY

AC SIGN

ITY

AC SIGN

–1

sssdssss

Cancer

+1

sssdssss

srsss

–2

srsss

Scorpio

+2

srsss

Lss

–3

ssssss

Psssss

+3

ssssss

Sssssssrsss

–4

sssss

* +4

sssss

Gsssss

–5

ssss

* +5

ssss

Lssrs

–6

srssrs

* +6

srssrs

ssssrs

45

ss

ss

ss

–7

sssssssss

Tssrss

+7

sssssssss

*

–8

sssssss

Vsrss

+8

sssssss

*

–9

sssss

Cssrsssrs

+9

sssss

*

Table 5. Astrological great agesThe Roman Empire ended the Age of Aries, emphasizing stability,

justice and unity. Emperors used bronze ornaments and wore purple togas, Buddhists wear saffron robes.

Cssssr

–sssdssss

Sssrsss

–srsss

Psssss

–ssssss

Gsssss

+sssss

Lssrs

+ssss

ssssrsss

+srssrsss

46

Tssrss

–sssssssss

Vsrss

–sssssss

Cssrsssrs

–sssss

srsss

+sssssssss

Lss

+sssssss

Sssssssrsss

+sssss

The Age of Pisces, ~0-2000 AD, peaked in the Renaissance and Victorian Empire, emphasizing goodness, truth and beauty.

Imperial flags tended to be red, silver and blue.Cancer

–goodness

Scorpio

–truth

Pisces

–beauty

Gemini

+peace

Libra

+love

Aquarius

+progress

Taurus

–stabil

Virgo

–justic

Caprico

–unity

47

ity

e

rn

Aries

+goodness

Leo

+truth

Sagittarius

+beauty

The Age of Aquarius, emphasizing peace, love and progress, started ~2000 AD. Newly independent nations have often chosen

green, gold and yellow flags.Cancer

–peace

Scorpio

–love

Pisces

–progress

Gemini

+peace

Libra

+love

Aquarius

+progress

Taurus

–stability

Virgo

–justice

Capricorn

–unity

Ar

+g

Le

+t

Sa

+b

48

ies

oodness

o

ruth

gittarius

eauty

Table 6. Qualities associated with minion coils

#

QUALITY

PERIOD

COLOUR

MASS

DISCIPLINE

-9

unity

8.7 fs

red

se /7

quantum mechanics

-8

justice

5.5 ps

silver

sp /7

physics

-7

stability

350 ps

blue

2 * base pair mass

chemistry

-6

progress

22 ns

violet

8.3 ng

computer processing

- l 1 b 0. bioc49

5

ove

.4 μs

ronze

033 pg

hemistry

-4

peace

87 μs

yellow

130 pg

genetics

-3

beauty

5.5 ms

pied

0.51 μg

biology

-2

truth

350 ms

gold

2 mg

engineering

-1

goodness

22 s

green

8.1 g

psychology

+1

goodness

23 min

green

32 kg

psychiatry

+2

truth

1 day*

gold

130 t

head hunting

+ b 9 p 0. soci50

3

eauty

weeks

ied

5 Mt

ology

+4

peace

11 *

yellow

2,000 Mt

politics

+5

love

685 y

bronze

8 Gt

history

+6

progress

43 ky

violet

31 Pt

archaeology

+7

stability

2.7 My

blue

1.8 * moon mass

palaeontology

+8

justice

170 My

silver

84 * Earth mass

astronomy

+9

unity

11 By

red

1 * Sun m

cosmology

51

*

ass

where the numbers label inner and outer coil surfaces; periods = 63Nτ, their units f = 10-15, p = 10-12,n = 10-9, µ = 10-6, m = 10-3, M = 106, B = 109, G = 1012 and P = 1015; colours feature in metaphors, advertisements, national flags and political logos; ratio between masses = 632, me = electron mass,mp = proton mass (ants carry many times their weight, elephants can’t, suggesting the square root of mass, µ = √M is more appropriate for measuring weight, making Einstein’s E = Mc2 more symmetric: E = µ2 c2).

r r d Counting using ou finge s an toes isn’t the only r r d dway. Since the esults of calculations a e in epen ent

r d r of the base of a ithmetic use , p oving that minions d r d9 63use bases an isn’t easy. Backg oun

d devi ence inclu es: • r G ay’s d r Anatomy [1 9 7 ] use 9 colou s rfo

srsss rsssssss d r • The octaves an atios between notes of the tonic

r 198scale [ ] a e consonant with ssssss ssrssssrss

• sssssss sssss srsssssssssss 199[ ], ssrf sss sssss

rssssssss d on an the musical stave’s 5 lines d 4an spaces.

• Base-3 in theology: r d d d r th ee in one, bo y min an spi it. d r d • Base-7 ete mines the ays in a week

d r d dd d• Base-9 un e pins fa ic a ition invoke ss r nume ology [2 0 0 ].

• s r d ase-1 0 se ve the r Babylonians, G eeks ssd Romans, Napoleon r d d rp opose a base-1 0 calen a 201[ ]s

r • Base-11 is popula with s r r 202t ing theo ists [ ], r rr d unconsciously allowing thei minions to ove i e logics

• Base- r d r r12 featu es in the calen a ’s sola ssssss ssd ssssrsss sssssrsss

• s r ase-6 0 fo time sssssss ssd srssssssssssss

d rInvestigations coul cove : r r d d r r• The symmet ies of py ami s an othe eligious

d r r monuments an the cost of thei const uction

52

r M r r • Ka l a ks’ asse tion ‘Religion is the opium of the people’ 203[ ] d r d r, oesn’t p eclu e eligious

r r d rtole ance, f ee speech an human ights. r r d r r r • Ast ological p e ictions a e imp ecise but wa n of

r rr ecu ent cyclic events. r r r d• Ho oscopes offe valuable clues fo me ical

d d r d riagnosis, genetic an envi onmental ete minants o f ssssss srssssss srs ssrsssss

M• inions r offe a r d r d basis fo un e stan ing human sssssssssssss

d A philosophical analysis coul establish that the r r d d r r d natu e of eality epen s on the obse ve an a ll life

r r rfo ms sha e the same atomic alphabet, molecula r d r r dvocabula y an metabolic g amma . Scientists coul

r ve ify m y accounts of: sss srssss o f rlife, e- r r r rfocussing attention on ene gy athe than ca bon

r r r rchemist y; the impo tance of t ace element nut ition ssd ssssss ssrssssrs ssd sssss sssss s vailable techniques. r dEnginee s coul

ssdss s r r ompute systems on minions, c eating AI r r dcompensating fo ast ological, psychological an

r d philosophical pe sonality biases an facilitating peace d sdsssssssss ssrrssssss ssssss, ,

d d r r dmanagement ecisions an encou aging g een fiel d R&D on novel i eas. r d d Skills, t a itions an beliefs can

ds dsssssd ssd ssssssd ssrssss sdssssssss,, rd r r affo ing eve y citizen a pa t in society.

Conclusion r r d r T h e G e e k s a g u e t h a t ma t t e c o n s i s t s o f

d r r rr d r in ivisible pa ticles, Newton efe e to co puscles of d r light an quantum mechanics invokes a menage ie of

d r rfun amental entities. Allowing fo the elativity r d rbetween pe ception an conception is only necessa y

r d r din such esote ic isciplines as pa ticle physics an rd rcosmology. Establishing inte isciplina y

53

sssssssrssssss ssssssss ssss publicists, scientific

srssssssss ssssd sssssss r r Ea th life’s futu e. If the

r rfollowing list of efe ences r is insufficient, fi st consult

d r Wikipe ia o ask someone r r d you know. Emails to the autho will be answe e as

ssss ss sssssssss

rFive conjectu es

1 Wisssss sssss ’s ‘Wh a t i mmo rt a l h a dn o r e ye da re

f ra me t h y f e a rf u l s ymme t ry?’ gave the Tyge r equation 7, Fig. , its name. I t

dsssrssss sss rminions pe ceive ssrsssss sssss sssss ssssr sssrdssssss ϴ ssd Ф, β = 63-9 , τ

139 *10 -15 sss ssd s= ssss s f ssssrss ssssrssssss

Figure 7. r r A topological a gument might p ove lssss

ssrssd ss ssss ssy rmakes plane su faces sssssr ssssrssss , rimplying eve ything

54

r f om dfun amental ssrssssss ss sssrs consists of planes.

2 My account of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is based on τ, the minion biological clock’s time unit, replacing Planck’s constant, h. It’s that taken for the H-bonds between DNA phosphates and amino acid ω-amines to switch like rows of dominoes collapsing. The minion’s 18 tracks constitute the clock’s 18 hands, using β-sheet spacing 7.37 Å and the velocity of light, the time to travel thrice round the fastest coil is: τ = 3 * 189 * 7.37 * 10-10/3 * 108 ≈ 1.39 * 10-15 sec.the ‘3’ reflects Dekatron™ logic and there are 189 base pairs per coil. Coils 1 to 18 take 63N * τ, the 11th, 13th and 18th yield day-length, Sun-spot cycle period and the age of the universe respectively. Time intervals outside the range τ to 6318 * τ, 0 and ∞ are unknowable. My logic needs review.

3 The minion’s oscillating H-bonds accelerate protons, mass pm, along adjacent tunnels, T with sufficient energy to fuse with atomic nuclei obstructing their

passage: ½ pm (c/189)2 ≈ 13,000 eV.

55

Figure 8. a, b, c, d Dekatron™ assembly, e H-bond switching in Pd-bound H2O,

f Tunnels along minion coils, g Phosphate-amine H-bond switch

According to my 1st conjecture, the carbon-nitrogen cycle can be represented using nuclei formed of plane combinations. Inserting four plane protons, the 1st to dodecahedral 12C 13C, 2nd octrahedron and cube 14N, 3rd unstable 15N and 4th releases tetrahedral 4He, leaving 12C.

Figure 9. a Nine plane combinations, b carbon-

nitrogen cycle

The reaction products, e.g. from collisions with 12CO2 | 13CO2, 14NO2 | 15NO2, 12CH4 | 13CH4 and 14NH4 | 15NH4 emit γ-

56

rays. The correlation between their ½-lives and energies with those of pulsars calls for statistical verification. Implicitly, life-generated γ-rays are diffracted by biological moieties and warped by the Tyger equation, returning to source like boomerangs. The cold fusion Fleischmann and Pons reported on palladium, neutron emission during electric storms and cavitation when bubbles collapse have similar explanations.

4 ‘Differentiation DNA’ bound ‘transport DNA’s encode ‘hook’ proteins determining tissue architecture. Eggs, sperm and immune system white blood cells have 1 hook, filamentous algae like spirogyra have 2, sponges are sheets of cells connected by 3 hooks, primitive worms consist of bi-layers joined by 4 hooks and our essential organs use 5 hooks. 6 hooks allow unlimited growth of tumours and cancers unless the immune system prevails. The 6 hook theorem, a 3-dimensional version of the four colour mapping theorem, needs proof.

Figure 10. Five cell combinations, 6th allows tumour/cancer formation5 My

serendipitous discovery of a tetragonal variant of cubic ice crystallizing in liquid nitrogen was recently corroborated. 16 ice structures are now known, some orderly,

57

most existing only at extreme temperatures and pressures. Ice XIc has a diamond-like structure. At 72 K it undergoes a ferroelectric phase transition to accommodate water molecules’ irregular tetrahedral shape, sharing the entropy Linus Pauling established for ice Ih above that temperature: O•••H–O or O–H•••O at random.

Figure 11. a Diamond structure, b Ferroelectric transition in 3 dimensions,c 2 dimensional model, d Transition temperatues

r r d rThe latent ene gy elease pe d molecule, E may be calculate using:

dH-bon ssssss s

175. ÅdOH-bon

ssssss s

101. Åsssrsssdrss ∠

θa

1045. º

dH-O-H bon ∠ θb

1095. ºsssrss

ssssd ∠ θc

58

120ºsssss

s sssss

s μ

127*. 10-29

sssssssrss const ε31

drAvoga o sssssr

N

602. * 1023

rElect ic constant εo

885*. 10-12

Planck’s ssssssss s

663 * 10-34

Velocity of sssss

s 3 *108

Msssssssr sssrdsssss

s of ice Ic:

∆x, y = (b + h) sin(½

θa)

2255.Å

∆z = (b + h) cos(½

θa )

1597.Å

Msssssssr sssrdsssss s of ice XIc:

∆x, y = b sin(½ θb ) +

h sin(½ θc)

2315. Å

∆z = b cos(½ θb ) +

h cos(½ θc)

1495.Å

59

Equal to ATP’s sssssssdsssssr sssd r ene gy, wavelength λ = h * s* N / E:

λ = (6 .6 3 * 1 0 -34) * (3 * 108) * (6.02 * 1023 ) / (2 .2 3 * 1 0 4 ) = 5 .3 7 μ

d r r r This iffe s f om the wo king value 4 μ, r d d rcalling fo in epen ent sc utiny.

rRefe ences M M M1 ichael Thomas Deans, A Cantab, Sc

d dLon , email: michaelt eans@gmail.com. r r d2 Robe t Bu ns was a Scottish poet. He ha

d r a job collecting taxes an w ote poems d d about the people an places he visite . You

may know d Aul lang syne:d Shoul dol

acquaintance be rfo got,

d ran neve r b ought to

dmin ?d Shoul dol

acquaintance be rfo got,

d an dol lang syne?

r d Fo aul lang syne, my d rea ,

r d fo aul lang syne, we'll take a cup of d kin ness yet,

r d fo aul lang syne.

d r An su ely you’ll buy r you pint

cup!d r an su ely I’ll

buy mine!d An we'll take a dcup o’ kin ness

yet,

r d fo aul lang syne …

We two have run about the

slopes,d an dpicke the

daisies fine; But we’ve

d r d wan e e many r a wea y foot,

since d aul lang syne …

We two have dd dpa le in the

rst eam,rf om rmo ning

dsun till ine†; But seas

between us r d b oa have r r doa e

since d aul lang syne …

d r An the e’s a d rhan my t usty

60

r df ien !d An give me a d han o’ thine!

d An we’ll take a

r ight dgoo -will draught,r d fo aul lang

syne …

r d 3 A chaeologist Louis Leakey foun the skeleton of a d r r r rwoman he calle Lucy, pionee ing esea ch on ea ly

r r man in the Af ican ift valley. 4 C r d r r a bonatites e ive f om limestone. When ancient

rssssrss dssds ssssr ssdsss ssrs dsssssssd ss sss, r d r d rsea floo an tu ne to stone. The coastlines of No th

d r r d ran South Ame ica match those of Eu ope an Af ica dr d r because the continents ifte apa t, ‘plate r d r d rtectonics’, i ing ove , ‘sub ucting’ sea floo

d r r se iments then eme ging f om volcanoes as ssrsssssssss ssd sssssssss rsssss

M d r M r d r d 5 y boyhoo he o ichael Fa a ay lectu e to dr r dchil en, explaining how lighthouses p otecte r d r dsailo s, safety lamps ma e coal mining safe an

d d r r r dynamos coul gene ate elect icity fo lighting an dr r r d iving moto s. TV b oa cast of Royal Institution

r r r rCh istmas Lectu es use his lectu e oom. 6 1939L. Pauling ( ) r The Natu e of the

d d r r Chemical Bon an the St uctu e of M d rolecules an C ystals r, he won Nobel P izes

r r d fo Chemist y an Peace. r r r 7 Cha les Da win was fathe of evolution,

sss sssss r On the o igin of species ssd The voyage of the beagle dsssrsss sss

r r rp og ess. His house at Down in Kent is wo th visiting.

8 1968J. Watson ( ) The Double helix dsssrssss d r d r rhow he an F. H. C. C ick analyse R. F anklin’s X- ay

d r r iff action pictu es of DNA in competition with L. d r r Pauling. Denie a Nobel P ize, he life highlights the

r d d d rd d rp eju ice, cynicism an isbelief acco e to o iginal ssssssrss

9 r d See any Int o uction to Crystallographys

61

d 10 His poem inclu es: r Japonica glistens like co al … r d r b anches hol … silent, eloquent gestu es …

r r d r rblossoms a e f agile an motionless … ea ly bees a e d r d dassaulting an fumbling the flowe s … an … almon

rd d r rdblossom … going backwa s an fo wa ss 11 dC. L. Do gson sssss , Lewis Carroll (1865) Alice in

Wonderland. 12 K. Vonnegut (1963) Cat’s Cradle isn’t a happy story.

13 E. A. Abbott (1884) Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions ssrsssssss sssss

r scepticism; as I have, his he o took a lifetime r rto elate his evelation.

14 1954A. F. Huxley ( ) r r St uctu al changes in d r r r r rmuscle u ing cont action; inte fe ence mic oscopy

rof living muscle fib es rNatu e 173 9713, - , I have an r d autog aphe copy.

15 M r d Colin cCla e was thoughtful an sympathetic, r may he est in peace.

16 r d r d d E ic Cun liffe int o uce me to ionic complexes, rhis infectious enthusiasm pe sists.17 rN. Dob etsov e t a l (2005)

r r d Biosphe e O igin an Evolution dsssrssss r r rdEa th’s p imo ial

18 r r r d rEa ly t avelle s navigate using natu al d d rmagnets, lo estones, as compass nee les. Natu al

rr r r r d fe oelect ics haven’t been epo te , ice XIc is rr r r special, fe oelect ic mate ials rssssss ssssr

sssss dsrsss sssss srssssssssss M 19 1988. T. Deans ( ) PhD thesis Some

biochemical consequences of a consistent r rf amewo k r r fo the o igin of lifes

r r 20 Sea ch the inte net using dmi c h a e l t e a n s rfo sssssrsssd dssssss ssd

21 F. Yen ssd Z. Chi (2015) rP oton rd r d o e ing ynamics of H2 O ice Phys Chem

Chem Phys17 12458 61– sssssssss r r r r t ansition tempe atu es fo ice XIc, citing : J.

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Benton, O. Sikora and N. Shannon (2015). They establish the 72 K phase transition.

d r r r 2 2 Scottish polymath Davi B ewste , invento of sss sssssdssssss dssssssrsssd ssss,

r d rlight is pola ize by multiple eflection. d 23 1932In , Dutch chemist H. G. B. e Jong

r d r d p opose coace vates, champione by Soviet r biochemist A. I. Opa in in his book r The O igin of Lifes r 24 Pete D. M itchell (1961) Coupling of

r r d dr r r phospho ylation to elect on an hy ogen t ansfe by a chemi-osmotic type of mechanism r Natu e191

r d r r d r(4784) 144–8 p opose p otons mig ate f eely ssrssss ssss ssssrsssss25 Barrels of α-helices are channels comprising five or more protein strands

supplementing tDNAs. 26 M r A. . Tu ing (1950) Computing

M r d achine y an Intelligence Mssd 59 d (236) 433–60, aske Can machines think?

27 6See . M 28 . Chaplin’s web page r r r dWate St uctu e an

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30 H. A. Krebs (1936) Intermediate Metabolism of Carbohydrates Nature 138 288-9, described the Citric acid cycle.

31 M r 2008C. cCo mic ( ) r r d dInf a e eicing: r r giving glycol a un fo its money dWings, mentione r r r r ice fo ming on ai c aft wings eflects ~ 4 μ ssssss

63

r r d32 A Ge man pha maceutical company sol d d r d r d dthali omi e as a mixtu e of left- an ight-han e

r r dr fo ms in 1 9 5 6 ; befo e its with awal in 1 9 6 1 dr r r d r10000, chil en we e bo n with efo mities.

d r rSince 1 9 6 7 , it’s been use to t eat lep osy. r r Biochemical eactions a e sensitive to the

dsdsssss ss, r i ality of chemicals. 33 r r G. Wächte shäuse (1990) rEvolution of the Fi st

M etabolic Cycles , PNAS 87 r d(1) 200–4 p opose d r r eep sea vents as a possible location fo life to a ise.

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rr r r dcu ents in minions c eate alte nating magnetic fiel s dr iving ssrssssssss sssrs ss ssss

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r d r d t eate Pa kinson's isease patients, ssss rNut . S0 2 6 1 -5 6 1 4 (1 4 )

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exchange on CO2 r d d r d r d rexc etion an ownst eam pH isequilib ium in isolate at lungs, J. Clin. Invest.68 485362

dr 69 The existence of oxygen hy ate, O2. H 2s d rnee s confi mation.

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r r cent e of the b ain causes one of its nine components r r 3900to elease , ho mone molecules.

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r r3900, mo e ho mones. r r d d r● Anothe 3 ,9 0 0 ho mones issue by en oc ine

d 3900glan s stimulate , 3 ≈ d 60000000000, , , – all bo y cells.

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d 85 2014R. W. Du ek ( ) rEmb yology . d r d r 86 Cyclase an kinase enzymes b eak iffe ent si

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r d 89 P. Ke sten, P. J. White an A. Tennant in 2014 r r d Coppe b acelets an magnetic

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(1) 295–507. r d r d r91 Silicon hexafluo i e is an ine t white pow e

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r r d inc easing polyunsatu ate fat in place of r d r d satu ate fat: eview an meta-analysis of

r d d r d ran omize cont olle t ials M d, PLoS e icine.73

d d r d146 Low- an high- ensity p oteins, LDLs an r r r r HDLs t anspo t choleste ol, p eventing its

raccumulation as the plaques which cause hea t sssssss ssd ssrsssss

M M r r 147 T. B. Eyl, ethyl e cu y Poisoning in Fish d an Human Beings, Clinical Toxicology 4 (2 )

(1971). d M148 N. Bleiman an Y. G. ishael

(2010) r r drSelenium emoval f om inking r d r wate by a so ption to chitosan-clay

d d d composites an oxi es: batch an columns t e s t s , rd M rJ Haza ate

183 (1-3) 590-5. 149 A. Haug e t a l (2007) How to use

r d r r rthe wo l 's sca ce selenium esou ces r efficiently to inc ease the selenium

r dc o n c e n t a t i o n i n f o o , Mssrss Ecol Health Dis. 19(4) 209–28.

150 Z. Jinsong e t a l (2012) Impact of r r r dheat t eatment on size, st uctu e, an

bioactivity of elemental selenium rn a n o p a t i c l e s , dInt J Nanome icine 7 815 25– .

151 N. S. G rav ilova e t a l (1998) d Evolution, mutations, an human longevity:

r r d Eu opean oyal an noble families, Human B i o l o g y 70 (4)799804- s

r 152 H. To jusen e t a l (2014) d dRe uce r r r isk of p e-eclampsia with o ganic vegetable

r r rconsumption: esults f om the p ospective r r d d r dNo wegian mothe an chil coho t stu y,

sMs 4 (9). 153 R. J. Seballos (2009) rCance rSc eening , sssssss Mssssssssss

r 154 R. C. Becke (2005) r Hea t Attack d r r an St oke P evention in Women,

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1

ssrsssssssss 112 2735e - . r 155 Compa e MUSGS-SG C.kml ssss

sssr.sssssr.g o v . r r r d r156 D. A C e a an H. L. Ba nes

(1974) d Deposition of eep-sea manganese d nou l e s , Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

38 (2) 279–300. 157 S.Stoebe e t a l (2015) Effects of

s e l e n i u m s u p p l e me n t a t i o n o n s e l e n i u m r d d r d rstatus of fa me fallow ee in out oo

pens, s r M d T ace Elem e Biol29 21621- . 158 N. J. Beeching e t a l (2014) rEbola vi us

di s e a s e sMs 349 7348g (2014) r 159 1995A. A. Go in ( ) B-DNA

rr rtwisting co elates with base-pai rmo phology M J ol Biol 247 (1) 34-48.

160 6See . M 161 D. . Phillips de (2012) H i s t o n e s

d a n n u c l e o h i s t o n e s s d d162 D. L. Lee an R. S. Ho ges

(2003), r r r dSt uctu e-activity elationships of e d d r dnovo esigne cyclic antimic obial pepti es d r d base on g amici in S, rBiopolyme s 71(1)

2848- . 163 2004J. Soutschek ( ) e t

al, r dThe apeutic silencing of an en ogenous d r d dgene by systemic a minist ation of mo ifie siRNAs , rNatu e 432 1738- .

r 164 K. Luge , e t a l (1997) rC ystal r r r r s t u c t u e o f t h e n u c l e o s o me c o e p a t i c l e a t

28. rÅ esolution, rNatu e 389 251-60

165 Y. Wu and R. M. Brosh (2012) DNA helicase and helicase–nuclease enzymes with a conserved iron–sulfur cluster, Nucleic Acids Res. 40(10)

4247–60. M r r 166 A. . Tu ing was a B itish sssssssr

sssssssss d r r lea ing esea ch in WWII.

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167 1980K. Fukushima ( ) r r rNeocognit on, a self-o ganising neu al

r d r rnetwo k mo el fo a mechanism of patte n r d ecognition unaffecte by position, ssss

r Cybe netics36 193202- . 168 2009T. T. Jennings ( ) d r dNixie In icato s an

Decimal Countings169 sss r sola cycle sss s ~ ssrssdss

r 11 yea change in the Sun's activity. 170 The runive se r is app oximately 1 3 .8 billion

r dyea s ol . r r r r r171 Ne ve fib es esemble optic fib es, they’ e

d d r wavegui es con ucting elect omagnetic waves.172 r r Having lea nt my a ithmetic tables, my

r d r r mothe ’s sli e ule was my p ize possession.173 d Synaesthesia enables seeing soun s, tasting

rd r wo s o feeling a skin sensation when smelling a ssssss

174 ssrdssss r n u mb e s s a y h o w ma n y , srdssss sssssrs ssss sssssssss

175 1989C. G. Jung ( ) I Ching or Book of Changes. d r 176 2010C. Callen a ( ) Is Time an Illusion?

rScientific Ame ican 302 (6) 40-47. r d r177 Psychiat ists, psychologists an philosophe s

d M r d d inclu ing: I. B. ye s’ 1 6 an J. L. Hollan ’s 6 r d rhave catego ize pe sonalities.

r r d d178 K. Jung, fathe of psychology, int o uce r r d r rint ove sion an ext ave sion.

r r r d r r179 D. Ga bo eceive a Nobel P ize fo d r r iscove ing holog aphy in 1 9 7 1 . r d r d d d 180 Ast ology is isc e ite by aca emics of all

r r d pe suasions. It’s consistent with nume ology an has r d ra long t a itional histo y.

181 d r The ten ency fo people to think of the same r r r things as thei companions may a ise f om the

r r synch ony of thei ‘minion’ clocks, a k a selepathy.

76

M r d d 182 . Planck int o uce his constant, h, r the Planck–Einstein elation using the ds

r B oglie wavelength λ d r esc ibes a photon’s r r r ene gy in te ms of f equency, λν = c. sss

rsdsssd sr ssrss ssssssss ħ = s s 2πs

r r d d 183 W. Heisenbe g int o uce his r r unce tainty p inciple in 1 9 2 7 .

r d 184 Einstein’s elativity was publishe in 1905.

d rd M r r 185 G. H. J. É oua le aît e fo esaw Hubble’s d r d law an p opose his Big Bang cosmology in the

1920s. 186 The r Tyge equation r is a hype bolic function

r r d simila to those fo sinh an cosh. 187 1794W. Blake ( ) r The Tyge r f om his

rSongs of Expe iences r d r d188 1927In his pape , Einstein esc ibe

quantum entanglement as s pooky action at a distance.

189 M d M . Fleischmann, S. Pons an . Hawkins (1989) r d d r Elect ochemically in uce nuclea fusion of

d re u t e i u m r J. Elect oanal. Chem.,261 M r 190 9y plane combinations emb ace Plato’s

r d r dr drpe fect soli s: tet ahe on, cube, icosahe on, d d dr d dr 32 8o ecahe on an octahe on. They have , ,

d 6 14 62 20 4 12 92, , , , , an faces. r M dCombinations of these numbe s explain en eleev’s r d pe io ic table of the elements.

M d r d 191 D. I. en eleev’s pe io ic table of sss d s s s s s1 8 6 9

r d d d192 C. v Weizsäcke an H. Bethe in epen ently r d r r dp opose the ca bon-nit ogen cycle in 1 9 3 8 an

1939193 d r d r dA. Hewish’s stu ent J. B. Bu nell iscove e

sssssr 1967

77

194 W r illiam Shakespea e’s Seven ages o f ma n r featu es in act 2 , scene 7 of his play As you

l i k e i t s r 195 Chauce ’s r r Cante bu y tales dsssrsss

ssrssssssssss ss sssrssssssss ssrsss

196 N. Campion (2012) Astrology and Cosmology in the World's Religions.197 Gray’s Anatomy, now in its 40th edition, includes coloured illustrations, that current when I formulated minion logic used nine for the brain regions.

198 B. Taylor (1989) The AB guide to music theory.199 sssssss sssss

srsssssssss d on invokes five tones use to sdd sssssss ssd sssssss ss ssssr

sssssss r r 200 180Like ast ology, see , nume ology is

d r rd d r d is ega e by schola s espite its successful r d rmanifestation in Nost a amus’ p ophecies.

r r r 201 Du ing the F ench evolution, Napoleon d r d d r d d ec ee a base-1 0 calen a , it i n’t last.

202 r r rBase-1 1 is popula with st ing theo ists r M r 203 Ka l a ks’ Das Kapital sss ssssssssd ss

English in 1887.

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