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Pushing the Boundaries of “Best”: Sports Performance Enhancement using Steroids, B12, and Erythropoietin April 1, 2008. Science on Tap. Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABT www.asmalldoseof.org www.toxipedia.org. A Small Dose of Toxicology. See: www.asmalldoseof.org -- smdose. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Pushing the Boundaries of “Best”: Sports Performance
Enhancement using Steroids, B12, and Erythropoietin
April 1, 2008
Science on Tap
Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABTwww.asmalldoseof.org
www.toxipedia.org
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
A Small Dose of Toxicology
See: www.asmalldoseof.org -- smdose
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Small Dose of Toxicology
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Milestones of Toxicology
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
www.toxipedia.org
A free toxicology encyclopedia and resource center that anyone can edit. Toxipedia provides comprehensive, accurate, and scientifically based information on the hazards and risks of chemical and physical agents, with the goal of advancing human and environmental health. Toxipedia
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Healthy World Theater
Healthy World Theater reaches to the heart to promote awareness and understanding through the arts to create a more healthy and peaceful world so that all creatures may reach, maintain, and enjoy their potential.
Coupling art and science to forge a more healthy
and peaceful world
www.healthyworldtheater.org
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
LDDI Consensus Statement
Scientific Consensus Statement on Environmental Agents Associated with
Neurodevelopmental DisordersDeveloped by the Collaborative on
Health and the Environment’s Learning and Developmental Disabilities
InitiativeNovember 7, 2007
http://www.iceh.org/LDDI.html
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
LDDI Consensus Statement
http://www.iceh.org/LDDI.html
Given established scientific knowledge, protecting children from neurotoxic exposures from the earliest stages of fetal development is clearly an essential public health measure. By reducing environmental factors that may lead to learning and developmental disorders, we will create a healthier environment in which all children can reach and maintain their full potential.
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
“Conditions that ensure that all living things have the best opportunity to reach and maintain their full genetic potential.”
Steven G. Gilbert, 1999
Human & Environmental Health
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
What Is Performance Enhancement?
AthleticsMuscles StrengthEnduranceStimulantMemory / Learning
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Baseball = Steroids?Mitchell Report on Major
League Baseball players – did Roger Clemens use performance enhancing substances?
Dose it matter?
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
"A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise." -
Aldo Leopold, 1949, A Sand County Almanac
The First Bioethicist
---------- 1887 - 1948 ----------
Aldo Leopold
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Ethical Issues? Even if anabolic steroid use was legal, is it
ethical to artificially gain a performance advantage over others?
Should there be limits on what people can do to their own bodies and minds?
What about using legal supplements to achieve a similar advantage?
Should high school athletes be subject to random-drug testing?
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Ethical Issues?
Fairness?Protecting people?Discouraging drug use?
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Doping / Athletic Performance
Doping - “the use of a drug or blood product to improve athletic performance.”
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Is This Doping?
Taking Tylenol to relieve muscle aches and pain
Using an asthma inhaler to prevent the constriction of the airway and to allow proper respiration
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Ancient Greek Athletes - “The Greek physician, Galen, is reputed to have prescribed ‘the rear hooves of an Abyssinian ass, ground up, boiled in oil, and flavored with rose hips and rose petals’ to improve performance.”
Ancient Awareness
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Ancient Olympic athletes Ate sheep testicles to boost testosterone (the base anabolic steroid)
Ancient Awareness
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Strychnine, a stimulant used until the 20th century
HashishCola plantsCactus-based stimulantsFungi (Mushrooms)
Ancient Drugs
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
The Christian era marked the end of the overwhelming popularity of public sporting events.
In 393 A.D., Emperor Theodosius promulgated a ban on all forms of “pagan” sports, including the Olympic Games.
End of Ancient Sports
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
19th century, sporting events returned with the onset of the Industrial Revolution
Recreation and entertainmentAnd BusinessAnd Doping
Modern Sports
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
European cyclists Used caffeine, ether-coated
sugar cubes, cocaine-laced wine 1886 a Dutch cyclist died from an
overdose of cocaine and heroin 1896 a Welsh cyclist died after
taking strychnine
Endurance Sports - Cycling
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
1896 - Summer Olympics were held and doping was prevalent
1904 – 3rd Olympic Games in St. Louis - Thomas Hicks took brandy laced with strychnine – almost died, but kept the gold metal
Olympics
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
1930s, Nazi doctors created anabolic steroids – testosterone that could be administered through a syringe – goal of increasing aggression in troops
Germany 89 medals - won the overall medal count
United States came in second with 56 medals
Massive doping
Olympics - 1936
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Cold war – new weaponsNuclear Arms Race Competition at Olympic sportsAnabolic Steroid Race
Post WWII - Olympics
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
1928 – first bans but no tests 1950s - the International Cycling
Union (UCI) introduced drug testing programs
1960 - Olympic Games, Danish cyclist, Knut Jensen, died from amphetamines
Banning Doping
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
1967 - Tom Simpson, a British cyclist, died in the Tour de France. He collapse during a climb and three tubes of amphetamines were found in the back pocket of his racing jersey.
Event widely publicized (see youtube videos)
Increased Awareness
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Cycling Football Baseball Basketball Hokey Running Olympic sports Wrestling
Wide Spread Use
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Toxicology - the study of poisons orthe adverse effects of chemical and
physical agents on living organisms.
Toxicology Definition
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Key Words
Risk =Hazard X Exposure
Dose / Response
Individual Sensitivity
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
What Is This Drug?
N
N N
N
CH3
CH3
CH3
O
O
1
3
7
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Wired – X344
Warning:If you can’ t handle massive Caffeine, then stay away from this one! We jacked up the caffeine to 344 mg per 16 oz. Can! Ever wonder why some so called energy drinks don’t list their caffeine content? How about their Taurine? Guarana? B Vitamins? What’s up with the “energy blends”? Here’s what’s in your X-344 Extreme Energy Supplement.
Ingredients per 16 oz. can include: 344 mg Caffeine250 mg Guarana Seed Extract3000 mg Taurine100 mg Inositol60 mg White Tea Extract500% RDI Vitamin B12200% RDI Vitamin B6160% RDI Vitamin B3100% RDI Vitamin B5
http://www.wiredenergydrink.com/x344.htm
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Wired – XXX
Extreme Energy Supplement Arouse your senses with this stimulating herbal combination. Wired Triple X is specially formulated with the benefits of Horny Goat Weed, L-Arginine, Maca, and Tribulus terrestris to help enhance your sexual prowess. Get Wired, Stay Wired!
Ingredients per 16 oz. can include: 3000% RDI Vitamin B12500% RDI Vitamin B6200% RDI Vitamin B3100% RDI Vitamin B51000 mg Taurine1000 mg L-Arginine150 mg Caffeine100 mg Inositol100 mgEpimedium (Horny Goat Weed)10 mg Maca4 mg Tribulus terrestris
http://www.wiredenergydrink.com/xxx.htm
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
My Neighborhood
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
My Neighborhood
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
My Neighborhood
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Blood Doping
Blood doping originally meant literally doping with blood, i.e. the transfusion of RBCs.
Extract blood, harvest RBCs re-inject Increases oxygen to muscles Used by endurance athletics, cycling,
marathon runners Hazard – blood clotting, stoke, death See also EPO
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
What is This?
Erythropoietin
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Erythropoietin (EPO) Stimulates the production of red
cells in bone marrow and a treatment for anemia in humans. (kidney disease, cancer, (chemotherapy & radiation)
Amgen made a fortune Endurance sports (cycling) –
Increases number of RBC Clotting - death
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
What is This?
Testosterone
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Testosterone
Used for 1000s of years1930’s modern chemistryNatural Anabolic SteroidsSynthesis and now 100s
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Testosterone’s Desired Effects
increase protein synthesis within cells, which results in the buildup of cellular tissue (anabolism), especially in muscles
muscle mass and physical strength stimulates bone growth and appetite, induce male puberty treat chronic wasting conditions such
as cancer and AIDS
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Testosterone’s Hazards
growth of the vocal cords body hair harmful changes in cholesterol levels acne high blood pressure liver damage changes in the structure of the left
ventricle of the heart testicular atrophy
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
What is This?
Strychnine
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Strychnine
Stimulant at low doseWidely used as medicinePesticide at higher dosesMuscle convulsions Effects glycine receptor
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
What is This?
Vitamin B12
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B-12, factor in normal functioning of the brain and nervous system and for the formation of blood
Stress relief Purported to increase energy and
is largely anecdotal Can have deficient – little tox
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
What is This?
Growth hormone
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Growth hormone 191-amino acid, single chain
polypeptide hormone somatotrophin the recombinant DNA -
"rhGH“ Body builders inject growth hormone
to decrease body fat and increase muscle mass.
Fat burning is increased and glucose burning is decreased.
Result is muscle bulk and strength.
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Growth Hormone Hazards
high levels of blood fats glucose intolerance gigantism in pre-adolescents diabetes enlarged heart high blood pressure heart disease nerve disease lung disease
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
What is This?
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
More of a social drug – related to growth hormones
Naturally occurring Intoxicant or as a date rape drug Athletes and bodybuilders use GHB,
to elevate human growth hormone Hazards - unconsciousness,
convulsions, vomiting, suppression of the gag reflex, respiratory depression and death
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
What is This?
Insulin
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Insulin
Hormone which causes liver and muscle cells to take in glucose and store it in the form of glycogen
way of 'energizing' the body - increase muscle mass
widespread amongst the body building community
hypoglycemic coma and death type 2 diabetes
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
What is This?
Viagra
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Viagra Performance issue? Pfizer - Billion $$ plus drug Treat male erectile dysfunction
(impotence) Pulmonary arterial hypertension
(PAH) causes release of nitric oxide (NO) Hazards - hypotension, myocardial
infarction, ventricular arrhythmias, stroke,
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Memory Enhancement
Hydergine Vincamine, Nimodipine and
Vinpocetine (from periwinkle) Ginko biloba L-Deprenyl Rasagiline ……….
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Ethical Issues? Even if anabolic steroid use was legal, is it
ethical to artificially gain a performance advantage over others?
Should there be limits on what people can do to their own bodies and minds?
What about using legal supplements to achieve a similar advantage?
Should high school athletes be subject to random-drug testing?
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Ethical Issues? Should society respect a person’s choices about
his or her own body, even if the behavior is risky? Are enhancements harmful or beneficial to
individuals who use them? Are enhancements harmful or beneficial to society
when individuals use them? Is it fair for an individual to use an enhancement? Does fairness require that everyone in society
have equal access to enhancements? Does using enhancements in performance violate
the integrity of the performance? Is the achievement of an individual who uses an
enhancement less authentic?
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Principles of Toxicology
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Additional Information
• Taking performance-enhancing drugs: Are you risking your health? http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/performance-enhancing-drugs/HQ01105
• National Institute on Drug Abuse: NIDA, NIH, DHHS Steroid-related resources geared towards the general public
• US Anti-Doping Agency: dedicated to eliminating the practice of doping in sport, and to preserving the well being of sport and ensuring the health of athletes through research initiatives and educational programs
• What's wrong with enhancement? The President's Council on Bioethics
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Authorship Information
For Additional Information ContactSteven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABT
E-mail: [email protected]: www.asmalldoseof.org
www.toxipedia.org
This presentation is supplement to “A Small Dose of Toxicology”
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
NW Public Health
See: http://healthlinks.washington.edu/nwcphp/nph/ nwph
Public Health and the Precautionary
PrincipleBy Steven G. Gilbert
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
Precautionary Principle
“When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment,
precautionary measures should be take even if some cause and effect relationships are not
fully established scientifically.”
Wingspread Conference, 1998.
A Small Dose of Toxicology Performance enhancement – 04/01/08
• Setting goals (Health indicators)• Taking preventive action in the face of
uncertainty• Shifting the burden of responsibility to the
proponents of an activity (Who benefits?)• Exploring a wide range of alternatives to
possibly harmful actions (Is it necessary?)• Increasing public participation in decision
making (transparency of information & environmental justice)
Central components