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Science and Engineering Applications 2(1) (2017) 112-120 ISSN-2456-2793(Online)

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Compatibility Studies of Polyacrylamide/Nanoclay/Copper oxide

Nanocomposites on the Fluidic Physical Properties for Improvement of

Inkjet Printability Neetika Singh, Hari Madhav, Paramjit Singh, and Gautam Jaiswar*

Department of Chemistry, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Agra- 282 002, India

*Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Water-borne ink, an industrially important ink based on the polyacrylates, in that polyacrylamides imparts specific properties to the inks. Some

properties of inks such as glossy or hardness is also adjust by varying the polymers, so in the present studies, nanocomposites of Polyacrylamide

/Nanoclay/copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized. The Nanoclay and Nanoparticles were varied to 0.5, 1 and 2% with respect to monomer

of acrylamide and the effect on physical properties of ink such as, density, viscosity, surface tension, drying and smudging were observed to see

the performance of it on polymer nanocomposites mixed in ink. The final product were characterized by UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy to see the

presence of individual component of nanocomposites. It was found that the solution with polymer nanocomposites shows, improved in the physical

properties with variation of 2% with respect to ink solution. Finally the biological activities were performed to see the effect of it on the ink solution.

Keywords: Copper oxide nanoparticles, Inkjet Ink, Nanoclay, Polyacrylamide, Survismeter.

Received : 28/1/2017 Published online : 5/4/2017

1. Introduction

Ink occupy an integral and versatile position in our daily life. On the basis of

different types and uses, researchers defined ink in various ways but in simplest

description, ink is a liquid or semi-liquid material used for writing, printing, or

drawing. In the chemist’s point of view, the ink is a colloidal system of fine

pigments particles which are dispersed in a solvent [1]. There are mainly four

elements of ink i.e. colorant, vehicle, solvent, and additives [2]. The first man

made ink dates back to 4,500 years in Egypt, which consisted of a mixture of

animal or vegetable charcoal (lampblack) and glue [3, 4].

On the basis of colorant, the ink is basically divided in two parts i.e. dye based

ink and pigment based ink. Some of the printing inks are; Quick-Set Ink, Heat-

Set Ink, Moisture-Set Ink, Radiation-Curing Ink, High-Gloss Ink, Metallic Ink,

Magnetic Ink, Fluorescents Ink, and Scuff-Resistant Ink [5].

In solvent-borne inks, the main polymers are based on nitrocellulose but in water-

borne ink the main polymers are based on polyacrylates. Many of the

homopolymers or copolymers of polyacrylates were widely used in water-borne

inks such as polyurethanes, polyacrylamide and polyesters are useful in imparting

specific properties of inks. Some properties of inks such as glossy or hardness is

also adjust by polymers. The final properties of inks are depends on the reactivity

of ink components with polymers. For e.g. the applicability and colour strength

of ink is affected when polymer-surfactants interaction detract from fine

properties such as dispersion stability [6-8].

Nanoclay is used to improve the ink properties such as avoiding pigment

sedimentation, to provide good colour distribution, to obtained desired film

thickness, reduction in misting, etc. [9]. The nanoparticles are Au, Ag, Cu, TiO2,

Fe3O4 etc. which were used to improve various properties of inkjet ink. Gold,

silver and Magnetic nanoparticles can be easily screen printed on to various type

of paper with the nanoparticles being so small that they seep into the paper’s pores

[10, 11].

So, in the present research work, an attempt were made to synthesis polymer

nanocomposites of PAM/ Nanoclay/ CuO nanoparticles and were treated with

Inkjet printer ink cyan, magenta and yellow to see the effect on density, viscosity,

surface tension, drying, smudging and antibacterial activity.

2 Experimental Details

2.1 MATERIALS USED

Acrylamide was purchased from Alfa Aesar, Germany. BPO, Ceric Ammonium

Nitrate, HNO3, HCl and Glacial acetic acid were obtained from Merck India.

Acetone and NaOH were obtained from Fisher Scientific, India. Ethanol was

purchased from Changshu Yangyuan Chemical, China. Double distilled water

was purchased from Veb Research Laboratory, India. Cupric acetate was obtained

from S. D. Fine-Chem. Ltd. India. Nanoclay (alkyl quaternary ammonium

bentonite) was requested from Esan Eczacıbaşı Endüstriyel Hammaddeler San.

Ve Tic. A. Ş. Istanbul, Turkey. nkjet ink was obtained from Pro-Dot, Datalink

Industrial Corporation, India. Desmat Glossy Paper was obtained from, Rational

Business Corporation Pvt. Ltd., India. All chemicals and materials are used as

they received and stored in a cool place.

2.2 CHARACTERIZATION

2.2.1 Density

The density of ink was calculated at t0C by density bottle using

the following expression [12],

𝜌 = 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟× 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡0𝐶

2.2.2 Viscosity

The ink viscosity was measured by survismeter, which is patented instrument for

viscosity, surface tension and interfacial tension measurements and invented by

Prof. Man Singh [13], and calculated from the conventional formula-

ղ = (ρt

ρrtr

) ղ r

Where η and ηr are the viscosities, t and tr are the flow times, and ρ and ρr are the

densities of the measured and reference liquids at the given temperature,

respectively.

2.2.3 Surface Tension

The ink surface tension were also measured by the same Survismeter and surface

tension coefficient is calculated using the standard formula.

𝛾 = (𝜂𝑟 𝜌

𝜂𝜌𝑟

) 𝛾𝑟

Where, γ, γr = surface tension of sample and reference, η, ηr = number of drops

of sample and reference, ρ, ρr = density of sample and reference [13].

2.2.4 Drying

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113

The test was performed on Desmat Glossy Paper at temperature 250 C. In this test,

the pattern of prepared ink samples were marked on glossy paper with the help of

drawing brush and the drying time was noted with the help of stopwatch.

2.2.5 Smudging

The test was performed on Desmat Glossy Paper at temperature 250 C. In this test,

the pattern of prepared ink samples were marked on glossy paper with the help of

drawing brush and smudged the ink with the help of hand thumb after interval of

3 sec.

2.2.6 UV-Vis Spectroscopy

UV-Vis. absorption spectra of polymer nanocomposite mixed ink samples were

obtained using a LABINDIA 3000+ Double beam spectrophotometer. The scan

range was from 300.00 to 1100.00 nm.

2.2.7 FTIR Spectroscopy

The FTIR spectra of ink samples were obtained by the instrument Bruker Alfa

FT-IR/FT-IR (ATR Mode) with ZnSe crystal.

2.2.8 Antimicrobial Test

The antimicrobial activity of the polymer nanocomposites modified ink was

tested against E. coli bacteria using by disc diffusion method. Nutrient agar plates

were prepared, sterilized and solidified. After solidification, bacterial cultures

were swabbed on the Petridish. The pure CuO nanoparticles, pure magenta, cyan,

yellow ink and the sample code PNCM6, PNCC9 and PNCY9 were placed in the

E. coli bacterial cultured nutrient agar plate and kept for incubation at 37 0C for

24 hrs. to see the effect of polymer nanocomposites modified ink against bacteria.

2.3 SYNTHESIS

2.3.1 Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles of CuO were prepared by previously reported Sol-Gel method [14].

0.2 M cupric acetate solution was taken in a cleaned round bottom flask. 1 ml of

glacial acetic acid was added to above aqueous solution and heated at 1000C with

constant stirring on magnetic stirrer. Solution of 8 M NaOH was added drop wise

to above solution and heated till pH 7 is obtained and the colour of solution

immediately changed from blue to black. The large amount of black precipitate

of CuO nanoparticles were formed immediately which was collected. The

precipitate was centrifuged and washed 3-4 times with deionized water and dried

in air for 24 h.

2.3.2 Preparation of PAM/Nanoclay/CuO Nanocomposites

The solution of nanoclay was added drop wise in aqueous solution of acrylamide.

Both initiator BPO and appropriate solution of ceric ammonium nitrate in 1N

nitric acid (HNO3) were added and heated at 700C with continuous stirring to

complete polymerization. After 30 min, the sonicated CuO nanoparticles were

carefully and slowly mixed in this polymerized solution. The prepared polymer

nanocomposite was vigorously stirred for 4-5 hours to from viscous solution. The

solution was taken in petridish and precipitated in access of acetone in acidic

medium. This synthetic process was repeated for the variation studies of nanoclay

and nanoparticles, which was provide in table 1.

Table 1 Mixing Concentration of AAm/CuO/Nanoclay

Sample Code Acrylamide (AAm) (gm.) Nanoclay (gm.) CuO (gm.)

PNC 2 0.0 0.0

PNC51 2 0.1 0.02

PNC52 2 0.1 0.04

PNC54 2 0.1 0.08

PNC101 2 0.2 0.02

PNC102 2 0.2 0.04

PNC104 2 0.2 0.08

PNC201 2 0.4 0.02

PNC202 2 0.4 0.04

PNC204 2 0.4 0.08

The synthesized polymer nanocomposites were applied in ink and examined for

various parameters of ink.

2.3.3 Preparation of Ink samples with Polymer Nanocomposites

The different sets of ink were prepared by mixing of polymer nanocomposites in

three different main colour CMY ink. The ink samples were prepared by varying

the different concentration of polymer nanocomposites in ink. Each polymer

nanocomposites mixed with ink in variation of 0.5%, 1% and 2% in 30 ml of ink

respectively. The detailed mixing for the formation of final polymer

nanocomposites in inks is shown in table 2.

Table 2 Detail Mixing for the Formation of Final Polymer Nanocomposites in

Ink

Name of

Ink

Code of

Polymer

Nano-

composite

Quantity

of Ink

(ml.)

Quantity of

Polymer

Nano-

composites

(gm.)

Percentage

of Polymer

Nano-

composites

in Ink

Code of

Sample

Magenta

PNC52 30

0.158 0.5% PNCM1

0.316 1.0% PNCM2

0.632 2.0% PNCM3

PNC54 30

0.158 0.5% PNCM4

0.316 1.0% PNCM5

0.632 2.0% PNCM6

Cyan

PNC101 30

0.155 0.5% PNCC1

0.311 1.0% PNCC2

0.622 2.0% PNCC3

PNC102 30

0.155 0.5% PNCC4

0.311 1.0% PNCC5

0.622 2.0% PNCC6

PNC104 30

0.155 0.5% PNCC7

0.311 1.0% PNCC8

0.622 2.0% PNCC9

Yellow

PNC201 30

0.156 0.5% PNCY1

0.313 1.0% PNCY2

0.626 2.0% PNCY3

PNC202 30

0.156 0.5% PNCY4

0.313 1.0% PNCY5

0.626 2.0% PNCY6

PNC204 30

0.156 0.5% PNCY7

0.313 1.0% PNCY8

0.626 2.0% PNCY9

The properties of prepared ink samples were studied on the basis of following

physical parameters such as; Density, viscosity, surface tension, drying,

smudging.

3 Results and Discussions

3.1 Effect of Polymer Nanocomposites on Density of Ink

Density has traditionally been used as the primary means to control the printing

process. It has been widely held that it correlates well with the amount of colorant

that is put on the paper over a limited range of ink film thicknesses [15]. After

adding synthesized polymer nanocomposites in inks, the minor difference was

observed in density of mixed polymer nanocomposites inks and pure inks, and it

was observed that, the density was increased as comparison to the pure ink. The

data of density was given in the table 3. After adding polymer nanocomposites in

ink, the different graphs of density data were observed with different variations.

Graphical representation of magenta ink in figure 1 shows that, the density of pure




114

magenta ink was 1.053. After adding the polymer nanocomposites PNC52 and

PNC54 in the variation of 0.5%, 1% and 2% with respect to the ink, it was

observed that the density increases for each variation as compare to that of pure

ink. It was observed that in all the samples, the density got increases at every

steps.

Table 3 Experimental Density Data of Ink Samples

Colour of Ink

Density of Pure Ink (gm./cm3)

Sample Code

% of Polymer Nanocomposites in Ink

Density of Ink mixed with PNCs (gm./cm3)

Magenta

1.053

PNC52

0.5 1.055

1 1.059

2 1.066

PNC54

0.5 1.064

1 1.068

2 1.083

Cyan

1.037

PNC101

0.5 1.040

1 1.043

2 1.046

PNC102

0.5 1.076

1 1.083

2 1.095

PNC104

0.5 1.040

1 1.044

2 1.050

Yellow

1.044

PNC201

0.5 1.047

1 1.052

2 1.056

PNC202

0.5 1.050

1 1.058

2 1.063

PNC204

0.5 1.015

1 1.057

2 1.062

Fig. 1 Density Curves of Magenta Ink Samples

Graphical representation of cyan ink in figure 2 shows that, the density of pure

cyan ink was 1.037. After adding the polymer nanocomposites PNC101, PNC102

and PNC104 in the variation of 0.5%, 1% and 2% with respect to the ink, it was

observed that the density of all the samples increased at every step.

Fig. 2 Density Curves of Cyan Ink Samples

Graphical representation of yellow ink in figure 3 shows that, the density of pure

yellow ink was 1.044. After adding the polymer nanocomposites PNC201 and


observed that the density got increases at every steps but after adding polymer

nanocomposite PNC204 in the variation of 0.5%, 1% and 2%, the density

decreased in first step and increased in last two steps.

Fig. 3 Density Curves of Yellow Ink Samples

3.2 Effect of Polymer Nanocomposites on Viscosity of Ink

The viscosity of ink strongly affects, how it behave on the press and is ultimately

transferred to the sheet. The properties of the ink’s viscosity can have several

effects on ink absorption, colour strength and drying [16]. The experimental

viscosity data of ink samples was calculated by using above standard formula and

reported in the table 4.

Table 4 Experimental Viscosity Data of Ink Samples

Colour

of Ink

Viscosity of

Pure Ink

(mPa)

Sample

Code

% of Polymer

Nanocomposites in

Ink

Viscosity of

PNCs in Ink

(mPa)

Magenta 2.450

PNC52

0.5 2.353

1 2.452

2 2.675

PNC54

0.5 2.796

1 3.589

2 4.923

Cyan 2.157

PNC101

0.5 2.174

1 2.483

2 2.976

PNC102 0.5 2.897

1.053

1.055 1.059

1.0661.053

1.0641.068

1.083

1.05

1.06

1.07

1.08

1.09

0 0.5 1 2

Den

sity

% of Polymer Nanocmposite

Density of Magenta ink

PNC52 PNC54

1.037 1.04

1.0431.046

1.037

1.0761.083

1.095

1.037 1.04 1.044 1.05

1.03

1.05

1.07

1.09

1.11

0 0.5 1 2

Den

sity

% of Polymer Nanocomposite

Density of Cyan ink

PNC101 PNC102 PNC104

1.044

1.047 1.0521.056

1.044 1.05

1.058 1.063

1.044

1.015

1.0571.062

1.01

1.03

1.05

1.07

0 0.5 1 2

Den

sity


Density of Yellow ink





115

1 3.269

2 4.176

PNC104

0.5 2.130

1 2.239

2 2.636

Yellow 1.169

PNC201

0.5 1.397

1 1.246

2 1.410

PNC202

0.5 2.319

1 2.541

2 2.807

PNC204

0.5 1.015

1 1.355

2 2.208

After adding polymer nanocomposites in ink, the following graphs of viscosity

data were observed with different variations. Graphical representation of magenta

ink in figure 4 shows that, the viscosity of pure magenta ink was 2.450. After

adding polymer nanocomposite PNC52 in the variation of 0.5%, 1% and 2% with

respect to the ink, it was observed that the viscosity got decreases in first step and

got increases in remaining two steps but After adding the polymer nanocomposite

PNC54 in the variation of 0.5%, 1% and 2%, it was observed that the viscosity

got increases at every steps.

Fig. 4 Viscosity Curve of Magenta Ink Samples

Graphical representation of cyan ink in figure 5 shows that, the viscosity of pure

cyan ink was 2.157. After adding the polymer nanocomposites PNC101 and


observed that the viscosity got increases at every steps but after adding the

polymer nanocompositesPNC104 in the variation of 0.5%, 1% and 2%, it was

observed that the viscosity decreases in variation of first step but in the last two

steps, viscosity got increases as compare to that of pure ink.

Graphical representation of yellow ink in figure 6 shows that, the

viscosity of pure yellow ink was 1.169. After adding the polymer nanocomposites

PNC201 and PNC202 in the variation of 0.5%, 1% and 2% with respect to the

ink, it was observed that the viscosity got increases at every step, but After adding

the polymer nanocomposites PNC204 in the variation of 0.5%, 1% and 2%, it was

observed that the viscosity decreases with variation in first step but got increases

in the last two steps as compare to that of pure ink.

Fig. 5 Viscosity Curve of Cyan Ink Samples

Fig. 6 Viscosity Curves of Yellow Ink Samples

In the all samples, it was observed that, the viscosity of most samples got

increases. This may be beneficial in the ink properties i.e., dot sharpness increase,

etc. This residues the efficiency of cells to carry ink and transfer to substrate.

Controlling the ink viscosity is very important from both quality and economical

point of view [17].

3.3 Effect of Polymer Nanocomposites on Ink Surface Tension

Table 5 Experimental Surface Tension Data of Ink Samples

Colour

of Ink

Surface

Tension of

Pure Ink

(dyne/cm)

Sample

Code

% of Polymer

Nanocomposite

in Ink

Surface

Tension of Ink

Mixed with

PNCs

(dyne/cm)

Magenta 32.574

PNC52

0.5 32.264

1 32.703

2 32.474

PNC54

0.5 32.419

1 30.603

2 27.348

Cyan 30.295

PNC101

0.5 29.176

1 28.982

2 28.643

PNC102 0.5 29.267

2.45

2.353 2.4522.675

2.452.796

3.589

4.923

2

3

4

5

6

0 0.5 1 2

Vis

cosi

ty


Viscosity of Magenta ink

PNC52 PNC54

2.157 2.1742.483

2.976

2.157

2.8973.269

4.176

2.157

2.13 2.239 2.6362

3

4

5

0 0.5 1 2

Vis

cosi

ty


Viscosity of Cyan ink


1.169 1.397

1.246

1.411.169

2.3192.541

2.807

1.169

1.015

1.3552.208

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 0.5 1 2

Vis

cosi

ty

% of Polymer Nanocomposites

Viscosity of Yellow ink





116

1 29.136

2 29.099

PNC104

0.5 30.786

1 29.843

2 28.074

Yellow 37.859

PNC201

0.5 37.847

1 37.999

2 37.411

PNC202

0.5 29.639

1 29.943

2 30.005

PNC204

0.5 38.426

1 36.328

2 35.958

Surface tension is an important physical property of inks, which was determining

ink meniscus recovery and drop formation from the print head nozzle. For

example, a low surface tension can result in excessive nozzle faceplate wetting

leading to poor ink ejection, thereby affecting jet reliability. On the other hand a

high surface tension can lead to insufficient faceplate wetting, which may

compromise droplet formation and ejection [18]. The experimental surface

tension data of ink samples was calculate by using above standard formula and

given in the table 5.

After adding polymer nanocomposites in ink, the following graphs of

surface tension data were observed with different variations. Graphical

representation of magenta ink in figure 7 shows that, the surface tension of pure

magenta ink was 32.574. After adding the polymer nanocomposites PNC52 in the

variation of 0.5%, 1% and 2% with respect to the ink, it was observed that the

surface tension increased in case of 1% variation as compare to the pure ink and

again decreased in 2% variation but after adding polymer nanocomposites PNC54

in the variation of 0.5%, 1% and 2%, it was observed that the surface tension

decreased at every step.

Fig. 7 Surface tension Curve of Magenta Ink Samples

Graphical representation of cyan ink in figure 8 shows that, the surface tension of

pure cyan ink was 30.295. After adding the polymer nanocomposites PNC101

and PNC102 in the variation of 0.5%, 1% and 2% with respect to ink, it was

observed that the surface tension decreased at every step, but after adding polymer

nanocomposites PNC104 in the variation of 0.5%, 1% and 2%, the surface tension

increases in case of 0.5% variation and got decreases in remaining two steps.

Fig. 8 Surface tension Curves of Cyan Ink Samples

Graphical representation of yellow ink in figure 9 shows that, the surface tension

of pure yellow ink was 37.859. After adding the polymer nanocomposites

PNC201 in the variation of 0.5%, 1% and 2% with respect to ink, it was observed

that the surface tension got decreases in case of 0.5% and 2% variations and got

increases in case of 1% variation. but after adding polymer nanocomposites

PNC202 in the variation of 0.5%, 1% and 2%, it was observed that the surface

tension got decreases in case of 0.5% variation than increases in remain two steps

but in all steps, the surface tension remains lower as compare to the pure yellow

ink. but at last after adding polymer nanocomposite PNC204 in the variation of

0.5%, 1% and 2%, it was observed that the surface tension increased, but in case

of 0.5% variation which was higher as compare to the pure ink, than decreased in

1% and 2% variations.

Fig. 9 Surface tension Curve of Yellow Ink Samples

3.4 Effect of Polymer Nanocomposites on Drying Properties of Ink

Fig. 10 Presentation of Drying Test

32.57432.264 32.703

32.474

32.574

32.41930.603

27.34827

29

31

33

0 0.5 1 2Surf

ace

Ten

sio

n


Surface Tension of Magenta Ink

PNC52 PNC54

30.295

29.176

28.98228.643

30.295

29.26729.13629.099

30.29530.786

29.843

28.07428

29

30

31

0 0.5 1 2Surf

ace

Ten

sio

n


Surface Tension of Cyan Ink


37.859

37.847

37.99937.411

37.859

29.639

29.94330.005

37.859 38.426

36.328 35.958

29

34

39

0 0.5 1 2Surf

ace

Ten

sio

n


Suraface Tension of Yellow Ink





117

Drying is one of the most important parameter of printing ink. In our study, the

drying test was performed on the Desmat glossy paper which was shown in figure

10. In drying patterns, it was observed that, the pure magenta ink was dries on the

paper in 3 min 6 sec. cyan ink was dries on the paper in 2 min 4 sec. and the pure

yellow ink dries on the paper in 2 min 6 sec. The drying test shows that the

maximum drying time was 10 min 1 sec for sample code PNC102 with variation

of 2% and the minimum drying time was 1 min 5 sec for sample code PNC102

with variation of 1%. Drying time for each ink sample was given in table 6.

Table 6 Experimental Drying Time for Ink Samples

Code of

Sample

Observation

time

Code of Sample Observation

time

PNC52 (0.5%) 2 min 3 sec PNC104 (2%) 3min 8 sec

PNC52 (1%) 2 min 4 sec PNC201 (0.5%) 3 min 8 sec

PNC52 (2%) 2 mint 7 sec PNC201 (1%) 3 min

PNC54 (0.5%) 6 min 5 sec PNC201 (2%) 3 min 6 sec


PNC54 (2%) 4 mint 4 sec PNC202 (1%) 2 min 9 sec

PNC101 (0.5%) 3 min 3 sec PNC202 (2%) 1 min 9sec


PNC101 (2%) 2 min 7 sec PNC204 (1%) 1 min 6 sec

PNC102 (0.5%) 1 min 9 sec PNC204 (2%) 3 min 7 sec

PNC102 (1%) 1 min 5 sec Magenta 3 min 6 sec

PNC102 (2%) 10 min 1 sec Cyan 2 min 4 sec

PNC104 (0.5%) 2 min 4 sec Yellow 2 min 6 sec

PNC104 (1%) 3 min

3.5 Effect of Polymer Nanocomposites on Smudging Properties of Ink

Fig. 11 Presentation of Smudging Test

Smudging is also most important factor of printing ink. The stability of ink on

paper after printing is depends on that, how much ink is stable against smudging.

In our present studies, the smudging test was performed on the Desmat glossy

paper which was shown in figure 11.

From the smudging patterns, it was observed that, the pure magenta ink was

smudge on the paper but pure cyan ink do not smudge on the paper similarly, the

pure yellow ink smudge on the paper.

It was observed in all the samples, the smudging was maximum in 1% variation

of PNC54 sample. The highest smudging may be attributed due to presence of

polymer nanocomposite PNC54 in 2% variation which was found least in the less

smudging samples.Smudging time for each ink sample was given in table 7.

Table 7 Experimental Smudging Time for Each Ink Sample

Code of Sample Observation Code of

Sample

Observation

PNC52 (0.5%) LS PNC104 (2%) S

PNC52 (1%) S PNC201 (0.5%) LS

PNC52 (2%) LS PNC201 (1%) LS

PNC54 (0.5%) LS PNC201 (2%) LS

PNC54 (1%) MS PNC202 (0.5%) NS

PNC54 (2%) S PNC202 (1%) NS

PNC101 (0.5%) NS PNC202 (2%) LS

PNC101 (1%) NS PNC204 (0.5%) LS

PNC101 (2%) LS PNC204 (1%) LS

PNC102 (0.5%) NS PNC204 (2%) S

PNC102 (1%) NS Magenta S

PNC102 (2%) S Cyan LS

PNC104 (0.5%) NS Yellow LS

PNC104 (1%) LS

S = Smudged, LS = Less Smudged, MS = More Smudged, NS = No Smudged

3.6 UV-Vis Spectroscopy of Ink

Data of UV-visible spectroscopy of various ink samples is shown in table 8

Table 8 UV-Visible Data of Various Ink Samples

Sr. No. Sample Code Wavelength (nm) Absorbance

1 PNC201 (0.5%) 429 0.064

2 PNC201 (1%) 427,425 0.059

3 PNC201 (2%) 430 0.065

4 PNC202 (0.5%) 408 0.118




118

5 PNC202 (1%) 410 0.158

6 PNC202 (2%) 408.50 0.132

7 PNC204 (0.5%) 430 0.158

8 PNC204 (1%) 429.50 0.201

9 PNC204 (2%) 430 0.133

10 PNC101 (0.5%) 629 0.104

11 PNC101 (1%) 628.50 0.209

12 PNC101 (2%) 629 0.205

13 PNC102 (0.5%) 627.50 0.129

14 PNC102 (1%) 627.50 0.134

15 PNC102 (2%) 627.50 0.375

16 PNC104 (0.5%) 629 0.406

17 PNC104 (1%) 629 0.220

18 PNC104 (2%) 629 0.211

19 PNC52 (0.5%) 562 0.146

20 PNC52 (1%) 562 0.247

21 PNC52 (2%) 562 0.205

22 PNC54 (0.5%) 561.50 0.163

23 PNC54 (1%) 561.50 0.144

24 PNC54 (2%) 562 0.049

25 Yellow Pure 430 0.109

26 Cyan Pure 629 0.252

27 Magenta Pure 562 0.075

Fig. 12 UV Spectrum of All Ink Samples

Fig. 13 UV Spectrum of 0.5% Variation of PNC104

Fig. 14 UV Spectrum of 1% Variation of PNC201

It was observed from table 8 and UV spectrums (figure 12) that, the highest

absorption is seen in 0.5% variation of PNC104 in figure 13 and lowest in 1%

variation of PNC201 in figure 14, which may be due to the contribution of

polyacrylamide/nanoclay/CuO nanocomposite. The shift towards higher

wavelength was seen in different variations of PNC101, PNC104 was due to the

cyan ink, which absorb at higher wavelength. The spectra also shows that the UV-

visible absorbance is due to the contributory effects of all the components not by

the individual components.

3.7 FTIR Spectroscopy

In most of our samples studied, the following FTIR data is seen, which is shown

in the table 9.

Table 9 FTIR Data of Prepared Ink Samples

Wavenumber (cm-1) Molecular motion

3277 N-H sym. str

2913 C-H asym. str

2854 C-H str.

1743 Carbonyl group

1547 N-H bending




119

1461 C-H bending

1424 CH Aliphatic chain

1326 CH Aliphatic chain

1156 C-C Aliphatic chain

1102 C-C Aliphatic chain

It was observed from FTIR data of prepared ink samples that, the

absorption bands at 3277 and 1547 cm-1 were due to symmetrical stretching of

NH2. Absorption bands at 2913 and 1461 cm-1 were observed due to symmetric

stretching of CH2. Absorption bands at 2854, 1424 and 1326 cm-1 were observed

due to stretching of CH. The presence of absorption band at 1743 cm-1 confirmed

the C=O group in ink samples. Absorption bands at 1156 and 1102 cm-1 were

observed due to C-C bending. The presence of these absorption bands in ink

samples confirm the presence of polyacrylamide nanocomposites. The observed

FTIR data of polyacrylamide was closely related to the observed data of Freddi

[19].

Fig. 15 FTIR Spectra of 1% PNC201

3.8 Antimicrobial Activity of Ink Polymer Nanocomposites

Fig. 16 Presentation of Antimicrobial Test, (a) On First Day, (b) After 48 Hrs

Printing paper are prone to microbial attacks, so to see the effect of antibacterial,

the in-vitro anti-bacterial screening of samples of Ink were tested against bacteria

E.coli. The result exhibit that the bacterial culture has least effect on the ink

samples and CuO nanoparticles which was confirmed from figure 16.

4 Conclusion

In the present research work, nanocomposites of polyacrylamide, nanoclay and

CuO nanoparticles have been prepared by solution mixing technique in different

loadings of nanoclay and CuO nanoparticles. For the nanocomposites, CuO

nanoparticles were synthesized from cupric acetate by using sol-gel method. The

synthesized polymer nanocomposites were applied to enhance the properties of

inkjet ink. Polymer nanocomposites were mixed in inkjet ink in different

variations i.e. 0.5%, 1% and 2% with respect to ink and fluid physical properties

of ink such as density, viscosity, surface tension, drying, smudging etc. were

studied. In present study, after adding the polymer nanocomposites in ink it was

observed in most of the samples that, the density of ink was slightly increased.

Viscosity is also important parameter of ink. High viscosity of ink increases dot

sharpness and sometimes causes the ink to dry inside the cell, resulting in cell

clogging. Low viscous ink took more time in drying and flow on substrate while

viscous ink got dried in less time, did not flow on substrate and gives better print

quality.We observed in most of the samples that, viscosity of ink increased which

might improve the print quality and also improve the flow properties of ink in

printing. After adding the polymer nanocomposites in ink samples, it was

observed in most of the samples that, the surface tension of ink was slightly

decreased. Due this slightly decreased surface tension, the printing of ink may be

smoother and the clotting of nozzles of print cartridge may be reduce. The low

surface tension will also improve the flow properties of ink on substrate. During

using of ink material, ink drying and smudging are also considered to be a very

important function. After the ink has been applied to the surface to be printed, it

must bind there to ensure it stays. After mixing the polymer nanocomposites in

ink, it have seen that these properties were improved. The UV-Vis spectra result

shows that polymer nanocomposites mixed with ink samples absorbed mostly in

the visible region. The FTIR results of polymer nanocomposites mixed ink

samples shows that, the polyacrylamide polymer nanocomposites were present in

all ink samples. The results of in-vitro anti-bacterial screening of ink samples and

CuO nanoparticles against bacteria E. coli exhibited that, the bacterial culture has

least effect on the ink samples and CuO nanoparticles.

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge Department of Chemistry, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

University, Agra, India for providing facilities to conduct this research work. We

are highly thankful to Prof. Man Singh, Department of Chemistry, Central

University of Gujarat for providing us Survismeter to our Department. We also

wish to acknowledge DST-FIST, India for providing FTIR and UV-Visible

Spectroscopy to the Department through which we performed our analysis.

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