schaefer13e_ppt_ch003

7/23/2019 schaefer13e_ppt_ch003

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2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserve.

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Richard T. Schaefer


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Culture

What Is Culture?

Development of Culture Around the World

Culture Variation Role of Language

Norms and Values

Global Culture War

Case tud!" Culture at Walmart o#ial $oli#! and Culture" %ilingualism

3


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&o' basi# is the stud!

of #ulture to so#iolog!?

A Loo( Ahead

What general #ultural pra#ti#es are foundin all so#ieties and the 'ide variations

that distinguish one so#iet! from another?

What are the ma)or aspe#ts of #ulture? &o' do #ultures develop a dominant

ideolog!* and ho' do fun#tionalists

and #onfli#t theorists vie' #ulture?


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Culture and o#iet!

Culture" +otalit! of learned*

so#iall! transmitted #ustoms*

(no'ledge* materialob)e#ts* and behavior

, Culture in#ludes

ideas* values*#ustoms* and

artifa#ts of

groups of people


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Culture and o#iet!

Society" Large number of people 'ho live

in same territor!* 'ho are relativel!

independent of people outside that area*and 'ho parti#ipate in a #ommon #ulture

, Common #ulture simplifies

da!-to-da! intera#tions,Adorno" 'orld'ide cultureindustry.standardi/ed goodsand servi#es demanded b!

#onsumers0 limits people1s #hoi#es


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Culture and o#iet!

Cultural Universals" #ommon

pra#ti#es and beliefs among all so#ieties

, 2an! #ultural universals adaptationsto meet essential human needs

, 2anner in 'hi#h the! are e3pressed

varies from #ulture to #ulture


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4thno#entrism and

Cultural RelativismEthnocentrism" +enden#! to

assume that one1s o'n #ulture

and 'a! of life represents thenorm or is superior to others

Culturalrelativism"

$eople1s behaviorsfrom the perspe#tive

of their o'n #ulture


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5igure 6-7" Countries 'ith&igh Child 2arriage Rates

!o"rce" 8NIC45 79:9;

#ote" Data are the most re#ent available* ranging from : to 799;

In 7: #ountries* @9 per#ent or more of the 'omen under := are married;


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o#iobiolog! and Culture

Sociobioloy" !stemati# stud! of ho'

biolog! affe#ts human so#ial behavior

, 5ounded on

Dar'in1s theor!

of evolution

, o#iobiologistsassert that man!

#ultural traits rooted

in geneti# ma(eup


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o#iobiolog! and Culture

o#iobiologists fo#us on ho' human

nature is affe#ted b! the geneti#

#omposition of a group of people'ho share #ertain #hara#teristi#s

, o#ial s#ientists 'ould agree that a

biologi#al basis for so#ial behavior e3ists*but there is less support for e3treme

positions of some so#iobiologists


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o#iolog! inthe Global Communit!

6;:" Cultural Geno#ide

, Can !ou imagine being ta(en

from !our parents1 home b! agovernment agent and moved to a

different famil! 'ith a different #ulture?

, What might be the long-term#onseuen#es of Ameri#an Indian

#hildren1s removal from their families*

besides the destru#tion of their #ulture?


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Development of Culturearound the World

"nnovation" pro#ess of introdu#ing

a ne' idea or ob)e#t to a #ulture

, #iscovery" 2a(ing (no'n or sharing

e3isten#e of an aspe#t of realit!

, "nvention" 43isting #ultural items

#ombined into form that did not e3ist before


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Globali/ation* Diffusion*and +e#hnolog!

#i$$usion" $ro#ess b! 'hi#h #ultural

item spreads from group to group

, 2#Donaldi/ation" $ro#ess through

'hi#h prin#iples of fast-food industr!

dominate #ertain se#tors of so#iet!

, %echnoloy" Cultural informationabout ho' to use material resour#es

of the environment to satisf! human

needs and desires .Nolan and Lens(i0


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&aterialculture"

$h!si#al or

te#hnologi#alaspe#ts of

dail! lives


, 5ood items, &ouses, 5a#tories, Ra' materials

, Customs, %eliefs, $hilosophies, Governments, $atterns

of #ommuni#ation

'onmaterialculture"

Wa!s of using material

ob)e#ts as 'ell as"


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Culturela" $eriod of malad)ustment

'hen nonmaterial #ulture struggles to

adapt to ne' material #onditions


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6;7" Life in the Global Village

, &o' are !ou affe#ted b! globali/ation?

Whi#h aspe#ts of globali/ationdo !ou find advantageous

and 'hi#h ob)e#tionable?

,&o' 'ould !ou feel if the #ustomsand traditions !ou gre' up 'ith

'ere repla#ed b! the #ulture

or values of another #ountr!?


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6;6" Cultural urvival in %ra/il

, Compare the frontier in %ra/il

toda! to the Ameri#an West in the:=99s; What similarities do !ou see?

, What does so#iet! lose 'hen

indigenous #ultures die?


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Cultural Variation

Subculture" egment of so#iet!

that shares distin#tive pattern

of mores* fol('a!s* and valuesthat differs from larger so#iet!

(rot" pe#iali/ed languagethat distinguishes a sub#ulture

from the 'ider so#iet!


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Cultural Variation

Counter#ulture" ub#ulture that

#onspi#uousl! and deliberatel! opposes

#ertain aspe#ts of the larger #ulture

Culture sho#(" 5eeling disoriented*

un#ertain* out of pla#e* or fearful'hen immersed in an unfamiliar #ulture


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Language" Written and po(en

)anuae" Abstra#t s!stem of

'ord meanings and s!mbols for

all aspe#ts of #ulture, Sa*ir+,hor$ -y*othesis

Language pre#edes thought

Language is #ulturall! determined Language #an shape ho' 'e

see* taste* smell* feel* and hear


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Nonverbal Communi#ation

Nonverbal #ommuni#ation" 8se of

gestures* fa#ial e3pressions* and

other visual images to #ommuni#ate

, Learned

, Differs b! #ultures

, Symbols" gestures*

ob)e#ts* and 'ords

that form basis of

human #ommuni#ation

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, .ormalnorms"Generall! 'rittenBspe#if! stri#t punishments, )a/" government

so#ial #ontrol

, "n$ormalnorms"Generall! understood butnot pre#isel! re#orded

Norms and Values

'orms" 4stablished standards of

behavior maintained b! a so#iet!

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.ol0/ays" Norms

governing ever!da! behavior, $la! important role in shaping dail!

behavior of members of a #ulture, In man! so#ieties* fol('a!s e3ist to

reinfor#e patterns of male dominan#e

+!pes of Norms

&ores" Norms deemed highl!

ne#essar! to the 'elfare of a so#iet!

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, %ehavior that appears to violateso#iet!1s norms ma! representadheren#e to another group1s norms

, Norms ma! be violated be#ausethe! #onfli#t 'ith other norms

,A##eptan#e of norms is sub)e#t to #hange

A##eptan#e of Norms

$eople do not follo'

norms in all situations

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an#tions

Sanctions" $enalties and re'ards

for #ondu#t #on#erning so#ial norm

, an#tions asso#iated 'ith

formal norms .'ritten do'n and

#odified0 tend to be formal as 'ell

, Norms and san#tions in a #ulturerefle#ts that #ulture1s values and priorities

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+able 6-:" Norms and an#tions

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Values

Cultural values" Colle#tive #on#eptions

of 'hat is good* desirable* and proper ,

or bad* undesirable* and improper

Influen#e people1s behavior

Criteria for evaluating a#tions of others

Values ma! #hange

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5igure 6-@" Life Goals of 5irst-ear Collegetudents in the 8nited tates* :* 79:9;

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o#iolog! on Campus

6;@" A Culture of Cheating?

, Do !ou (no' an!one 'ho has

engaged in Internet plagiarism?What about #heating on tests or

falsif!ing laborator! results?

, 4ven if #heaters are not #aught* 'hat

negative effe#t does their a#ademi#

dishonest! have on them; What

effe#ts does it have on honest students?

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Global Culture War

Culture /ar" $olari/ation of so#iet!

over #ontroversial #ultural elements

In :


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Culture and theDominant Ideolog!

#ominant ideoloy" et of

#ultural beliefs and pra#ti#es

that help maintain po'erfulinterests* in#luding"

, o#ial interests

, 4#onomi# interests, $oliti#al interests

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5igure 6-6" +orture Values b! Countr!

our#e" World $ubli# Epinion 799=;

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+able 6-7" o#iologi#al $erspe#tives on Culture

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Case tud!" Culture at Walmart

Walmart largest #orporation in the 'orld

, Feep pri#es lo' through lo'

'ages and fe' health #are benefits,Reported la#( of #ommitment

to eual opportunit!

, 8;; #onsumers embra#e lo' pri#es,Walmart learning not to impose

its #orporate #ulture on

foreign #ustomers and emplo!ees

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%ilingualism

Loo(ing at the Issue

, ilinualism" 8se of t'o or more

languages in a parti#ular setting, %ilingual edu#ation ma! instru#t #hildren in

their native language 'hile graduall!

introdu#ing the language of host so#iet!

, Diffi#ult to determine if these

programs help #hildren learn 4nglish

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%ilingualism

Appl!ing o#iolog!

, 5un#tionalist vie' that language serves to

unif! members of a so#iet!, Confli#t theorists believe subordinated

language represents minorities see(ing

opportunities for self-e3pression

, $eople began to vie'

bilingualism as an asset

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%ilingualism

Initiating $oli#!

, %ilingualism has poli#! impli#ations in

efforts to maintain language purit! andprograms to enhan#e bilingual edu#ation

, Nations var! dramati#all! in toleran#e

$ubli# #on#ern over potentialde#line in use of 4nglish overblo'n

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5igure 6-" $er#entage of $eople Whopea( a Language Ether than 4nglish at &ome* b! tate

#ote" Data dra'n from the 799< Ameri#an Communit! urve! of

people five !ears and over; National average 'as 79;9 per#ent;

!o"rce" Ameri#an Communit! urve! 79:9" +able R:9:;

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6;7" Cultural urvival in %ra/il

, &o' do !ou thin( the frontier of %ra/il

toda! #ompares to the Ameri#anWest in the :=99s?

, What does so#iet! lose 'hen

indigenous #ultures die?

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