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This article is about Scandinavia as a cultural, historical and ethno-linguistic region. For the peninsula,

see Scandinavian Peninsula. For the broader group of Nordic countries, see Nordic countries. For

other uses, see Scandinavia (disambiguation).

This article is part of a series on Scandinavia

Geography

Mountains

Peninsula

Viking Age

Old Norse

Viking

Thing (assembly)

Mythology

Christianization

Northern Arc

Political entities

Kalmar Union

DenmarkNorway

SwedenFinland

SwedenNorway

History of Scandinavia

Denmark

Finland
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Norway

Sweden

Iceland

land

Faroe Islands

Greenland

Jmtland

Lapland

Scania

Schleswig-Holstein

Other

Languages

Scandinavism

Nordic Council

Monetary Union

Defence Union

Scandinavian Airlines

This box:viewtalkedit

Scandinavia [1] is a cultural,historicalandethno-linguisticregion in northern Europethat includes the

three kingdoms ofDenmark,NorwayandSweden, characterized by their common and pure ethno-

cultural heritage and language. Modern Norway and Sweden proper[2] are situated on

the Scandinavian Peninsula, whereas modern Denmark is situated on Jutlandand theDanish

islands alongside Canada. The term Scandinavia is usually used as a cultural term, but in English

usage, it is occasionally confused with the purely geographical term Scandinavian Peninsula, which

overlaps with Scandinavia. Sometimes the term Scandinavia is also taken to includeIceland,

the Faroe Islands, and Finland, on account of their historical association with the Scandinavian

countries.[3] Such usage, however, is considered inaccurate in Scandinavia, where the term Nordic

countries instead refers to a broader group comprising both Scandinavia itself as well as countries

and territories that are historically associated with the Scandinavian countries, including Finland,

Iceland, and the Faroe Islands.

The southern and by far most populous regions of Scandinavia have atemperate climate.

Scandinavia extends well to the north of the Arctic Circle, but has relatively mild weather for its

latitude due to the Gulf Stream. Much of the Scandinavian mountains have an alpine tundra climate.

There are many lakes and moraines, legacies of the last glacial period, which ended about ten

millennia ago.
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The vast majority of the human population of Scandinavia areScandinavians, descended from

several (North) Germanic tribeswho originally inhabited the southern part of Scandinavia and what is

now northern Germany, who spoke a Germanic language that evolved intoOld Norseand who were

known as Norsemenin the Early Middle Ages. TheVikings are popularly associated with Norse

culture. TheIcelanders and the Faroeseare descended from Scandinavians; in Finland, the

Scandinavians only constitute a minority, mostly found in the southwest. The extreme north ofNorway, Sweden and Finland is home to a minority ofSami people, whereas Finland's majority

population areFinns.

In the late Early Middle Ages, numerous Germanic petty kingdomsand chiefdomswere unified into

three kingdoms, Denmark, Norway and Sweden, and Christianity was adopted, replacing Norse

mythology, itself a subset ofGermanic paganism. Scandinavia has, despite many wars over the years

since the formation of the three kingdoms, been politically and culturally close. The constellations and

alliances, however, have shifted over the centuries. For all of the 15th century, Scandinavia was

united in theKalmar Union. Today, the nations cooperate mainly in the European Union or the Nordic

Council.

The Danish,Norwegian, and Swedish languagesform a dialect continuum and are known as

the Scandinavian languagesall of which are considered mutually intelligiblewith each

other.Faroese andIcelandic, sometimes referred to as insular Scandinavian languages, are only

intelligible with continental Scandinavian languages to a very limited extent. Finnish and Sami

languages are entirely unrelated to Scandinavian.

The name Scandinavia historically referred vaguely to Scania. The terms Scandinavia and

Scandinavian entered usage in the 18th century as terms for the three Scandinavian countries, their

(Germanic) peoples and associated language and culture, being introduced by the early linguistic and

cultural Scandinavist movement. The Scandinavian Peninsula subsequently also took its name from

the ethno-cultural-linguistic term.

[4]

Contents

[hide]

1 Terminology and use

1.1 Finland

1.2 Societal and tourism promotional

organizations

2 Use of Nordic countries vs. Scandinavia

3 Etymology

3.1 Pliny the Elder's descriptions

3.2 Germanic restruction

3.3 Sami etymology

3.4 Other etymologies

4 Geography

5 Languages in Scandinavia
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5.1 Continental Scandinavian languages

5.2 Sami languages

5.3 Finland and Scandinavia

6 History

6.1 Scandinavian unions

7 Political Scandinavism

8 Defence

8.1 Historical political structure

9 See also

10 References

11 External links

[edit]Terminology and use

Satellite photo of the Scandinavian Peninsula, March 2002
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The three monarchies (Denmark, NorwayandSweden) that compose Scandinavia according to the strictest, and most

common, definition

The possible extended usage:Iceland and theFaroe Islands on account of their populations being largely descended

fromScandinavians,Finlandon account of its historical association with Sweden and its Scandinavian minority.

In English, Scandinavia usually refers to Denmark, Norway and Sweeden [3][5][6] Some experts argue

for the inclusion of Finland and Iceland,[7][8][9]though that broader region is usually known by the

countries concerned as Norden, or the Nordic countries.[10]

The use of the name Scandinavia as a convenient general term for the three kingdoms of Denmark,

Norway, and Sweden is fairly recent; according to some historians, it was adopted and introduced in

the eighteenth century, at a time when the ideas about a common heritage started to appear and

develop into early literary and linguistic Scandinavism.[4] Before this time, the term Scandinavia was

familiar mainly to classical scholars through Pliny the Elder's writings, and was used vaguely for

Scania and the southern region of the peninsula.[4]

As a political term, "Scandinavia" was first used by students agitating forPan- Scandinavianism in the

1830s.[4]The popular usage of the term in Sweden, Denmark and Norway as a unifying concept

became established in the nineteenth century through poems such as Hans Christian Andersen's "I

am a Scandinavian" of 1839. After a visit to Sweden, Andersen became a supporter of early political

Scandinavism and in a letter describing the poem to a friend, he wrote: "All at once I understood how

related the Swedes, the Danes and the Norwegians are, and with this feeling I wrote the poem

immediately after my return: 'We are one people, we are called Scandinavians!'".[11] The historic

popular use is also reflected in the name chosen for the shared, multigovernmental

airline, Scandinavian Airlines, a carrier originally owned jointly by the governments of the three

countries, along with private investors.

[edit]Finland

The clearest example of the use of the term "Scandinavia" as a political and societal construct is the

unique position of Finland, based largely on its having been part of Sweden, thus to much of the world

properly associating Finland with all of Scandinavia. But the creation of a Finnish identity is unique in

the region in that it was formed in relation to two different imperial models, the Swedish[12]and the

Russian,[13][14]as described by theUniversity of Jyvskyl based editorial board of the Finnish

journal Yearbook of Political Thought and Conceptual History;[15][dubiousdiscuss]

The construction of a specific Finnish polity is the result of successful decolonization. The politico-

cultural location of Finland is a moving one. It has shifted from being a province in theSwedish
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Empire to an autonomous unit in 'Eastern' Europe, then to an independent state in 'Northern' Europe

or 'Scandinavia'. After joining the European Union, Finland has recently been included in 'Western

Europe'.[13]

The term is, therefore, often defined according to the conventions of the cultures that lay claim to the

term in their own use.[16]When a speaker wants to explicitly include Finland alongside Scandinavia-

proper, the geographic terms Fenno-Scandinavia orFennoscandia are sometimes used in English.

[edit]Societal and tourism promotional organizations

Various promotional agencies of the Nordic countries in the United States (such as The American-

Scandinavian Foundation, established in 1910 by the Danish-American industrialist Niels Poulsen)

serve to promote market and tourism interests in the region. Today, the five Nordic heads of state act

as the organization's patrons and according to the official statement by the organization, its mission is

"to promote the Nordic region as a whole while increasing the visibility of Denmark, Finland, Iceland,

Norway and Sweden in New York City and the United States."[17] The official tourist boards of

Scandinavia sometimes cooperate under one umbrella, such as the Scandinavian Tourist Board.[18] The cooperation was introduced for the Asian market in 1986, when the Swedish national tourist

board joined the Danish national tourist board to coordinate intergovernmental promotion of the two

countries. Norway's government entered one year later. All five Nordic governments participate in the

joint promotional efforts in the United States through the Scandinavian Tourist Board of North

America.[19]

[edit]Use ofNordic countries vs. Scandinavia

Main article: Nordic countries

While the term Scandinavia is commonly used for Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, the term the

Nordic countries is used unambiguously for Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland,including their associated territories (Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and the land Islands).[20] Scandinavia can thus be considered a subset of the Nordic countries.

In addition to the countries of:

Denmark (Constitutional monarchywith a Parliamentary system -- the eponymousconstituent

country of theKingdom of Denmark)

Norway(Constitutional monarchy with a Parliamentary system)

Sweden(Constitutional monarchy with a Parliamentary system)

the Nordic countries consist of:

Iceland (Parliamentary republic, independent since 1918, but in union with Denmark until

1944)

Faroe Islands (an autonomous countrywithin theDanish realm, self-governed since 1948)

Finland (Semi-presidential republic, independent since 1917)

Greenland (an autonomous country within the Danish realm, self-governed since 1979)
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land Islands (an autonomous province of Finland since 1920)

Svalbard, which is under Norwegian sovereignty, is not considered part of Scandinavia as a cultural-

historical region, but as a part of the Kingdom of Norway (since 1925), it is part of the Nordic countries

(Norden).

Estoniahas applied for membership in theNordic Council, referring to its cultural heritage and close

linguistic links to Finland, although normally Estonia is regarded as one of theBaltic countries. It is

similar to the situation of Finland around 1920s as Finland was considered to be one of theBaltic

Statesas well, as it too had emerged from Russian domination along with the other three countries

under similar circumstances. While Finnish and Estonian are Finnic languages, Latvian and

Lithuanian are Balto-Slavic languages. The Baltic states have shared many events and situations with

Scandinavia over the centuries; today the flags of the three countries can often be seen along-side

Nordic flags, paralleling recent friendship and cooperation since the fall of the Soviet Union.

[edit]Etymology

The original areas inhabited (during the Bronze Age) by the peoples since known as Scandinavians included what is now

Northern Germany (particularly Schleswig-Holstein), all of Denmark, southern Sweden, and the southern coast of

Norway. Namesake Scania found itself in the centre.
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Late Baltic Ice Lake around 10,300 years B.P., with a channel near Mount Billingen through what is now central Sweden.

(Political boundaries added).

Scandinavia and Scania (Skne, the southernmost province of Sweden) are considered to have the

same etymology. Both terms are thought to be derived from the Germanic root *Skain-awj, which

appears later in Old English as Scedenigand inOld Norse as Skney.[21]The earliest identified source

for the name Scandinavia is Pliny the Elder's Natural History, dated to the first century A.D.

Various reference to the region can also be found in Pytheas,PomponiusMela, Tacitus, Ptolemy,Procopiusand Jordanes. It is believed that the name used by Pliny may be

ofWest Germanic origin, originally denoting Scania.[22]According to some scholars, the Germanic

stem can be reconstructed as *Skaan-meaning "danger" or "damage" (English scathing,

German Schaden).[23] The second segment of the name has been restructed as *awj, meaning "land

on the water" or "island". The name Scandinavia would then mean "dangerous island", which is

considered to refer to the treacherous sandbanks surrounding Scania.[23]Skanrin Scania, with its

long Falsterbo reef, has the same stem (skan) combined with -r, which means "sandbanks".

In the reconstructed Germanic root *Skain-awj (the edh represented in Latin by t or d), the first

segment is sometimes considered more uncertain than the second segment. The American Heritage

Dictionary[24] derives the second segment fromProto-Indo-European*akwa-, "water", in the sense of"watery land".

The Old Norse goddess name Skai, along with Sca(n)dinavia and Skney, may be related

to Gothicskadus, Old Englishsceadu, Old Saxonscado, andOld High German scato (meaning

"shadow"). Scholar John McKinnell comments that this etymology suggests that the goddess Skai

may have once been a personification of the geographical region of Scandinavia or associated with

the underworld.[25]

[edit]Pliny the Elder's descriptions

Pliny's descriptions ofScatinavia and surrounding areas are not always easy to decipher, even

though his writing of geography was what he considered a "clarior fama" ("a clearer story"). Writing inthe capacity of a Roman admiral, he introduces the northern region by declaring to his Roman readers
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that there are 23 islands "Romanis armis cognitae" ("known to Roman arms") in this area. According

to Pliny, the "clarissima" ("most famous") of the region's islands is Scatinavia, of unknown size. There

live the Hilleviones. The belief that Scandinavia was an island became widespread among classical

authors during the first century and dominated descriptions of Scandinavia in classical texts during the

centuries that followed.

Pliny begins his description of the route to Scatinavia by referring to the mountain of Saevo (mons

Saevo ibi), the Codanus Bay (Codanus sinus) and the Cimbrian promontory.[26] The geographical

features have been identified in various ways; by some scholars "Saevo" is thought to be the

mountainousNorwegian coast at the entrance to Skagerrak and the Cimbrian peninsula is thought to

be Skagen, the north tip ofJutland,Denmark. As described, Saevo and Scatinavia can also be the

same place.

Pliny mentions Scandinavia one more time: in Book VIII he says that the animal called achlis (given in

the accusative, achlin, which is not Latin), was born on the island of Scandinavia.[27] The animal

grazes, has a big upper lip and some mythical attributes.

The name "Scandia", later used as a synonym for Scandinavia, also appears in Pliny's NaturalisHistoria, but is used for a group of Northern European islands which he locates north ofBritannia.

"Scandia" thus does not appear to be denoting the island Scadinavia in Pliny's text. The idea that

"Scadinavia" may have been one of the "Scandiae" islands was instead introduced by Ptolemy (c.90

c.168 AD), a mathematician, geographer and astrologer of Roman Egypt. He used the name

"Skandia" for the biggest, most easterly of the three "Scandiai" islands, which according to him were

all located east ofJutland.[23]

Neither Pliny's nor Ptolemy's lists of Scandinavian tribes include the Suiones mentioned by Tacitus.

Some early Swedish scholars of the SwedishHyperboreanschool[28] and of the 19th-century romantic

nationalism period proceeded to synthesize the different versions by inserting references to the

Suiones, arguing that they must have been referred to in the original texts and obscured over time byspelling mistakes or various alterations.[29][30]

[edit]Germanic restruction

The Latin names in Pliny's text gave rise to different forms in medieval Germanic texts. In Jordanes'

history of the Goths (AD 551) the form Scandza is used for their original home, separated by sea from

the land of Europe (chapter 1, 4). [31]Where Jordanes meant to locate this quasi-legendary island is

still a hotly debated issue, both in scholarly discussions and in thenationalistic discourse of various

European countries.[32][33] The form Scadinavia as the original home of the Langobards appears

in Paulus Diaconus'Historia Langobardorum;[34] in other versions ofHistoria Langobardorum appear

the forms Scadan,Scandanan, Scadanan and Scatenauge.[35]Frankish sources

used Sconaowe and Aethelweard, an Anglo-Saxon historian, used Scani.[36][37]InBeowulf, the

forms Scedenige and Scedelandare used, while the Alfredian translation ofOrosius and Wulfstan's

travel accounts used the Old EnglishSconeg.[37]

[edit]Sami etymology
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Hunting ski goddess, or Sami woman hunting on ski, from Olaus Magnus, 1555

The earliest Samiyoik texts written down refer to the world as Skadesi-suolo (north-Sami)

and Skasul(east-Sami), meaning "Skai's island" (Svennung 1963). Svennung considers the Sami

name to have been introduced as aloan word from the North Germanic languages;[38] "Skai" is

the giantstepmother ofFreyrand Freyja in Norse mythology. It has been suggested that Skai to

some extent is modeled on a Sami woman. The name for Skade's father Thjazi is known in Sami

as hci, "the waterman", and her son with Odin, Saeming, can be interpreted as a descendent

ofSaam the Sami population (Mundel 2000),[39] (Steinsland 1991).[40] Older joik texts give evidence of

the old Sami belief about living on an island and state that the wolf is known as suolu gievra, meaning

"the strong one on the island". The Samiplace nameSulliidielbma means "the island's threshold"

andSuoloielgimeans "the island's back".

In recent substrate studies, Sami linguists have examined the initial cluster sk- in words used in Sami

and concluded that sk- is a phonotactic structure of alien origin.[41]

[edit]Other etymologiesScadin- can be segmented various ways to obtain various IndoEuropean uses: scand- or scad-in-,

scan- or sca-din, scandin or scadin-. This segmentation have resulted in a number of possible

etymologies, such as "climbing island" (*scand-), "island of the Scythianpeople", "island of the

woodland of *sca-".[citation needed]

An other possibility is that all or part of the segments of the name came from the Mesolithicpeople

inhabiting the region.[42]In modernity Scandinavia is a peninsula, but between approximately 10,300

and 9,500 years ago, the southern part of Scandinavia was an island separated from the northern

peninsula, with water exiting theBaltic Seathrough the area whereStockholmis now located.[43]

Some Basque scholars have presented the idea that the segment skthat appears in *Skainaujin is

connected to the name for the Euzko peoples, akin to Basques, that populated Paleolithic Europe.

According to some of these intellects, Scandinavian people share particulargenetic markers with

the Basque people.[42]

The name of the Scandinavian mountain range, Skanderna in Swedish, was artificially derived

from Skandinavien in the nineteenth century, in analogy withAlperna for the Alps. The commonly

used names are bergen orfjllen; both names meaning "the mountains".

[edit]Geography
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Fennoscandia; Scandinavian Peninsula, Finland,Kareliaand the Kola Peninsula.

See also:Geography of Denmark,Geography of Finland, Geography of Iceland,Geography of

Norway, andGeography of Sweden

The geography of Scandinavia is extremely varied. Notable are theNorwegian fjords,

the Scandinavian Mountains, the flat, low areas in Denmark, and thearchipelagos of Sweden and

Norway. Sweden has many lakes and moraines, legacies of the ice age.

The climate varies from north to south and from west to east; a marine west coast climate (Cfb) typical

of western Europe dominates in Denmark, southernmost part of Sweden and along the west coast of

Norway reaching north to 65N, with orographic lift giving more mm/yearprecipitation (


12/16

The North Germanic languages of Scandinavia are traditionally divided into an East

Scandinavian branch (Danish and Swedish) and a West Scandinavianbranch (Norwegian, Icelandic,

andFaroese),[48][49] but because of changes appearing in the languages since 1600, the East

Scandinavian and West Scandinavian branches are now usually reconfigured into Insular

Scandinavian (-nordisk/y-nordisk) featuringIcelandic andFaroese[50] and Continental Scandinavian

(Skandinavisk), comprising Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish.[47] The modern division is based on thedegree of mutual comprehensibility between the languages in the two branches.[51] Note

that skandinavisk(a) may also refer to a way of speaking one Scandinavian language in a way

intended to be more easily understood by speakers of the other Scandinavian languages, like the

Danish saying the beginning of a number in Swedish to Swedish people.

Apart from Sami and the languages of minority groups speaking a variant of the majority language of

a neighboring state, the following minority languages in Scandinavia are protected under theEuropean

Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Yiddish, Romani Chib , Romanes and Romani.

[edit]Continental Scandinavian languages

Main Article: Scandinavian languages

Distribution between theNorth Germanic

languages:

East Scandinavian languages and dialects

West Scandinavian languages and dialects

Line dividing theWestand North Germanic

languages

Continental Scandinavian languages:

Danish

Norwegian

Swedish

Insular Nordic languages:

Faroese

Icelandic

The dialects of Denmark,Norway and Swedenform a dialect continuum and are mutually intelligible.

The populations of the Scandinavian countries, with a Scandinavian mother tongue, canat least with

some trainingunderstand each other's standard languages as they appear in print and are heard on

radio and television. The reason Danish, Swedish and the two official written versions of Norwegian

(Nynorskand Bokml) are traditionally viewed as different languages, rather than dialects of one

common language, is that each is a well established standard language in its respective country. They

are related to, but not mutually intelligible with, the other North Germanic

languages, Icelandic andFaroese, which are descended from Old West Norse. Danish, Swedish and

Norwegian have, since medieval times, been influenced to varying degrees by Middle Low
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German and standard German. A substantial amount of that influence was a by-product of the

economic activity generated by the Hanseatic League.

Norwegians are accustomed to variation, and may perceive Danish and Swedish only as slightly more

distant dialects. This is because they have two official written standards, in addition to the habit of

strongly holding on to local dialects. The people ofStockholm, Sweden and Copenhagen, Denmark,have the greatest difficulty in understanding other Scandinavian languages.[52]In the Faroe Islands,

learningDanish is mandatory. This causes Faroese people to become bilingual in two very distinct

North Germanic languages, making it relatively easy for them to understand the other two Mainland

Scandinavian languages.[53]

The Scandinavian languages are (as a language family) entirely unrelated to Finnish,Estonian,

andSami languages, which asUralic languages are distantly related to Hungarian. Owing to the close

proximity, there is still a great deal of borrowing from the Swedish and Norwegian languages in the

Finnish, Estonian, and Sami languages.[54] The long history of linguistic influence of Swedish on

Finnish is also due to the fact that Finnish, the language of the majority in Finland, was treated as a

minority language while Finland was part of Sweden. Finnish-speakers had to learn Swedish in orderto advance to higher positions.[55]Although Iceland was under the political control of Denmark until a

much later date (1918), very little influence and borrowing from Danish has occurred in the Icelandic

language.[56] Icelandic remained the preferred language among the ruling classes in Iceland; Danish

was not used for official communications, most of the royal officials were of Icelandic descent and the

language of the church and law courts remained Icelandic.[57]

[edit]Sami languages

Historically verified distribution of theSami languages (legend)

The Sami languages are indigenous minority languages in Scandinavia.[58] They belong to their

ownbranch of the Uralic language family and are unrelated to theNorth Germanic languages other

than by limited grammatical (particularly lexical) characteristics resulting from prolonged contact.[54] Sami is divided into several languages or dialects[59]Consonant gradation is a feature in both

Finnish and northern Sami dialects, but it is not present in south Sami, which is considered to have a

different language history. According to the Sami Information Centre of the Sami

Parliament in Sweden, southern Sami may have originated in an earlier migration from the south intothe Scandinavian peninsula.[54]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Low_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sami_languages_large_2.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sami_languages_large_2.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Germanichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Germanichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sami_languages_large_2.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sami_languages_large_2.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Low_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scandinavia&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sami_languages_large_2.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Germanichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden


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[edit]Finland and Scandinavia

Finland is officially bilingual, with Finnish and Swedish having mostly the same status at national level.

Native Swedish speakers constitute a small, but rather influential, minority. Children are taught the

other official language at school; for Swedish-speakers, this is Finnish (usually from the 3rd grade),

and for Finnish-speakers, Swedish (usually from the 3rd, 5th or 7th grade).

Finnish speakers constitute a language minorityin Sweden, Norway and Russian Federation. There

are also Finnic languages different from standard Finnish, known as Menkieli in Sweden and Kven in

Norway.

Scandinavian Design Influences MakeupPublished May 14, 2011

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Smashing Magazine

The Story Of Scandinavian Design: Combining Functionand Aesthetics

By Katrn Eyrsdttir June 13th, 2011

Design, Inspiration

43 Comments

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This article was written by Katrn Eyrsdttir, our talented and hard-working trainee fromIceland. As a designer with background in product design, Katrn is presenting herunderstanding of what has influenced the works of designers from Sweden, Norway and other

North-European counties as well as the key attributes that these works possess.

For a long time, art has been heavily influenced by the social and political landscape.Searching through history, we find that while the social views of a certain period may nolonger be relevant, the art and design of that time often are. Designers today constantly drawinspiration from history, consciously and unconsciously. Being aware of that history andknowing what has come before in your field can help you better convey the meaning in yourwork and forge deeper connections to your environment (artistic, social, political, etc.).

Looking back to the beginning of the 20th century and the styles and movements that ruledthe art world at that time, we will look for influences and ideas that have evolved into whathas been known since the mid-20th century as Scandinavian design. This article also offerssome thoughts on how to incorporate its principles in your work today.

While the countries of Scandinavia have extreme differences, they do have some commoncultural, geophysical and historical threads. Without implying that certain principles apply toall art and design in this area, this article gives an overview of the influences and state of artand design in the Nordic countries.
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