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SCAL in Shale
Over 4000 rock samples processed and 125 commercial jobs have been completed in the past 18 months
Ingrain has digital rock physics labs in Houston and Abu Dhabi
Ingrain Labs
Ingrain Sales Offices
“Rock and fluid characterization strongly affect in-place volumes, recovery factors, injectivity/productivity, and deliverability. Therefore, accurate rock and fluid characterization are key for minimizing technical risks and maximizing the asset value.” - Honarpour, et al, SPE 103358
Multi-scale rock properties from Ingrain helps maximize hydrocarbon recovery and reduce risk in technically challenging reservoirs
• Fast, accurate SCAL
• Optimized sampling
• Designed for upscaling
• One sample - full SCAL
Ingrain SCAL in Shale
• CoreHD® whole core CT scanning and logging • Rapid flow unit identification • Optimized sampling for SCAL • Improved upscaling from “pore to core”
• vRock® digital reservoir rocks • Precise capture of pore space and rock matrix • Accurate foundation for computing rock properties and multiphase flow
www.ingrainrocks.com 5
Two key Ingrain technologies make this possible…
Rock typing and sampling locations
1m core
Multi-scale “pore to core” workflow
Reservoir model
Average turnaround time from Ingrain: 60 days
Multi-scale imaging: the size of the vRock sample is
optimized for each rock type.
vRocks®
Φ, K, F, Vp, Vs, Kr, PC, m, n A
B
C
A
B
C
Whole core (meters)
CoreHD® images and logs used by client to upscale rock types to whole core
Whole core (meters)
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
CoreHD® images, logs and x-plots used by client to identify facies and select sampling locations
CoreHD® Suite CoreHD® Suite
Digital Rock Physics Overview
Step 1: Macro CT scanning of core for identifying sampling locations: • CoreHD® High Definition CT imaging and logging of whole core • Creation of Continuous Core Viewer movie, CT Borehole Image, Density Log and Atomic Number Log • Sample locations identified, samples taken
Step 2: vRock® digital reservoir rocks created and basic rock properties computed: • Micro/Nano CT or FIB imaging as required • Segmentation and image processing, creation of vRock digital reservoir rocks • Computation of basic rock properties (porosity, absolute permeability in x,y,z directions) • Selection of vRocks for advanced rock properties
Step 3: Advanced rock properties computed from vRocks®: • Grain size distribution • Elastic properties (including Bulk, Young & Shear Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio, Vp & Vs) • Formation factor • Archie’s cementation exponent “m” and saturation exponent “n” • Relative Permeability • Capillary Pressure
Ingrain Workflow
Step 1: CoreHD® Whole Core CT Suite
If whole core is not available, Ingrain can process plugs, cuttings and fragments
During scanning, the energy emerging from the other side of the sample is converted into visible light and recorded as a digital image.
Step 2: Create vRock® digital reservoir rocks
Ingrain images reservoir rock samples at the resolution needed to compute basic and advanced rock properties
When sampling and imaging, Ingrain uses the largest volume and lowest resolution (and therefore largest field of view) that will permit accurate computation of rock properties and fluid flow.
• Eagleford • Haynesville • Barnett • Marcellus • Montney • Bakken • New Albany • Horn River • Woodford • Baltic Shale in Poland • Saudi Arabia shales
Ingrain has experience with the following shale plays:
Significant disparities in the porosity and permeability values reported by different labs that use the GRI “crushed rock” method
Source: SPE 131350
Permeability values differ by 2-3 orders of magnitude
Ingrain Shale Data more consistent with published trends than physical lab data
Ingrain FIB SEM
Quartz
Kerogen
Phyllosilicates
Pore
500 nm
FIB SEM image slice Resolution 3 nanometers/voxel
17 www.ingrainrocks.com • +1 713.993.9795 • [email protected]
Ingrain Shale SCAL
Kerogen 6.9%
Porosity 6.2 %
Connected Porosity 4.7 %
Isolated Porosity 0.5 %
Porosity associated w/ TOC 1.7 %
Permeability (nD)
Kx 101
Ky 100
Kz 0*
Shale example: Relative Perm Results
Viscosity ratio = 12.762 Interfacial Tension = 24 dyn/cm Contact Angle = 45 degrees
Typical Project Deliverables
CoreHD whole core visualization • Identify heterogeneities and laminations • Litho-porosity • Visualize fracture system • Orient core for slabbing • Select plug locations
Plugs, chunks, chips • Fine scale fractures, heterogeneities, inclusions • Lithofacies, flow unit classification • Rock, mineral, pore type and classification • Phi and TOC
• Select SCAL locations
SCAL • Connected, isolated, and kerogen porosity • Permeability (x, y, z) and phi-k trends • TOC • Krel (Kg/Kw, Kg/Ko) • PC (oil/water or gas/water)
Reports • Rock property tables • Images, presentations • CoreHD movie files • Observations and recommendations
19 www.ingrainrocks.com
