Process'Report:'Sarai'Redesign,'Fellow'#1'''June,'2012'

Introduc=on'

The$Sarai$System$$Design'Impact'has'partnered'with'the'Appropriate'Rural'Technology'Ins=tute'(ARTI)'to'redesign'the'Sarai$Cooker.'$The'Sarai'uses'a'small'amount'of'charcoal'to'heat'up'water'in'a'steam'vessel,'which'works'a'bit'like'a'pressure'cooker'without'actually'being'sealed'and'pressurized.''Inside'the'steam'vessel'are'three'food'containers'into'which'the'user'can'put'rice,'daal,'and'vegetables'(or'any'other'steamLcookLable'food)'with'the'amount'of'water'required'for'cooking'them.'''''The'system'takes'approximately'45'minutes'to'cook'a'family'meal,'and'can'keep'it'warm'for'up'to'2'addi=onal'hours.''Goals'of'the'redesign:''•  Minimize'harmful'emissions'

•  Increase'user'acceptance'

•  Increase'sales'

FELLOW$#1:$PROJECT$SETUP$'

I'was'the'first'Fellow'on'the'Sarai'project,'which'gave'me'the'opportunity'to'set'up'the'project'scope'with'ARTI'and'set'a'rough'overall'=meline.'

Introduc=on'

Project'Setup' Current'system'tes=ng' User'research'

Materials,'durability'research'

Analysis'&'synthesis,'guidelines'

Begin'design'&'prototyping,'proto'tes=ng'

The'first'couple'of'weeks'included'learning'about'ARTI'and'their'technologies'and'organiza=onal'culture,'and'discussing'possibili=es'for'a'few'different'project'opportuni=es.'!Based'on'the'=me'available'and'ARTI’s'priori=es,'I'recommended'that'we'focus'solely'on'the'Sarai'project,'and'include'a'substan=al'research'effort.'

Jan'‘12' Jan'‘13' Jan'‘14'

Jed' DI'2' DI'3'

1.'Immersion'

• Project'setup'• Research'• Design'Goals'• Success'Measurements'defini=on'

2.'Transforma=on'

• Problem'solving,'prototyping'

(2.)'Transforma=on'

• Design'• Prototyping'• User'tes=ng'

'

3.'Implementa=on'

• Produc?on$Start$• Quality'Control'setup'

'

'

(3.)'Implementa=on'

• QC'oversight'• Distribu=on'• Marke=ng'and'Sales'

4.'For=fica=on'

• Success'Measurements'

• Project'Impact'summary'

• Learning'and'improvement'for'DI'and'ARTI'

Research'Goals'

We'agreed'upon'a'rough'schedule'structured'around'Design'Impact’s'four'project'phases.''My'sec=on'of'the'project'covered'the'Immersion'phase,'and'the'beginning'of'the'Transforma=on'phase.'

Jed'In'ARTI’s'Stove'Tes=ng'Lab.'

TECHNICAL$TESTING$$$

I'started'by'documen=ng'the'performance'of'the'current'Sarai'system,'and'op=mizing'physical'dimensions'(e.g.'airflow'gaps)'to'maximize'performance.'

Project'Setup' Current'system'tes=ng' User'research'

Materials,'durability'research'

Analysis'&'synthesis,'guidelines'

Begin'design'&'prototyping,'proto'tes=ng'

To'make'the'results'of'all'the'tests'comparable,'we'tested'the'Sarai'by'hea=ng'2.5L'of'water,'rather'than'cooking'food.''''We'recorded'the'temperature'of'the'water'every'five'minutes.''This'series'of'temperature'points'creates'a'dis=nct'hea=ng'curve'as'the'water'heats'up,'then'starts'to'cool'as'the'charcoal'is'used'up.'

Im=yaz'running'a'test.'

These'temperature'curves'showed'us'two'important'things:''• Overall'temperature'change:'fuel!efficiency!

The'temperature'rise'shows'how'much'energy'from'the'charcoal'has'actually'made'it'into'the'cooking'vessel,'not'escaping'as'lost'heat.!

• Rate'of'temperature'increase:'cooking!speed!The'steeper'the'beginning'of'this'curve,'the'faster'the'cooking'vessel'is'being'heated.'!

Emissions$Tes?ng$$

One'of'the'main'goals'of'ARTI’s'stove'technologies,'including'the'Sarai,'is'the'reduc=on'of'indoor'air'pollu=on'from'cooking.''We'used'emissions'tes=ng'instruments'to'measure'the'Par=culate'(“smoke”)'output'and'Carbon'Monoxide'output'of'the'original'Sarai,'and'all'major'prototypes'will'be'similarly'measured'for'comparison.'

0"

20"

40"

60"

80"

100"

120"

3:35"PM"

3:41"PM"

3:47"PM"

3:53"PM"

3:59"PM"

4:05"PM"

4:11"PM"

4:17"PM"

4:23"PM"

4:29"PM"

4:35"PM"

4:41"PM"

4:47"PM"

CO,$ppm$

CO,"ppm"

0"

0.05"

0.1"

0.15"

0.2"

0.25"

3:15"

3:20"

3:25"

3:30"

3:35"

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3:45"

3:50"

3:55"

4:00"

4:05"

4:10"

4:15"

4:20"

4:25"

4:30"

Par*culate$(mg$/$m3)$

Photo"mass"(mg"/"m^3)"

Emissions$Sta*on$2$$UCB"ParBcle"monitor"#1159"Dräger"PAC"7000"CO"monitor"#0922"

Emissions"2"

Par*culate:$The"parBculate"monitor"shows"a"typical"amount"of"parBculate"in"the"room"room"from"3:15"to"3:38,"before"the"wax"sBck"was"lit.""The"spike"to".2"mg"/"m3"shows"the"smoke"from"the"wax"sBck"lighBng"the"charcoal.""AUer"this,"parBculate"levels"stay"close"to"normal"room"range"(0.02W0.06"mg/m3).""The"average"over"1"hour"is"0.02376$mg/m3,"or"23.76"μg/m3.""Assuming"2"Sarai"uses"per"day"with%the%system%lit%indoors%against%ARTI%advice,"this"averages"to""1.98$μg/m3$emi[ed"from"the"Sarai"over"a"24Whour"period"(limit:"25"μg/m3).""

Carbon$Monoxide:$The"highest"15Wmin"average"(3:47W4:01)"is"14.7"ppm,"or"16.83$mg/m3$(limit:"100"mg/m3).""The"1Whour"average"is"6.56"ppm"or"7.51mg/m3$(limit:"35"mg/m3)."

The'emissions'measurements'also'allow'us'to'compare'the'Sarai'system'to'other'commonly'used'cooking'systems'and'interna=onal'emissions'limits'from'the'World'Health'Organiza=on.''

Equipment$Instruc?ons$$

ARTI'had'a'number'of'pieces'of'tes=ng'equipment'that'were'useful'for'the'Sarai'project,'but'which'they'didn’t'know'how'to'use–'a'previous'expert'had'lef'the'organiza=on.''I'worked'with'ARTI'staff'to'create'sets'of'plainLlanguage'instruc=ons'so'that'current'staff'members'can'regain'these'devices'as'resources.'

I'also'encouraged'ARTI'to'test'these'instruc=ons'using'untrained'staff'members,'and'to'observe'where'the'instruc=ons'were'successful,'and'where'mistakes'were'made'so'we'could'improve'the'reliability'of'the'instruc=ons.'

Tradi=onal'and'new'tech,'coexis=ng'

USER$RESEARCH:'''

I'Interviewed'and'observed'current'and'poten=al'Sarai'users'to'gain'direct'user'preference'insights'and'understand'usage'context'and'pagerns.'

Project'Setup' Current'system'tes=ng' User'research'

Materials,'technology'research'

Analysis'&'synthesis,'guidelines'

Begin'design'&'prototyping,'proto'tes=ng'

Interviews'uncovered'family'pagerns'and'experiences'with'the'Sarai'or'other'cooking'systems.'

Aspira=onal'picture'and'family'finance'ac=vi=es'generated'understanding'of'family’s'resources'and'desires.'

The'en=re'cooking'process'was'recorded'in'different'households'to'capture'usage'habits.''

Mr.'N.'G.'Modak'of'Master'Engineers'

MATERIALS$AND$TECHNOLOGY$RESEARCH''

I'spoke'with'local'engineers'and'studied'stove'technology'to'respond'to'two'major'findings'from'the'user'research:'durability'problems'and'a'desire'for'faster'cooking.'

Project'Setup' Current'system'tes=ng' User'research'

Materials,'technology'research'

Analysis'&'synthesis,'guidelines'

Begin'design'&'prototyping,'proto'tes=ng'

Visit'1'

Two'Pune'engineers,'Mr.'Modak'and'Mr.'Wauge,'gave'me'advice'on'types'of'metal'and'grades'of'stainless'steel'to'use'in'high'temperature'applica=ons'in'order'to'increase'durability,'and'suggested'possibili=es'for'produc=on'methods'and'tools.''We'also'discussed'Quality'Control'measures'ARTI'can'take'in'future'produc=on'of'the'Sarai'to'standardize'and'monitor'product'quality.'

I'Combed'the'latest'(Aprovecho’s'Stove'Camp'2010)'and'greatest'(Baldwin’s'Biomass'Stoves)'publica=ons'for'best'prac=ces'and'emerging'ideas'about'stove'design'applicable'to'the'Sarai.'

Stove'Technology'Research'

Gathering'insights'from'interview'notes'

ANALYSIS$&$SYNTHESIS$!$DESIGN$GUIDELINES''

Analyzing'the'data'from'ini=al'tes=ng,'User'Research'and'materials'&'technology'research'led'to'the'forma=on'of'priori=zed'guidelines'for'the'next'Sarai'design.'''

Project'Setup' Current'system'tes=ng' User'research'

Materials,'technology'research'

Analysis'&'synthesis,'guidelines'

Begin'design'&'prototyping,'proto'tes=ng'

Colla=ng'insights'from'the'User'Research'and'sor=ng'them'into'groups'(“affinity'mapping”)'showed'pagerns'and'major'themes'in'user'statements'

Video'recordings'of'the'cooking'process'were'reviewed'and'annotated'to'reveal'usage'pagerns,'=ming'and'some=mes'surprising'novel'habits.'

Design'Guidelines''

The'insights'from'research'were'translated'into'a'set'of'guidelines'for'the'design'of'the'next'version'of'the'Sarai'system.''These'guidelines'cover'everything'from'physical'features'and'technical'requirements'to'marke=ng'recommenda=ons.''Each'guideline'references'the'segment'of'research'that'drives'it,'for'transparency'and'traceability.''

Outcomes'/'Success'Measurements''

I'worked'with'ARTI'and'DI'to'create'a'list'of'measurable'outcomes,'or'“success'measurements.”''As'prototypes'are'produced'and'tested'with'users,'and'as'the'eventual'design'is'produced'and'sold,'these'outcomes'can'be'used'to'measure'the'success'of'the'Sarai'redesign'effort.''''

DESIGN$AND$PROTOTYPING''

Based'on'the'Design'Guidelines,'I'had'the'opportunity'to'start'crea=ng'new'poten=al'design'solu=ons,'and'tes=ng'them'against'the'original'Sarai.''

Project'Setup' Current'system'tes=ng' User'research'

Materials,'technology'research'

Analysis'&'synthesis,'guidelines'

Begin'design'&'prototyping,'proto'tes=ng'

Prototypes'

I'sketched'physical'design'solu=ons'to'meet'various'Design'Guidelines.''Because'I'had'learned'a'lot'about'the'efficiency'and'hea=ng'proper=es'of'the'Sarai,'I'leveraged'this'knowledge'to'create'designs'for'components'and'features'that'would'improve'the'efficiency'/'cooking'=me.'

Prototypes'

I'worked'with'a'local'metalsmith'to'build'prototypes'of'a'new'charcoal'burner'and'Aluminum'steam'vessels,'so'we'could'test'the'effects'these'would'have'on'the'Sarai’s'efficiency.''

Prototypes'

The'new'burner'design'in'par=cular'generated'a'substan=al'improvement'in'hea=ng'efficiency,'though'its'effect'on'emissions'and'performance'in'actual'food'cooking'tests'must's=ll'be'evaluated.'

Introduc=on'

What’s$Next:$$Fellow$#2!$$The'Sarai'redesign'is'currently'into'its'second'phase,'“Transforma=on,”'which'includes'the'bulk'of'design'and'prototyping.''Transforma=on'is'followed'by'the'Implementa=on'phase,'where'the'new'Sarai'will'begin'to'be'manufactured'and'sold.''In'August,'the'next'Design'Impact'Fellow'on'the'Sarai'project,'Alan$$McDonald,'will'land'in'India'to'pick'up'where'I'lef'off.''''ARTI'is'looking'forward'to'working'with'Alan'on'the'new'design'and'user'tes=ng,'as'well'as'crea=ng'plans'for'produc=on'and'distribu=on'the'new'Sarai'System.'

'$

Thanks.'

Contact:'Jed'Farlow,'DI'Fellow'@'ARTI'jed.farlow@dLimpact.org'www.dLimpact.org'

www.dLimpact.org''