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Letter from the Director
Senior Nutrition Program
At-A-Glance
Partnerships
Program Summary
Target Population
Congregate Meals
Program Overview
Participant Profile
Meal Sites by District
Statistics
Demographics
Meals on Wheels
Program Overview
Donations
Participant Profile
Map of MOW Participants
Statistics & Demographics
2
3
4
6
7
8
11
12
13
14
17
20
21
22
23
Friends from Meals on Wheels
Program Costs
Program Expenditures
Older Americans Act of 1965
Transportation
Mobility Management
Measure A Senior Transportation
Harvey Rose Audit Review
Future Challenges
26
27
29
30
31
32
36
Table of Contents
Cover Image: Cranberry spinach salads at Morgan Hill; Photo by Elizabeth Tae
Letter f rom the Director
The Santa Clara County Senior Nutr i t ion Program
(SNP) has been a wel l - regarded, s table safety -net
program for the seniors of our community s ince
1974. Through the congregate meal program,
seniors have access to hea l thy,
nutr i t ious meals and are a lso
provided the opportuni ty to
soc ial i ze , make new f r iends and
access other services . Through
the Meals on Wheels program,
homebound seniors can rece ive
nutr i t ious meals and grocery
i tems brought to their home. We
cont inue to improve our d iverse
menus wi th nutr i t iona l ly dense foods. Thanks to our
local community work ing together , we have served
more meals than ever before . We have empowered
seniors to l i ve longer in thei r p lace of choice and
have prov ided a vehic le to t ransform lonel iness and
iso lat ion into conversat ion and laughter .
James Ramoni
D i rector , Department of Ag ing and Adul t Services
Cooks preparing Atlantic Cod at Yu-Ai Kai
Photo by Elizabeth Tae
3
Senior Nutrition Program
Administered 39 unique congregate s i tes located
throughout the county
Served a combined tota l of 1 ,339,814 meals to
16 ,205 undupl icated part ic ipants .
• Provided an est imated total o f 394,688 one -way r ides to
seniors with t ransportat ion barr iers .
•Entered over 4,000 registrat ion forms for
congregate meal part ic ipants.
• Updated over 8,000 Nutr i t ion Risk forms as mandated to
receive federa l funding.
• Created quarter ly newsletters prov id ing nutr i t ion and
health informat ion to Meals on Wheels seniors .
•Conducted 157 nut r i t ion and health educat ion
presentat ions at the s i tes .
•Compi led 2,152 surveys f rom 39 Congregate s i tes and 271
surveys f rom Meals on Wheels seniors .
• Per formed 305 program moni tor ing
and eva luat ion si te v is i ts .
• Reviewed and approved 82 sets of menus .
• Processed 450 invo ices f rom vendors .
• Per formed 20 f iscal audits to ensure prudent
use of pub l ic dol lars .
• Conducted 664 fr iendly contacts wi th the Fr iends f rom
Meals on Wheels program.
At-A -Glance
4
Par tnerships
Congregate Meal Site Partners
We have a strong partnership with community -based organizations, faith-based organizations and
municipalities to provide lunch-time meals. Every entity contributes financially, with many of them
contributing more than the required match. Our congregate meal partners include:
Volunteers
Volunteers are recruited by each site and assist in registration, meal preparation and meal service.
Volunteers might be high school students, scouts, congregation members, general assistance
recipients or the seniors themselves. They are a tremendous resource that builds service capacity to
the congregate meal sites. The Senior Nutrition Program is grateful for the dedication of volunteers.
Senior Nutrition Program
5
Par tnerships
San Jose State University Work Study Program
The Federal Work Study Program provides the Senior Nutrition Program with student assistants who
handle congregate meal client registration and monthly rosters for the nutrition sites. This gives the
students an opportunity to work part-time to help fund their education at San Jose State University
(SJSU) while simultaneously gaining workplace experience.
San Jose State University Department of Nutrition and Food Science
The Senior Nutrition Program collaborates with SJSU’s Department of Nutrition and Food Science to
train future dietitians. Students are provided practical experience in community nutrition through the
Field Experience course and Dietetic Internship. Students must meet a minimum number of work
experience hours to receive credit for completion of the class course or internship program. Under the
supervision of SNP registered dietitians, students apply theoretical knowledge learned in the
classroom to hands-on work experience with the community nutrition and food service.
Second Harvest Food Bank and Bulk Food Distribution
SNP partners with Second Harvest Food Bank (SHFB) to provide free access to
bulk food to reduce raw food costs. Congregate meal sites are able to pick up
an array of fresh produce, depending on the season and availability that week.
Additional dry food can be ordered through SHFB once a month. Meal sites
picked up 51,485 pounds of food at San Jose SHFB and 23,227 pounds of
food at San Mateo SHFB (La Comida), which saved sites an estimated total of
$124,769.77 (74,712 total pounds x SHFB designated value of $1.67/lb.).
Senior Nutrition Program
Cook prepares brown rice at Yu-Ai Kai;
Photo by Elizabeth Tae
6
Program Summar y
The Senior Nutrition Program is authorized by the Older Americans Act of 1965 and has provided
meals to eligible seniors 60 years of age and older in Santa Clara County since 1974. The purpose of
the program is to reduce hunger and food insecurity, increase socialization and promote the health
and well-being of older adults by improving access to nutritious meals and other health and wellness
services.
Congregate Meals Program
Meals on Wheels Program
$1.80
PER DAY
14 MEALS
PER WEEK
⅔ DIET
Seven entrees include five frozen lunch/dinners
plus a fresh salad and sandwich or wrap as well
as seven breakfasts
Suggested
participant
contribution
Meets 2/3 of the
recommended
dietary allowance
for a senior
•Serves the most frail and isolated seniors
of our community
•Meals planned by registered dietitians
•Nutrition education offered four times a
year through a newsletter
•An additional Meals on Wheels service is
provided through a contract with Yu Ai Kai to
prepare and deliver daily hot meals to the
Japantown and Berryessa neighborhoods
Senior Nutrition Program
⅓ PER MEAL
30 MENUS
39 SITES
60+ AGE
$3 PER MEAL
4x PER YEAR
Across the county
Open to all seniors
age 60 or older
The portion of the daily
recommended dietary
allowance for seniors
provided by each meal.
Ethnically diverse
menus
Suggested participant
contribution
Frequency of nutrition
education offered at
each site
•Meal preparation varies by site—cook-on-site, restaurant catered, commercial kitchen catered or
centralized kitchen catered
•Provides social opportunities as well as access to exercise programs, classes, legal and financial
services and more
7
Senior Nutrition Program
Target Population
Older Amer icans Act of 1965 Mandate
The Older Americans Act of 1965 (OAA) mandates the Senior Nutrition Program to provide nutrition
services to all persons aged 60 or older. Additionally, the OAA requires that services are targeted
towards persons with the greatest social and economic need with particular attention to seniors who
are age 75 or older, low-income, living alone, and/or minorities.
Target Population
The following minimum targets are established by
the County of Santa Clara’s local Area Agency on
Aging — Sourcewise. In FY 2015-2016, the Senior
Nutrition Program exceeded the targets in all areas.
Target Population Minimum FY15-16
Age 75+ 32.00% 53.72%
Low-Income 7.00% 53.07%
Living Alone 7.00% 32.11%
Minority 40.00% 74.32%
Congregate Meals
Program Overv iew
The Congregate Meals Program offers nutr i t ious
and healthy lunches at 39 d if ferent nutr i t ion
s i tes throughout the County
of Santa Clara. These meals
are e i ther cooked on -s i te or
are catered by loca l
restaurants or loca l food
vendors . Each meal meets
1/3 of the Dietary Reference
Intakes (DRIs) for o lder
adul ts and fo l lows the
D ietary Guidel ines for
Amer icans . Da i ly in teract ions at these meal
s i tes a l low seniors the opportuni ty to socia l ize
wi th one another and access exerc ise programs,
educat ional c lasses , and other act iv i t ies and
resources. The Congregate Meals Program is open
to a l l sen iors age 60 or over.
Fresh cantaloupe at Mountain View; Photo by Elizabeth Tae
9
Congregate Meals
Program Overv iew
Nutrition Requirements for Meals
Each meal meets one-third of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI’s) as well as the current federal
Dietary Guidelines for Americans. To ensure meals meet requirements, all menus are reviewed and
approved by registered dietitians. In FY 2015-2016, Santa Clara County Senior Nutrition Program
implemented 82 sets of ethnically diverse menus at 39 meal sites. Some sites serve specific cuisines
such as Chinese, Indian and Korean. See sample Bateman Catered Site menu below:
(NOTE—Meal sites may have five-week, six-week, or seven-week menu cycles)
PRODUCTION MENU (October 2016 – January 2017)
DAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY
DATE 11/7, 12/26(H) 11/8, 12/27 11/9, 12/28 11/10, 12/29 11/11(H), 12/30
MEAT OR
EQUIVALENT
3 oz. cooked OR
15 g protein
Szechuan Pork
(3 oz. pork)
Turkey a la King
(3 oz. turkey)
Tri Tip Sandwich
(3 oz. beef)
Crispy Chicken
(3 oz. chicken)
Spinach Lasagna
(3 oz. shredded cheese)
8 oz. serving size
Minestrone Soup (6 oz.)
DO NOT cook with butter or margarine. Use oil sparingly. LIMIT fat by using lean meats and lower fat products.
Use No-Salt Seasonings such as herbs, garlic, vinegar, lemon, black/red pepper, ginger or curry.
BREAD/GRAIN
1 – 2 servings
(60% should be whole
grain for the week)
Asian Brown Rice
(1/2 cup)
Whole Wheat
Pasta
(1/2 cup)
Hoagie Roll (1)
Whole Wheat
Dinner Roll (1)
Margarine
Lasagna Noodles
in Entrée (1/2 cup)
VEGETABLES
1 – 2 servings
(1/2 cup per serving
OR
1 cup per serving if
raw leafy vegetables)
*Fresh Diced Carrots
(1/2 cup)
Fresh Bell Peppers
& Onions
(1/2 cup)
Malibu Blend
Vegetables
(1/2 cup)
Fresh Caesar Salad
(1 cup)
Corn on the Cob
(1)
Fresh Broccoli
Raisin Salad
(1/2 cup)
*Sautéed Spinach
(1/2 cup)
Baked Potato
Wedges
(1/2 cup)
Caribbean Blend
Vegetables (1/2 cup)
*Fresh Garden Salad
w/2 Tbsp. Shredded
Carrots
(1 cup)
Use Low-Sodium salad dressings (1 Tsp/cup salad), sauces and canned vegetables. Rinse canned vegetables thoroughly.
Provide 3 or more Fresh Fruits per week.
FRUIT 1 serving
(1 medium Fresh OR
1/2 cup Canned)
Fresh Fruit
in Season Fresh Orange
Fresh Pear
Pineapple Tidbits Fresh Banana
MILK 8 oz. serving
Fat-Free OR Low-Fat → → → → *→
Salt Icon: Meal contains more than 1000 mg sodium *Asterisk: 233 µg Vitamin A source 3X per week __ Underlined: 25 mg Vitamin C source Daily Vegetarian
NOTE: Do not substitute bolded, asterisked (*) and underlined (_) items. Contact SNP Dietitian for approval of menu substitutions.
Document changed items on the Food Temp Log.
Each meal has ~750 to 900 mg sodium. All persons aged 60 and above are eligible without regard to race, national origin, gender or disability.
Menus are written by site staff and approved by Senior Nutrition Program’s Registered Dietitian.
Alternative Menu for this week: Chicken Caesar Salad, Vegetarian Lentil Salad, Waldorf Turkey Pita, Vegetarian Patty Burger
10
Program Overv iew
Registration Process
In order to receive State and Federal reimbursement, all seniors must register for the program. The
congregate meal sites ask participants to complete the federally required form, available in four
languages. All forms are sent to a centralized location and are entered into the database required by
the County’s Area Agency on Aging. The site uses the created bar code to make “gold cards” which are
held by the participant and scanned prior to eating a meal. Over 4,000 forms were processed in FY
2015-2016.
Malnutrition and Senior Health
A self-reported Nutrition Screening Initiative Checklist completed in FY15-16 by Congregate Meal
participants indicated common risk factors contributing to senior nutritional status:
1. Intake of multiple medications due to medical conditions.
2. Not having enough money to buy food.
3. Eating alone most of the time.
4. Intake of less than two fruits, vegetables and dairy
products per day.
5. Not being physically able to shop, cook, and/or feed self.
The program’s annual nutrition screening result is consistent with OAA’s initiatives to provide nutrition
services to older adults. Seniors are more prone to chronic diseases, psychosocial changes, such as
depression due to loss of a spouse, and decline in finances affecting the ability to purchase adequate
food. Additionally, older individuals tend to be less active resulting in muscle loss, decrease in
metabolism and increase in weight. This affects their mobility
and ability to prepare meals.
The nutrition program offers more than just nutritious meals,
which promotes healthy eating. The meal sites also provide
opportunities for socialization, nutrition education and
supportive services. Adequate nutrition and improved
socialization helps older adults maintain good health,
increase independence and promote “aging in place.”
Congregate Meals
“The food is so good that my hair
grew back!” - Roosevelt Participant
Strawberry salad at Willow Glen
11
Program Overv iew
Nutrition Project Council
The Nutrition Project Council advises the Senior
Nutrition Program on matters relating to the delivery
of nutrition and supportive services at congregate
meal sites. Project Council members are subject
matter experts selected by their site to represent all
seniors who eat lunch at the sites as well as citizen
members who are knowledgeable in the needs of
older adults. The Nutrition Project Council meets
every other month with the goal of improving the
Senior Nutrition Program for all participants.
Par t ic ipant Profi le : Nick & Valer ie
Nick and Valerie have been enjoying healthy lunches at the Campbell nutrition site for more than two
years. Valerie is thankful for the program and wants to share how it positively impacts their lives.
Nick has Parkinson’s disease dementia and Valerie is his caregiver. Because of Nick’s condition,
Valerie felt overwhelmed with daily chores and activities. She started looking online for assistance
programs and found that Campbell offered a senior lunch program along with leisure and recreation
activities. She decided it would be a great opportunity for Nick to get out of the house and a good
chance to reduce her workload. Valerie is extremely grateful that the Congregate Meals Program not
only provides them with nutritious food, but also allows them to socialize, which helps Nick greatly.
She noticed a drastic change in Nick’s behavior after attending the program. He used to just stare at
the TV all day, unmotivated to even leave the house. After going to the lunch program daily for a year,
he started to shave and dress himself. When Nick was
hospitalized in 2015, Kimi, the Campbell nutrition site
manager, sent them a hand written card to express her
sympathy. This gesture along with Kimi’s constant
smile really makes both Nick and Valerie feel
welcomed.
Nick and Valerie continue coming to the center for
meals and companionship. They are happy to share
their experience of how SNP benefits their lives.
Congregate Meals
Nutrition Project Council members present at Sept. 19th
meeting: Teresa Walsh, City of San Jose Senior Services;
Carlos DaSilva, POSSO; Burton Smith, Evergreen; Violet
Pollock, Yu-Ai Kai; Stephen Mellors, Almaden; Rosalinda
Cortez, Gardner; Joe Young, Seven Trees
Cook preparing peas at Yu-Ai Kai;
Photo by Elizabeth Tae
Congregate Meals
Almaden Community Center
Gilroy Senior Center
Live Oak/LOADS
Morgan Hill - Mt. Madonna YMCA
Southside Community Center
Villa Vasona
6445 Camden Ave, San Jose, CA 95120
7371 Hanna St, Gilroy, CA 95020
111 Church St, Los Gatos, CA 95030
171 W Edmundson Ave, Morgan Hill, CA 95037
5585 Cottle Rd, San Jose, CA 95123
626 W Parr Ave, Los Gatos, CA 95030
Alma Senior Center
Eastside Neighborhood Center
Gardner Community Center
John XXIII Multiservice Center
Mayfair Community Center
Northside Community Center
Portuguese Org. for Social Services Opp.
Roosevelt Community Center
Salvation Army
Seven Trees Community Center
Yu Ai Kai
136 W Alma Ave, San Jose, CA 95110
2150 Alum Rock Ave, San Jose, CA 95116
520 W Virginia St, San Jose, CA 95125
195 E San Fernando St, San Jose, CA 95112
2039 Kammerer Ave, San Jose, CA 95116
488 N 6th St, San Jose, CA 95112
1115 E Santa Clara St, San Jose, CA 95116
901 E Santa Clara St, San Jose, CA 95116
359 N 4th St, San Jose, CA 95112
3590 Cas Dr, San Jose, CA 95111
588 N 4th St, San Jose, CA 95112
Alviso Community Center
Berryessa Community Center
Evergreen Community Center
India Community Center Milpitas
Milpitas Senior Center
Sunnyvale - First Methodist Church
5050 N 1st St, San Jose, CA 95002
3050 Berryessa Rd, San Jose, CA 95132
4860 San Felipe Rd, San Jose, CA 95135
525 Los Coches St, Milpitas, CA 95035
40 N Milpitas Blvd, Milpitas, CA 95035
535 Old San Francisco Rd, Sunnyvale, CA 94086
Cubberley Community Center
La Comida
Mountain View Senior Center
Self-Help for the Elderly Cupertino
Stevenson House
4000 Middlefield Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94306
450 Bryant St, Palo Alto, CA 94301
266 Escuela Ave, Mountain View, CA 94040
940 S Stelling Rd, Cupertino, CA 95014
455 E Charleston Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94306
Asian Americans for Community Involvement
Billy de Frank LGBT Community Center
Camden Community Center
Campbell Adult Center
Cypress Senior Center
HOPE Rehabilitation Center
Korean American Community Services
Santa Clara Senior Center
Santa Clara Valley Blind Center
Willows Senior Center
2400 Moorpark Ave #300, San Jose, CA 95128
938 The Alameda, San Jose, CA 95126
3369 Union Ave, San Jose, CA 95124
1 W Campbell Ave, Campbell, CA 95008
403 S Cypress Ave, San Jose, CA 95117
1555 Parkmoor Ave, San Jose, CA 95128
1800-B Fruitdale Ave, San Jose, CA 95128
1303 Fremont St, Santa Clara, CA 95050
101 N Bascom Ave, San Jose, CA 95128
2175 Lincoln Ave, San Jose, CA 95125
District 1
Supervisor
Wasserman
88,568
Meals Served
District 2
Supervisor
Chavez
252,282
Meals Served
District 3
Supervisor
Cortese
107,449
Meals Served
District 4
Supervisor
Yeager
109,304
Meals Served
District 5
Supervisor
Simitian
91,221
Meals Served
Meal Sites by District
13
Stat is t ics
In FY 2015-2016, a total of 648,824 Congregate
Meals were served to 14,565 unduplicated and
eligible participants across 39 different nutrition sites
in Santa Clara County.
Attendance to the Congregate
Meals Program fluctuated month to
month. During the months of
November, December, and January,
attendance decreased due to the
holiday season. Attendance also
tends to decrease during the cold
and rainy months.
Congregate Meals
City Sites # of Meals Served
Campbell 16,849
Milpitas 20,126
Santa Clara 19,119
SUBTOTAL 56,094
CBO Sites # of Meals Served
AACI 6,662
Billy DeFrank 1,422
Cubberley 1,964
Eastside 33,833
Gilroy 21,500
HOPE 5,934
ICC 7,719
John XXIII 34,663
KACS 10,739
La Comida 40,748
Los Gatos 7,726
LOADS 2,257
Morgan Hill 17,899
Mountain View 30,453
Northside 20,495
POSSO 26,840
Salvation Army 30,087
SCVBC 2,137
Self-Help 15,000
Stevenson House 3,056
Sunnyvale 27,409
Villa Vasona 1,498
Yu-Ai Kai 16,122
SUBTOTAL 366,163
City of SJ Sites # of Meals Served
Alma 11,553
Almaden 12,444
Alviso 1,319
Berryessa 23,676
Camden 13,669
Cypress 13,305
Evergreen 27,200
Gardner 7,380
Mayfair 20,720
Roosevelt 34,179
Seven Trees 16,410
Southside 25,244
Willow Glen 19,468
SUBTOTAL 226,567
14
Stat is t ics & Demographics
Five Year Congregate Meals Program Trend
Congregate Meals
There was an increase of 25,046
(4.02%) congregate meals served
to seniors in FY 2015-2016.
There was an increase of 1,575
(12.12%) unduplicated seniors
served in FY 2015-2016.
Participant Demographics
Age Range Count Percentage
0-59 156 1.07%
60-64 1348 9.265%
65-69 2520 17.30%
70-74 2881 19.78%
75-79 2836 19.47%
80-89 3737 25.66%
90-99 1022 7.02%
100+ 65 0.45%
Approximately
52.59% of
participating
seniors in the
Congregate Meals
Program are 75
years of age and
older.
15
Congregate Meals
Demographics
Asian participants were the largest demographic
group that utilized the program at 51.62%.
Ethnicity Count Percentage
Asian 7519 51.62%
White/Non-Hispanic 3202 21.98%
Hispanic/Latino 2179 14.96%
Declined to State 844 5.79%
Other/Multiple Race 563 3.87%
African Ancestry 258 1.77%
Ethnicity Count Percentage
Asian Indian 608 8.09%
Cambodian 5 0.07%
Chinese 3626 48.22%
Filipino 505 6.72%
Japanese 577 7.67%
Korean 293 3.90%
Laotian 9 0.12%
Other Asian 206 2.74%
Other Pacific Islander 655 8.71%
Vietnamese 1035 13.77%
Participants of Chinese descent were the largest sub-group, making up 48.22% of the Asian demographic.
I have attended the nutrition site almost daily since age 60, over 25 years ago. I
volunteered for many years at the registration desk and still help with set -up.
Coming to the site gets me out of the house and around people.
-Helen, Congregate Meal Participant
“
”
16
Congregate Meals
Demographics
Of the 14,565 seniors
participating in the Congregate
Meals Program in FY2015-2016,
56.82% were female and 38.88%
were male.
Approximately 50.90% of
Congregate Meals Program
Participants live at or below the
Federal Poverty Level (FPL). For
2015, the FPL for a household of
one (1) person was $11,770
annually or $981.00 monthly.
Approximately 30.02% of
Congregate Meals Participants live
alone. Participants attending the
Congregate Meals Program can
socialize with one another at the
nutrition sites.
Meals on Wheels
Program Overv iew
Meals on Wheels is a va lued serv ice that
ass ists homebound o lder adults in
mainta ining proper nut r i t ion, heal th and
independence. The Santa C lara County
MOW prov ides weekly del iver ies that
inc lude seven entrees, which can be
eaten for lunch or d inner , seven
breakfasts and grocery i tems. The meals
consist o f a f resh sandwich or wrap, a
f resh salad and f ive f rozen ent rees.
Addi t ional grocery i tems inc lude mi lk ,
b read, f resh f rui t , yogur t , cheese,
c rackers and peanut butter . The menu
p lan meets approx imate ly 2/3 of the
D ietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for o lder
adults and fol lows the D ietary Guide l ines for
Amer icans.
MOW side dishes at Yu-Ai Kai; Photo by Elizabeth Tae
18
Meals on Wheels
Program Overv iew
Referrals and Assessments
Prospective participants are referred from various sources including doctors, social workers and
community-based organizations. SNP’s partner, Sourcewise, deploys Nutrition Coordinators to conduct
initial assessments at potential participants’ homes. If participants are deemed eligible for the
program, they are placed on the list for meal delivery. Sourcewise’s Nutrition Coordinators also
conduct quarterly phone calls and annual home-visit
reassessments for each MOW participant.
Meals
SNP contracts with Bateman Community Living to provide low fat, low sodium home -style meals. The
fresh salads and fresh sandwiches or wraps are made the morning of delivery at Bateman’s kitchen in
Santa Clara. The frozen meals use recipes developed and perfected in Bateman’s Sacramento USDA
culinary center. The meals are prepared using lean meats, fresh or frozen vegetables and quality
spices without added preservatives. Once cooked, meals are pre -portioned in individual containers,
sealed and labeled with high tech cooling systems and sealing machines to ensure freshness is not
compromised. Meals are kept in the freezer until they are transported to the Santa Clara kitchen one
week prior to delivery to the seniors’ homes. The meals can be kept frozen up to six months from the
date of preparation.
Taste Test
To ensure the quality of meals served, SNP and Sourcewise Nutrition Coordinators conduct taste tests
throughout the fiscal year. Feedback is offered to improve the quality of the meals. The program also
uses survey results to identify participants’ likes and dislikes and adds new food items to the menus
regularly. Dissatisfying items are removed from the menu.
Send Some Love
A “Love Letters” campaign was organized by Meals on Wheels America. SNP received
hundreds of hand-made Valentine’s Day cards from youth all over the Bay Area that
were delivered to participants in February.
Sourcewise Nutrition Coordinators
conducted 1,772 home assessments.
My parents have had food poisoning three times in the past year cooking for
themselves. It is no longer safe for them to cook at home.
-Adult child of MOW participant
“
”
19
Meals on Wheels
Program Overv iew
Meal Deliveries
Meals are delivered to participants once a week by Bateman Community Living drivers. Drivers deliver
the MOW meals via refrigerated vans to participants’ homes in locations all over Santa Clara County —
from Palo Alto to Gilroy. Seniors look forward to their scheduled delivery. Without the courtesy and
professionalism of the drivers, the MOW Program would not be successful.
Emergency Preparedness Supplies
MOW seniors received an emergency preparedness supply bag
for their holiday gift this year. The bag is to be stored by each
participant in their residence and used in case of emergency,
such as a natural disaster, and there is a delay in assistance
from their caretakers or first responders. The bag contains
items such as a flashlight, hand sanitizer, whistle, drinking
water pouch and mylar blanket. Included in the supply bag is
an emergency pack of three ready-to-eat meals that can be
stored for an extended period of time.
Meal Breakdown
In addition to the Santa Clara County Meals on
Wheels Program, Yu-Ai Kai’s Neighborhood Meals
on Wheels Program provides eligible seniors who
live in the Japantown and Berryessa areas with a
daily hot meal. In FY 2015-2016, a total of
687,815 Home-Delivered Meals were served to
1,640 unduplicated seniors.
The 679,321 meals served by the
Santa Clara County Meals on Wheels
Program are broken down by the
following types of meals:
Santa Clara County Meals on Wheels – Meal Breakdown
Type of Meal Count Percentage
Regular Delivery (Breakfasts and Entrées)
666,544 98.12%
Bonus Holiday Meals 5,482 0.81%
Extra Breakfast Entrées 1,820 0.26%
Shelf-Stable Meals 5,475 0.81%
Total 679,321 100.00%
Home-Delivered Option # of Meals
Served # of Clients
Santa Clara County Meals on Wheels
679,321 1,565
Yu-Ai Kai’s Neighborhood
Meals on Wheels 8,494 75
Total 687,815 1,640
MOW emergency meals provided to seniors
20
Meals on Wheels
Donat ions
Citizens residing in the County of Santa Clara continue to demonstrate their generosity to the
participants receiving Meals on Wheels. It is with heart -felt appreciation that our fund raising efforts
raised $158,761.87 in FY 2015-2016.
Gilroy Senior Craft Shop
The Gilroy Senior Craft Shop is a non-profit that operates as an
outlet for local seniors to sell their handmade craftwork in
order to supplement their incomes. The shop also sells donated
articles, wherein all earnings are contributed back in monetary
form to local charitable organizations. The shop is operated
solely by senior volunteers.
Once a year, the volunteer members vote for local charitable
organizations they would like to see benefit from the shop’s
donated article sales amount. This year they awarded a $200
donation to Meals on Wheels.
The Mercury News Wish Book 2015
The Senior Nutrition MOW Program was selected by The Mercury News to participate in the holiday
season Wish Book 2015. Thanks to the generosity of the readers, The Mercury News donated
$25,000 that provided 4,000 breakfasts, 4,000 lunch/dinner entrees and grocery items to
participants.
Other Donations
Other donations include two direct mail campaigns, online contributions from our website and the
generous County of Santa Clara employees donating though the Combined Giving Campaign.
Thank You!!
21
Par tic ipant Profi le : Mar y
“Enjoy life, be good to people and always help others” is
Mary’s motto and the reason why she is so vibrant as a
centenarian! Mary Peterson celebrated her 100th birthday
this year but her positive attitude, will power and humor
reveal her as a woman inspirationally young at heart. Born
on Jan 9th, 1916 in Minnesota, Mary relocated with her
husband to Mountain View 71 years ago. Last September,
Mary suffered an injury due to a late night fall. She was
admitted to Stanford for surgery which has made her less
ambulatory. Despite the fall she took, Mary refuses to move
into an assisted living home. Since she has no close family
members in California, she relies on the help of caretakers
who come in during the day to help her with household
chores. Mary is unable to shop for or prepare her meals.
She finds Meals on Wheels indispensable to helping her
stay at home while maintaining her independence. She
looks forward to meeting her driver every Monday and receiving her nutritious meals for the week. The
caregivers warm up her meals and assist her in cutting the food. Mary believes that Meals on Wheels
keeps her healthy and has helped her maintain her dignity.
Meals on Wheels
Benefits of MOW
• Improved nutrition through access to food.
•Healthy meals - lower in fat, sodium and sugar.
•Affordable meals - suggested contribution $1.80/day.
•Flexible meal planning - seniors eat when they want.
•Weekly visits by MOW drivers.
•Annual home visits by MOW Nutrition Coordinators.
•Nutrition education - quarterly MOW Newsletters.
Thanks to contributions from the
community, 20 Microwaves were
distributed to MOW participants who
were in need of one in FY 2015-2016.
The seniors are very grateful for
the meals and they welcome me
in like I am a part of their family.
– MOW Driver
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22
Meals on Wheels
MOW Participant (1,640 Participants)
Map of MOW Par t icipants
Map courtesy of Steve Borgstrom, Department of Planning & Development
I consider you the savior of my life. I am poor, live alone and
am unable to prepare meals. I am grateful to you.
-MOW participant
“
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23
Stat is t ics & Demographics
Five Year Meals on Wheels Program Trend
There was an increase of 4,827
meals (0.71%) served to seniors,
but a decrease of 49
unduplicated seniors (2.90%)
served in FY 2015-2016.
Although the number of seniors
decreased, the average length they
stayed on MOW increased from 7.56
months to 7.89 months (4.37%) in
FY 2015-2016.
Age Range Count Percentage
0-59 5 0.30%
60-64 132 8.05%
65-69 230 14.02%
70-74 227 13.84%
75-79 225 13.72%
80-89 531 32.38%
90-99 276 16.83%
100+ 14 0.85%
Participant Demographics
The largest age group participating in the Meals
on Wheels Program is the 80–89 Age Group with
531 participants (32.38%).
Meals on Wheels
24
Demographics
Ethnicity Count Percentage
Other/Multiple Race 44 2.68%
Asian 255 15.55%
African Ancestry 101 6.16%
Hispanic/Latino 249 15.18%
Caucasian 960 58.54%
Declined to State 31 1.89%
Of the 1,640 seniors participating in
the Meals on Wheels Program in FY
2015-2016, 62.20% were female
and 36.95% were male.
The Meals on Wheels Program provides meals
to a diverse group of homebound seniors.
Meals on Wheels
Illustration by Salvation Army Congregate
Meal participant Josh Beastley
MOW meals being prepared at Bateman;
Photo courtesy of Bateman
25
Demographics
Almost 50% of Meals on Wheels
Participants live alone. Seniors who live
alone are more prone to malnutrition as
they may not enjoy cooking or eating
alone, make poor food choices, or may
not know how to cook.
Meals on Wheels
MOW meals being prepared at Bateman;
Photo courtesy of Bateman
Over 72% of Meals on
Wheels Participants live at or
below the Federal Poverty
Level (FPL). For 2015, the
FPL for a household of one
(1) person was $11,770
annually or $980.83 monthly.
Birthday cards were mailed to participants
during their month of birth in 2016.
26
Program Overv iew
Friends from Meals on Wheels (FMOW) began in April of 2016 as a partnership between the Senior
Nutrition Program and The Health Trust (THT). THT’s staff, interns and volunteers provide friendly
home visits and telephone calls to homebound seniors receiving Meals on Wheels with the aim of
increasing their well-being by providing companionship and opportunities to socialize with others.
Meals on Wheels clients interested in participating can opt to receive a weekly or bimonthly friendly
visit and phone call. They can also participate in an in -home exercise program or have free pet food
delivered monthly. Furthermore, every participant receives a special visit around their birthday with a
card and lap quilt made by THT volunteers. Upon receiving a birthday card and quilt, one FMOW
participant teared up and said “I am so thankful for this gift. It means so much that people care,
especially now that I am homebound.”
Although any participant receiving Meals on Wheels qualifies for the program, emphasis is placed on
seniors who are 75 years or older, have chronic health issues, live alone, and/or are at the highest
risk for institutionalization.
Seniors Served
For the three months in FY 2015-2016, Friends from Meals on
Wheels provided a total of 664 service units to 73
unduplicated seniors.
Participant Profile: Ma Luz
Ma Luz is a current Friends from Meals on Wheels client who
receives weekly home visits. After retiring as a teacher, Ma Luz
had a stroke, which decreased her mobility. She says she is
thankful for the FMOW staff who are “making use of their God -
given talents in planning activities for seniors.” She says, “the
shared stories on friendly visits are the best to while away my
‘cloudy moments.’”
Friends from Meals on Wheels
Friends from Meals on Wheels
Socialization Service Count
Home-Visits 226
Telephone Calls 348
Empower Me! (Exercise) 90
TOTAL 664
27
Senior Nutr i t ion Program Expenditures
In FY 2015-2016, the Senior Nutrition Program expended $9,914,710.00.
Of the $9,914,710.00 expended by the Senior Nutrition Program, $1,209,129.00 was utilized for
transportation services through the Mobility Management Program and Measure A —Senior
Transportation Program, $31,468.00 went towards funding the Friends from Meals on Wheels
Program, and $8,674,113.00 funded nutrition services through the Congregate Meals Program and
Meals on Wheels Program.
Expenditure Funding Sources —Transpor tat ion
County General Fund
Funding for the Mobility Management Program comes exclusively from the County General Fund. In FY
2015-2016, $265,535.00 was expended to mobility options to seniors that allowed them to gain
access to nutrition sites within the County. Mobility Options for seniors include bus passes, gas cards,
volunteer drivers and ADA door-to-door transportation services.
Measure A Funds
Measure A Funds were originally allocated to alleviate a transportation waiting list. In FY 2015 -2016,
the Measure A—Senior Transportation Program continued to provide mobility options to the seniors
with transportation barriers within Santa Clara County. In addition to providing services to nutrition
sites, participants utilized the program to attend non-nutrition locations such as grocery stores,
doctors’ appointments and church. $943,595.00 was expended in FY 2015-2016 to provide an
estimated 267,989 one-way rides. The Measure A Program will end at the end of FY 2016 -2017,
which will leave a deficit in funding for transportation services next year.
Program Costs
Expenditure Amount Percentage
Congregate Meals $4,845,400.00 48.87%
Administrative* $1.680,064.00 16.95%
Measure A $943,595.00 9.52%
Mobility Management $265,565.00 2.68%
Meals on Wheels $2,148,649.00 21.67%
Friends from MOW $31,468.00 0.32%
Total $9,914,710.00 100.00%
* Administrative Expenditure includes staff salaries, small kitchen items, office supplies, etc. and are split 80% Congregate / 20% Meals on Wheels
28
Expenditure Funding Sources —Nutr i t ion
Federal and State Funding
Funding from the federal and state levels come in the form of the Older Americans Act of 1965 (OAA)
Title III Funds and Nutrition Services Incentive Program (NSIP) Funds. Each year, the California
Department on Aging allocates OAA and NSIP funds across the 33 Area Agencies on Aging (AAA) within
California. The AAAs then disburse the funds within their local jurisdiction toward a variety of senior
services including senior work programs, supportive services, nutrition services, etc. Sourcewise is the
designated AAA for the County of Santa Clara.
Participant Contributions
The Senior Nutrition Program collects suggested contributions from Congregate Meals Program and
Meals on Wheels Program participants. These participant contributions are cycled back into the
programs to cover the costs of meals and other program expenses.
County of Santa Clara General Fund
For some counties in California, OAA and NSIP Funds are the only source of funding for that county’s
Senior Nutrition Program. In Santa Clara County, in addition to federal and state funding, County
General Fund is appropriated to the Senior Nutrition Program to allow a greater number of
participants the ability to attend lunches at nutrition sites or receive Meals on Wheels.
Meals on Wheels Trust Fund (Donations)
Our generous community members contributed through online and mailing list donations for the Meals
on Wheels Program. Due to the increased demand for meals and the implementation of the Friends
from Meals on Wheels Program, the Senior Nutrition Program transferred funding out of the Trust
Fund for use to ensure that there was enough funding to serve all participants in FY 2015 -2016.
Program Costs
Funding Source Amount Percentage
NSIP $907,053.00 10.46%
Title III (Federal) $1,535,179.00 17.70%
Title III (State) $303,288.00 3.50%
Contributions $786,415.00 9.07%
County General Fund $4,792,678.00 55.25%
MOW Trust Fund $349,500.00 4.03%
Total $8,674,113.00 100.00%
29
Older Amer icans Act o f 1965 Funding —A Closer Look
Funding Overview
Portions of the Congregate Meals Program and Meals on Wheels Program are funded through Title III
and NSIP Funding and are distributed by Sourcewise. For both programs, Title III Funding was fixed for
the year. For NSIP Funding, Sourcewise reimbursed SNP up to a limited number of allocated meals.
SNP exceeded the allotment of meals for both the Congregate Meals Program and Meals on Wheels
Program in May of FY 2015-2016.
Congregate Meals Program OAA Funding
In FY 2015-2016, the Congregate
Meals Program received
$1,799,159.00 in OAA Funding as
follows:
Meals on Wheels Program OAA Funding
In FY 2015-2016, the Meals
on Wheels Program received
$946,361.00 in OAA Funding
as follows:
OAA
Funding Title Amount
Title III $1,363,942.00
NSIP $435,217.00
Total $1,799,159.00
OAA
Funding Title Amount
Title III $474,525.00
NSIP $471,836.00
Total $946,361.00
Program Costs
30
Mobi l i ty Management Program
The Mobility Management Program is a coordinated effort between the Senior Nutrition Program (SNP)
and Outreach & Escort, Inc. (OUTREACH) to help seniors gain access to congregate meal sites through
various mobility options such as bus passes, gas cards, and paratransit rides.
One-Way Rides
In FY 2015-2016, OUTREACH provided an
estimated 126,699 one-way rides for
Mobility Management Participants to attend
the Congregate Meals Program.
*Estimated one-way rides are based on average usage per
mobility option as reported by OUTREACH:
- ADA Rides: Actual usage
- Gas Cards: 22 one-way rides/month
- Van & Volunteer Driver: 8 one-way rides/month
- Bus Passes: 17 one-way rides/month
There was a 3.15% increase in the
total number of one-way rides
provided in FY 2015-2016.
Seniors Served
In FY 2015-2016, an average of 641 seniors per
month were served by the Mobility Management
Program. The average number of seniors served
per month increased by 35 participants (5.8%)
from FY 2014-2015. The Mobility Management
Program continues to be a popular program that
provides transportation and mobility options for
seniors to attend the Congregate Meals Program.
Mobility Option Service FY 2015-2016
One-Way Rides
ADA Rides 12,491
Monthly Bus Pass Trips 87,754*
Prepaid Gas Card Trips 23,430*
Van & Volunteer Driver Services Trips 3,024*
Total 126,699
Transportation
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Measure A—Senior Transpor tat ion Program
Program Overview
In addition to the Mobility Management Program, participants can utilize the Measure A —Senior
Transportation Program to access nutrition sites as well as other destinations such as grocery stores
and doctors’ appointments. Services include bus passes, gas cards, volunteer driver transportation,
specialized door-to-door transportation, ADA subsidy fares, safe walking groups, older adult bicycles/
tricycles, and older driver safety classes. The Board of Supervisors allowed unspent funds
($194,653.55) from FY 2014-2015 to be rolled-over for use in addition to the $750,000.00 already
allotted in the fiscal year. As a result, a total of $944,653.55 was available for senior transportation
services through the Measure A Program in FY 2015-2016.
Seniors Served
In FY 2015-2016, an average of 1,446 seniors with transportation barriers per month were served by
the Measure A–Senior Transportation Mobility Management Program.
Year-In-Review and Next Steps
In FY 2015-2016, the combined numbers of one-way rides for both the Mobility Management Program
and Measure A—Senior Transportation Program totaled 394,688. Both programs were successful in
providing transportation services to the County’s seniors and will continue to do so in FY 2016 -2017.
Mobility Option Clients/Month
Bus Passes (Nutrition) 744
Gas Cards (Nutrition) 162
ADA (Nutrition) 38
Door-to-Door (Non-Nutrition) 210
Bus Passes (Non-Nutrition) 246
ADA (Non-Nutrition) 47
Total 1,446
Transportation
32
Harvey Rose Management Audit
On February 25, 2015, the Management Audit Division of the Board of Supervisors (Harvey Rose)
presented the Management Audit of the Senior Nutrition Program to the Finance and Government
Operations committee. The Senior Nutrition Program has successfully implemented several of the
Harvey Rose recommendations since the release of the Management Audit Report. Progress on the
remaining recommendations are as follows:
Section 1. Improving “Meals on Wheels” Services
Harvey Rose Recommendation Agency Update
1.1a
Assess the re-prioritization of
$500,000 to $800,000 of
annual meals funding to support
services funding.
Completed. The Social Services Agency (SSA) worked with
the Office of the County Executive to address Sourcewise’s
transfer of federal and state funding from nutrition
services to other supportive services. The funding will
continue to be diverted to supportive services.
1.1b
Assess a potential partnership
with or grants from The Health
Trust which has $13.4 Million in
undesignated funds for purposes
consistent with the County’s
MOW program, and which
currently operates its own MOW
program.
Completed. The Health Trust and SSA met. The Health
Trust explained that based on the by-laws that established
their organization, there are strict guidelines on how this
funding can be used. Based on these guidelines, that
there is no funding available for the County to leverage for
MOW.
1.1c
Assess use of volunteers,
including the potential hiring of a
Volunteer Coordinator to deliver
supplemental foods or simply
visit seniors to help them heat
their meals and increase
socialization.
Completed. The Senior Nutrition Program contracted with
The Health Trust to implement a the Friends from Meals on
Wheels program. Services started on April 1, 2016.
1.1d
Program existing unexpended
MOW donations, amounting to an
estimated $667,000 in savings
and $147,000 in ongoing
revenue, as described in Section
2 of this report. (Priority 1)
Completed. During FY 2015, a total of $320,000 was
transferred from the SNP Trust Fund. This same amount
was expended to augment the contract amount for
Bateman Community Living, the contractor providing the
meals and delivery for the Meals on Wheels Program, to
meet the increased number of participants served. As
recommended by the Management Audit, a minimum of
$147,000 will be automatically transferred each fiscal
year for items such as the food, microwaves and the
Friends from Meals on Wheels contract (See Item 1.1c
above).
Harvey Rose Audit Review
33
Section 2. Unexpected Donations for Meals on Wheels
Harvey Rose Recommendation Agency Update
2.1
Develop and implement a policy to expend new
donations on direct MOW services within 12 months of
receipt to generate approximately $147,000 in
additional annual resources to enhance MOW quality, as
described in Section 1 of this report.
Completed. See Item 1.1d above.
Section 3. Ensuring Quality of Meals and Services at Congregate Sites
Harvey Rose Recommendation Agency Update
3.1
Adopt additional meal quality
and availability standards to
ensure the program achieves
its goal of maintaining
healthy seniors. (Priority 1)
Completed. In FY 2015, SNP modified the program’s
evaluative tools (quarterly and annually) to further assess
staffing and quality of meals served at nutrition sites as
follows:
1. Evaluation of staffing hours:
To determine adequate staffing at meal sites, SNP uses the
food service industry’s formula “Minutes per Meal”. This
formula works best for cook-on-sites with a
recommendation of 7-10 labor minutes per meal.
2. Evaluation of raw food cost:
Per Senior Nutrition Task Force 2012 recommendations,
SNP standardized budgeting for community-based
organizations by introducing a “flat fee per meal” model
with providers developing program design and overall
budget including staffing hours and salary. SNP requires
sites to expend a minimum of 25% of total funding towards
cost of food. Catered sites typically spend above the
minimum 25% to cover the cost of meal preparation and
delivery service. Therefore, there will be a differentiation in
food cost between cook-on-sites vs. catered sites.
3. Visual evaluation of food served:
SNP evaluation tools include additional clarifications on
the assessment of the quality of food, specifically on meal
presentation, taste/flavor, texture, and consistency.
Additionally, evaluation of food waste was added.
Harvey Rose Audit Review
34
Section 3. Ensuring Quality of Meals and Services at Congregate Sites
Harvey Rose Recommendation Agency Update
3.1
(cont’d)
Adopt additional meal quality and
availability standards to ensure
the program achieves its goal of
maintaining healthy seniors.
(Priority 1)
4. Annual Survey:
A written participant survey is completed at each site
on an annual basis, rating meal satisfaction and
menu recommendations. Feedback is shared with
the meal sites for improvement.
Effective July 2015, the Controller’s Office approved the
reimbursement of meals purchased by the SNP
dietitians for the purpose of evaluating the quality of
food and services. Program staff can consume two
meals per fiscal year at each meal site. This will cost a
maximum of $702.00 per year.
3.2
Upon evaluation and on a case-
by-case basis, waive the
contractually required matching
funds for just the additional
meals of sites hit by excessive
demand, and establish an
emergency set-aside of $5,000
to temporarily cover the
additional matching meal costs.
(Priority 3)
Completed. Sites that are hit with excessive demand
will be evaluated on a case by case basis to partially or
fully temporarily waive the matching funds to cover the
additional meal costs.
Section 4. Strengthening Senior Nutrition Program Transportation
Harvey Rose Recommendation Agency Update
4.1
Notify the Board of Supervisors in
writing as soon as it learns that
Outreach has established a waitlist
of 50 or more eligible seniors which
may persist into the future, and
advise the Board on how it intends to
address the issue so that all eligible
seniors receive such services in a
timely manner.
Completed. Measure A Funds, combined with the
County of Santa Clara and City of San Jose’s Senior
Nutrition Mobility Management transportation
contracts, have eliminated the waitlist for the duration
of FY 2015. All eligible seniors who requested
transportation services were served. The Measure A
Senior Transportation Program will continue to run
through June 30, 2017.
Harvey Rose Audit Review
35
Section 5. Distribution of Meal Sites Relative to Distribution of Low-Income Seniors
Harvey Rose Recommendation Agency Update
5.1
Examine options for providing at least
lunchtime service of salads and
sandwiches in the George Shirakawa
Community Center or other appropriate
site within ZIP Code 95122 to reach this
area’s many low-income seniors.
(Priority 1)
In Progress. We are still exploring ways to
provide congregate meals to all underserved
areas. Tentatively, the City of San Jose plans to
open the Shirakawa Center in October 2016 as a
Vietnamese hub which reopens the possibility of
using this site as a congregate meal location.
5.2
Examine options for providing congregate
meal services in ZIP codes 95127, 95121,
95133, 95118, 95131, 95051, and
95136, with the goal of expanding the
reach of daily congregate meals to the
neighborhoods of 80 percent of the
County’s low-income seniors. (Priority 1)
In Progress. See Item 5.1 above.
5.3
Establish a goal to provide congregate
meals within the ZIP codes of 80 percent
of the County’s low-income seniors’
residences.
In Progress. See Item 5.1 above.
Section 6. Coordination of the CalFresh and Senior Nutrition Programs
Harvey Rose Recommendation Agency Update
6.1
Prepare a written plan to ensure
continuity of coordination between the
Senior Nutrition Program, the Department
of Employment and Benefit Services, and,
to the extent practicable, the volunteer
screeners at Second Harvest Food Bank,
to maximize the extent to which SNP
participants receive CalFresh (food
stamp) benefits. (Priority 1)
Completed. All parties have met and a written
plan has been developed to promote CalFresh at
congregate meal sites and with Meals on Wheels.
Harvey Rose Audit Review
36
Future Challenges
Future Chal lenges for SNP
Some of the future challenges for the Senior Nutrition Program include:
1. Transportation – Congregate meal programs are under utilized if seniors cannot get to the sites.
A. SNP was allocated $750,000 per year for three years to be used for nutrition and non -
nutrition transportation of seniors through OUTREACH. FY 2016-2017 will be the final year
of the provision.
B. Between soliciting a new vendor and implementing fixed route changes, VTA’s paratransit
services are in flux.
2. Funding – Ensuring sufficient funding to keep up with the growing number of seniors.
A. Approaching municipalities to share in the cost of Meals on Wheels.
B. Increasing participant contributions.
C. Considering the possibility of other revenue streams.
3. Living Wage – Depending on how the Living Wage is implemented, current providers may opt out of
providing congregate meal services.
4. Increasing Services – Providing congregate meal services to all seniors who want them with an
emphasis in areas where there is a high density of low income seniors.
A. Site Locations in strategic places.
B. Exploring alternative non-traditional service models.
5. Computer System – Creating a user friendly system to replace the current labor intensive system
that meets the needs of both SNP and the community based organization service providers.
My father can no longer prepare meals, shop, or even walk without
assistance. He has lost a considerable amount of weight from not
eating and I am very concerned about him.
-Adult Child of new MOW participant
“
”