Sanskrit Grammar

Grammar section covers all elements of Sanskrit grammar, so that we can start

using Sanskrit in daily life as a spoken language. Grammar study has been divided into basic grammar andadvanced grammar chapters. These are

further divided into different chapters for easy learning.

Note: Currently only chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 13 and part of chapter 6 are finished. Other chapters are being written and will be available soon.

Basic Grammar

Chapter 1: Sanskrit Alphabets & Sentences Overview o Alphabets & Their Classification. o Elements of sentences - Subject, Object and Verb. o Words & Their Classification. o Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Indeclinable, Adjective and Voices.

Chapter 2: Active Voice ( / kartRRivaachya)

Chapter 3: Verb Forms (Tenses & Moods) - / tiN^antapada ( / lakaara)

o Present -> / laTlakaara o Future -> / lRRiTlakaara o Past -> / laN^lakaara o Command -> / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara o Should/May -> / vidhailiN^lakaara o Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1

Chapter 4: Noun Forms (Cases) - / suvantapada ( / vibhakti) o Nominative -> / prathamaa o Accusative -> / dvitiiyaa o Instrumental -> / tRRitiiya o Dative -> / chaturthii o Ablative -> / panchamii o Genitive -> / ShaShThii o Locative -> / saptamii o Vocative -> / sambodhana o Noun Forms - Practice Sentences 1

Chapter 5: Indeclinable - / avyaya o (avyaya) o (upasarga) o (nipaata)

Chapter 6: Verb Forms (Affixes) - / kRRidantapada ( / kRRit pryatya)

o (tumun pratyaya) o (ktvaach pratyaya) o (lyap pratyaya) o (lyuT pratyaya) o (ktavatu pratyaya) o (kta pratyaya)

o (aniiyar pratyaya) o (tavyat pratyaya) o (yat pratyaya) o (shatRRi pratyaya) o (shaanach pratyaya) o (ktin pratyaya) o (ghJNj pratyaya) o (khal pratyaya) o Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 2

Chapter 7: Verb Forms (Affixes)

o (Nijanta pratyaya) o (sannanta pratyaya) o (yaN^nta pratyaya) o (naamadhaatu pratyaya) o Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 3

Chapter 8: Noun Forms (Affixes) - (taddhitapada) o (aN pratyaya) o (tval pratyaya) o (tal pratyaya) o (mayaT pratyaya) o (in pratyaya) o (matup pratyaya)

Chapter 9: Adjectives ( / visheShaNa) Chapter 10: Passive Voice ( / karmvaachya) Chapter 11: Impersonal Voice ( / bhaavavaachya)

Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Topics o (anusvaara) Rules Or Using (anusvaara) vs. (m) o (Natva) Rules Or Using (Na) vs. (na)

o (strii prakaraNa) - Gender Conversion Rules

Chapter 13: References o Noun Forms -> / sabdarupa o Verb Forms -> / dhaaturupa

Advanced Grammar

Chapter 14: Euphonic Combination -> / sandhi o / svarasandhi o / vyaJnjanasandhi o / visargasandhi

Chapter 15: Compound Words ( / samaasaH) o / tatpuruSha o / karmadhaaraaya o / vahubriihiH o / dvandva o / dvigu o / avyayiibhaava

Chapter 16: Alankara ( / alaN^kaara) Chapter 17: Chanda ( / chhchandaH) Chapter 18: Anvaya Rachana ( / anvayarachanaa)

>

Introduction: Sanskrit language has scripts or alphabets for writing, and

grammatical rules for sentence formation, just like any other language (English for example). In this chapter we will get an overview of this. The

details with their grammatical rules will be covered in subsequent chapters.

Alphabets & Their Classification: In Sanskrit language Devanagari Script is the mostly used script for writing. Most of the Sanskrit literature are in this

script. Following is the list of the alphabets in their correct order.

a

aa

i

ii

u

uu

RRi

RRI

e

ai

o

au

k

kh

g

gh

N^

ch

chh

j

jh

JN

T

Th

D

Dh

N

t

th

d

dh

n

p

ph

b

bh

m

y

r

l

v

sh

Sh

s

h

ksh

dny

All these alphabets are classified into two major groups i.e.,

Vowels or (svaravarNa): Alphabets starting from (a) till (au) are the vowels. These are further classified into (hrasva) and (diirgha). The (diirgha) are pronounced double the length (or time) of (hrasva).

hrasva

a

aa

i

u

e

ai

o

au

diirgha

ii

uu

RRi

RRI

Consonants or (vyaJNjanavarNa): Alphabets starting from (k) till (dny) are the consonants. Some of the consonants are further

classified into different groups called (varga). Following table has this classification. Some of the gramatical rules for Euphonic

Combination or (sandhi) and Compound Words or (samaasa) are based on these (varga).

kavarga

k

kh

g

gh

N^

chaavarga

ch

chh

j

jh

JN

Taavarga

T

Th

D

Dh

N

tavarga

t

th

d

dh

n

pavarga

p

ph

b

bh

m

We will refere these classifications, while covering the Euphonic

Combination or (sandhi) and Compound Words or (samaasa).

Sentence Formation Overview: In Sanskrit just like any other language (English for example) a sentence is made of different elements. The elements are "Subject", "Object", and "Verb". A sentence may or may not have an Object

in it.

Lets study the following English sentence to understand these basic

elements better.

The boy is reading a book.

In the sentence "boy" is the "Subject", "reading" is "Verb" and the "book" is the "Object". The boy is reading a book.

--- ------- -----

| | |

Subject Verb Object

If we ask the question "who is reading?", the answer that comes is "the boy". So, the "boy" here is the Subject. It is also called the "Noun".

The answer that comes in response to question "what is the boy doing?" is "reading". The "reading" here is the "Verb".

Similarly the answer to "what is the boy reading?" is "book". The "book" becomes the "Object".

Now study the following statement. The boy is laughing.

In the sentence "boy" is the "Subject", "laughing" is "Verb". But, there is no "Object" in this sentence. The boy is laughing.

--- -------

| |

Subject Verb

If we ask the question "what is the boy laughing?", no answer comes from this. So, laughing becomes an "Intranstive Verb".

However in the first sentence "what is the boy reading?" gives answer "book". In this case the "reading" becomes a "Transitive Verb".

Now that we have understood the basic elements of a sentence, we will

begin with more details of Sanskrit language.

In Sanskrit:

Subject is called -> / kartaa Object is called -> / karma Verb is called -> / kriyaa Transitive Verb is called -> / sakarmaka Intransitive Verb is called -> / akarmaka

So, in the above statements: The boy is reading a book.

--- ------- -----

| | |

Subject Verb Object

| | |

/kartaa /kriyaa( / sakarmaka) /karma The boy is laughing.

--- -------

| |

Subject Verb

| |

/kartaa /kriyaa ( / akarmaka)

Words & Their Classification: In any language a sentence is madeup of multiple

words composed in a well defined structure giving a sensible meaning to the sentence. These words can be categorised into three different types viz.,

Noun

Verb Indeclinable

Besides the above classifications nouns and verbs can also be part of following categories with minor derivations like addition of 'ility', 'ily', 'tion',

'ing' etc., as well as based on their usage and grammatical rules:

Pronoun Adjective

Adverb

In Sanskrit also words are classified into similar categories. Following is a

representation of the important classifications. We can see the classification is almost same as any other language. Each classification has been

described in the coming chapters.

|--------------- Noun Root ( / shabda) | |

| |

| --------------------------------

| | |

| | suvantapada taddhitapada

| |

| |

| -----------------------------------------------

| | | |

| Masculine Feminine Neuter

| | puliN^ga striiliN^ga

napuN^sakalinga

Word ( / pada) ----| |

|--------------- Verb Root ( / dhaatu) | |

| |

| ----------------------------------------------------------

----

| | | | | |

|

| | tiN^atapada kRRidantapada Nijanta sannanta yaN^nta

naamadhaatu

| |

| |

| -----------------------------------------------------------

-

| | |

|

| | parasmaipadii aatmanepadii

ubhayapadii

|

|

|--------------- Indeclinable ( / avyaya) |

|

----------------------------------------

| | |

avyaya upasarga nipaata

Nouns ( / shabda): Noun is the word that represents someone or something in

a sentence. Noun normally refers to person, place, thing, state or quality

etc. A noun is the only word that can be used as the subject or object for a verb.

Noun in Sanskrit is called (shabda) or noun-root. It is also called

(kartRRipada). Noun can be classified into (suvantapada) and (taddhitapada).

(suvantapada): This classification is based on the gender, number

and case of the noun. The noun-forms are used to express something

or someone etc. or suvantapada meaning - words ending with (sup) suffix. In this classification:

o Nouns are categorised into three different "genders" ( / liN^ga) viz., "masculine" ( / pu.nliN^ga), "feminine" ( / striiliN^ga) and "neuter" ( / napu.nsakaliN^ga).

o Each noun also has three "numbers" ( / vachana) and 7 "cases" ( / vibhakti).

Each noun has a different derivation based on the "number" and

"case". Unlike other languages, in Sanskrit the noun has its different

forms built into itself. The "noun base" is called (shabda) and the "derived noun forms" are called (shabdarupa). So, in the previous statement is the "base" ( / shabda) of noun "BOY" and is one of the derived noun forms ( / shabdarupa).

(taddhitapada): In this classification special suffixes are added to the

noun to get noun forms used as - subject, adjectives, indeclinable etc.

We will start with first 2 cases and all three numbers of (suvantapada) BOY ( / baalaka) and GIRL ( / vaalaa) / shabda. Once we know how to use noun forms ( / shabdarupa) in sentences, we will cover all the cases and their usage rules.

Boy / / baalaka (Masculine / / pu.nliN^ga)

Case

/ vibhakti

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dvivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Nominative

(Subject)

/ prathamaa / baalakaH

(the boy)

/ baalakau (two boys)

/ baalakaaH (the boys)

Accusative (Object)

/ dvitiiyaa / baalakam

(to the boy)

/ balakau (to two boys)

/ baalakaan (to the boys)

Girl / / baalaa (Femenine / / striiliN^ga)

Case

/ vibhakti

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dvivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Nominative

(Subject)

/ prathamaa / baalaa

(the girl)

/ baale (two girls)

/ baalaaH (the girls)

Accusative

(Object)

/ dvitiiyaa / baalaam

(to the girl)

/ balae (to two girls)

/ baalaaH (to the girls)

Examples of noun form ( / shabdarupa):

The boy -> / baalakaH Many boys -> / baalakaaH To the boy -> / baalakam To the boys -> / baalakaan The girl -> / baalaa Many girls -> / baalaaH To the girl -> / baalaam To the girls -> / baalaaH

The complete noun form ( / shabdarupa) for (baalaka shabda) will have 7 different forms for each number. The singular forms

include "the boy", "to the boy", "by the boy", "for/tothe boy", "from the boy", "of the boy", and "in the boy". Besides these 7 forms an additional

vocative ("O! boy") case is also their.

All these we will study in detail in coming chapters. The complete (shabdarupa) is listed in Chapter 13.

Followings are few more nouns ( / shabdarupa). We will use these in sentences later in this chapter.

School / / vidyaalaya (Masculine / / pu.nliN^ga)

Case

/ vibhakti

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dvivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Nominative

/ prathamaa

/ vidyaalayaH

/ vidyaalayau

/ vidyaalayaaH

Accusative

/ dvitiiyaa

/ vidyaalayam

/ vidyaalayau

/ vidyaalayaan

Book / / pustaka (Nuter / / napu.nsakaliN^ga)

Case

/ vibhakti

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dvivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Nominative

/ prathamaa

/ pustakam / pustake / pustakaani

Accusative

/ dvitiiyaa

/ pustakam / pustake / pustakaani

*** In / akaaraanta nuter ( / napu.nsakaliN^ga), both

Nominative and Accusative cases have the same form.

Me / / asmad (All Genders / / triliN^gaka)

Case

/ vibhakti

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dvivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Nominative

/ prathamaa

/ aham / aavaam / vayam

Accusative

/ dvitiiyaa

/ maam / maa

/ aavaam / nau

/ asmaan / naH

You / / yusmad (All Genders / / triliN^gaka)

Case

/ vibhakti

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dvivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Nominative

/ prathamaa

/ tvam / yuvaam / yuuyam

Accusative

/ dvitiiyaa

/ tvaam / tvaa

/ yuvaam / vaam

/ yuShmaan / vaH

Pronouns ( / sarvanaama pada): Words like he, she, this, that, these etc., are

called pronoun. Pronouns in Sanskrit are called (sarvanaama pada). The rules for pronouns are exactly same as the nouns ( / shabda).

Verb ( / dhaatu): Verb normally refers to action, state, existence or occurrence

etc. Verb in Sanskrit is called (dhaatu) or verb root. It is also known as

(kriyaapada). It can be classified into (tiNâtapada) and (kRRidantapada).

(tiNâtapada): This classification is based on the tense and mood of

the verb. The verb-forms are used as normal verbs to express some

action or state etc. or tiNâtapada meaning - words ending with (tip) suffix. In this classification:

o Each Verb can have any of the 10 tenses ( / lakaara). Howver only 5 are enough to use Sanskrit in daily life.

o Each verb can be of three different numbers, Singular ( / ekavachana), Dual ( / dviivachana) and Plural ( / bahuvachana).

o Each verb can be of three persons viz., Third ( / prathama), Second ( / madhyama) and First ( / uttama).

o Each verb can belong to categories (parasmaipadii), (aatmanepadii) or (ubhayapadii). Verbs of (parasmaipadii) category represent 'action whose result is for others'. (aatmanepadii) represents 'action whose result is for self', and (ubhayapadii) represents 'action whose result is both for others and self'.

Just like noun ( / shabda), each verb ( / dhaatu) also has different derivations based on the "tense", "number' and "person". This

is called "verb form" ( / dhaaturupa). The verb-forms differ based on this category. The "root" of a verb is called (dhaatu). (dhaatu) does not have any "gender".

(kRRidantapada): In this classification special suffixes are added to

the verb to get verb-forms used as - subject, pronoun, adjectives,

indeclinable etc.

Followings are the (tiNâtapada) verb-forms ( / dhaatutupa) of

READ ( / paTH) (dhaatu) and GO ( / gam) (dhaatu) in present tense ( / laTlakaara). Once we are acquainted with the verb usage in a sentence, we will cover all other different forms.

Read / / paTh

Person / / puruSha

Number / / vachana

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dviivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Third

/ prathama / paThati (is reading)

/ paThataH (both are reading)

/ paThanti (many are reading)

Second

/ madhyama / paThasi

(you are reading)

/ paThathaH (you two are

reading)

/ paThatha (you all reading)

First

/ uttama / paThaami (i am reading)

/ paThaavaH (both of us

reading)

/ paThaamaH

(all of us reading)

Go / / gam

Person / / puruSha

Number / / vachana

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dviivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Third

/ prathama /

gachchhati

(is going)

/ gachchhataH

(both are going)

/ gachchhanti

(many are going)

Second

/ madhyama

/ gachchhasi

(you are going)

/ gachchhathaH (you two are

going)

/ gachchhatha

(you all are going)

First

/ uttama /

gachchhaami

(i am going)

/ gachchhaavaH

(both of us going)

/ gachchhaamaH

(all of us going)

Lets study a sample use of shabdarupa and dhaaturupa using the above. These will help in learning the sentence formation rules.

the boy is reading - / baalakaH paThati the boys are reading - / baalakaaH paThanti

the girl is reading - / baala paThati the girls are reading - / baalaaH paThanti

you are reading - / tvam paThasi you all are reading - / yuyam paThata

i am reading - / aham paThaami we are reading - / vayam paThaamaH

All the sentences above have the "Subject" ( / kartaa) and a "Verb" ( / kriyaa). In all the sentences, the number ( / vachana) and person ( / puruSha) of the "Verb" ( / kriyaa) match number ( / vachana) and person ( / puruSha) of the "Subject" ( / kartaa).

Say in the sentence "the boy is reading" ( / baalakaH paThati), the "boy" ( / baalakaH) is in third person singular ( / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). Similarly the "Verb" ( / kriyaa) is also in third person singular ( / prathamapuruSha ekavachana).

However the verb does not change if the gender of the "Subject" change.

This can be seen in the sentence "the girl is reading" ( / baalaa paThati).

Rule 1: The verb ( / dhaatu) always follows number ( / vachana) and person ( / puruSha) of the noun ( / shabda).

Rule 2: The verb ( / dhaatu) remains same irrespective of the gender ( / liN^ga) of the "Subject" ( / kartaa).

Rule 3: The verb form ( / dhaaturupa) is always in second

person ( / madhyamapuruSha), if the noun used is (asmad shabda). The verb form ( / dhaaturupa) is always in first person ( / uttamapuruSha), if the noun used is (yusmad shabda). All other nouns will always be in third person ( / prathamapuruSha).

Indeclinable ( / avyayapada): Indeclinable in Sanskrit is called (avyayapada). Unlike shabdarupa and dhaaturupa / avyayapada do not change in its form. It remains same irrespective of gender, number,

person and tense. Followings are few examples:

kutra / - where atra / - here tatra / - there api / - too

Few sample statements using indeclinable ( / avyayapada): where is the boy going - / baalakaH kutra gachchhati the boy is going there - / baalakaH tatra gachchhati

where are the boys going - / baalakaaH kutra gachchhanti the boys are going there - / baalakaaH tatra gachchhanti

Note that the (avyayapada) remains the same irrespective of the number, and person of the "Subject" ( / kartaa).

Rule 4: Indeclinables ( / avyayapada) never change in form and remain same irrespective of the person and number of the

"Subject" ( /kartaa).

Adjective ( / visheShaNa): Adjective is the word that expresses an attribute or

property of something or someone. Only nouns can be used adjectives. In

Sanskrit it is called (visheShaNa). Adjective always follows the gender ( / liN^ga) and number ( / vachana) of the subject or the word for which it is an adjective. Followings are few examples:

blue sky - / nilaH aakaashaH white cloud - / svetaH meghaH In above sentences the words blue and white represent an attribute of sky

and cloud. So, these are adjectives for the words sky and cloud respectively.

Voice ( / vaachya): In Sanskrit sentence can be in any of the following three

voices. 'Impersonal Voice' is specific to Sanskrit language only and this sentence formation is normally not seen in other languages like English.

1. Active voice or (kartRRI vaachya). 2. Passive voice or (karma vaachya). 3. Impersonal voice or (bhava vaachya).

Now that we know the basics of Sanskrit sentence formation, their different

elements, classification of alphabets and words, we will study the rules in detail in subsequent chapters.

>

Active Voice ( / kartRRIvaachya): We will study "Active Voice" in this chapter

with examples. Other two sentence formations will be covered in chapter 7 and 8 later. All subsequent chapters are in active voices except chapter 7

and 8.

Study the following statements.

/ English

/ Sanskrit Subject

( / kartaa)

Verb

( / kriyaa)

Object

( / karma)

1. The boy is

going

baalaH gachchhati

The boy

/ baalaH

going

/ gachchhati

-

2. I am going aha.n gachchhami

I am

/ aha.n

going

/ gachchhami

-

3. The boy is

reading

baalaH pathati

The boy

/ baalaH

reading

/ pathati

-

4. I am reading aha.n pathaami

I am

/ aha.n

reading

/ pathaami

-

5. The boy is

going to school

baalaH

vidyaalayam

The boy

/ baalaH

going

/ gachchhati

to school

/ vidyaalayam

gachchhati

6. I am going to

school

aha.n vidyaalayam

gachchhami

I am

/ aha.n

going

/ gachchhami

to school

/ vidyaalayam

7. The boy is

reading the book

baalakaH pustakam

paThati

The boy

/ baalakaH

reading

/ pathati

the book

/ pustakam

8. I am reading

the book

aha.n pustakam

paThaami

I am

/ aha.n

reading

/ pathaami

the book

/ pustakam

These are all examples of Active Voice or (kartRRivaachya).

Sentence 1 to 4 do not have any "Object" or (karma) in them. So these are intransitive or (akarmaka kartRRivachya).

Rule 5: In a (kartRRivaachya) the "Subject" or (kartaa) is always in the "nominative case" or (prathamaa vibhakti).

Sentence 5 to 8 have "Object" or (karma) like (vidyaalayam), (pustakam) in them. So, these are transitive or (sakarmaka kartRRivachya).

Rule 6: In a (kartRRivaachya) the "Object" or (karma) is always in the "accusative case" or (dvitiiyaa vibhakti).

>

Verb Forms ( / tiN^antapada): In chapter 1 we were introduced with verb ( / kriyaa) and its use. We learnt that in Sanskrit (dhaatu) is the base or root of all verbs. Each verb is a derivative or (dhaaturupa) of it's root. We also learnt that in a sentence the verb ( / dhaatu) always follows the person ( / puruSha) and number ( / vachana) in which the Subject or (kartaa) is. Verb normally refers to action, state, existence or occurrence etc.

In this chapter we will study the 5 mostly used verb-forms or (lakaara) out of 10 verb-forms that a verb can have. The 5 verb-forms covered are enough for day-to-day use of Sanskrit.

Verb or (dhaatu) has 10 different (tiN^antapada) forms known as (lakaara) and they are listed below.

/ laTlakaara / lRRiTlakaara / laN^lakaara / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara / vidhailiN^lakaara

/ liTlakaara / lRRiTlakaara / aashiiliN^lakaara / luN^lakaara / lRRiN^lakaara

We will study the first 5 verb-forms in detail, in coming chapters. Followings

are some common features of different (lakaara) in Sanskrit.

Each (lakaara) has verb-forms for three persons ( / puruSha) and three numbers ( / vachana). So, in total each (lakaara) has 9 different verb-forms or (dhaaturupa) in it.

The persons are third person ( / prathamapuruSha), second person ( / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( / uttamapuruSha). (dhaaturupa) in first person ( / uttamapuruSha) are always used with (asmad) i.e., 'Me' as the Subject in the sentence. (dhaaturupa) in second person ( /

madhyamapuruSha) is always used with (yusmad) i.e., 'You' as Subject in the sentence. The third person ( / prathamapuruSha) is used in all other cases.

Similarly each person ( / puruSha) has three numbers ( / vachana), which are singlar ( / ekavachana), dual ( / dviivachana) and plural ( / bahuvachana).

The number ( / vachana) of the (dhaaturupa) always follows the number ( / vachana) of the Subject or (shabdarupa) in the sentence. The gender ( / liN^ga) of the Subject does not affect the (dhaaturupa).

In coming chapters we will study the different verb-forms ( / dhaaturupa) in detail. For easier and simpler study while describing the

different verb-forms we have used / paTh (read) and / gam (go) / dhaatu for sentence formation. At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many commonly used nouns and verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good vocabulary for day-to-day conversasion in Sanskrit.

>

/ laTlakaara (Present Tense): (laTlakaara) represents verb-forms in present tense ( / vartamaanakaala). So, while forming a sentence which is in present tense, the verb ( / kriaa) has to be in (laTlakaara).

The complete / laTlakaara of / paTh (read) and / gam (go) / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the

following sentences. These are in (vartamaanakaala) or present tense.

/ English

/ Sanskrit Subject

/ shabda

Verb

/ dhaatu

Comments

Present Tense - Third Person Singular

/ vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana

1. The boy is

reading.

baalakaH paThati

baalaka

paTh

-

2. The girl is

reading.

baalikaa paThati

baalikaa

paTh

-

3. Rama is

reading.

raamaH paThati

raama

paTh

-

4. Sita is

reading.

siitaa paThati

siitaa

paTh

-

5. The boy is

going.

baalakaH

gachchhati

baalaka

gam

-

6. The girl is

going.

baalikaa

gachchhati

baalikaa

gam

-

Present Tense - Third Person Plural

/ vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha bahuvachana

7. The boys are

reading.

baalakaaH

paThanti

baalaka

paTh

-

8. The girls are

reading.

baalikaaH

paThati

baalikaa

paTh

-

9. Students are

reading.

chchhaatraaH

paThati

chchhaatra

paTh

-

10. Clearks are

reading.

lipikaaraaH

paThanti

lipikaara

paTh

-

11. The boys are

going.

baalakaaH

baalaka

gam

-

gachchhanti

12. The girls

are going.

baalikaaH

gachchhanti

baalikaa

gam

-

In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular ( / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always follows the number and peson, the verb ( / paThati) is also in 3rd person singular ( / prathamapuruSha ekavachana).

In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural ( / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb ( / paThanti) is also in / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of verb (paTh). One thing we can note that the gender of Subject does not affect the verb-

form in use. Only the number and person are followed by verb. In case

sentences 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 the Subject are in musculine ( / puN^linga) gender. In case of sentences 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 the Subject are

in feminine ( / striiliN^ga). However in neither case the verb depends upon the gender.

All the above sentences were in third person ( / prathamapuruSha). Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person

( / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( / uttamapuruSha).

/ English

/ Sanskrit Subject

/ shabda

Verb

/ dhaatu

Comments

Present Tense - Second Person Singular

/ / vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana

13. You are

going.

tva.n gachchhasi

yusmad

gam

-

14. You are

reading.

tva.n paThasi

yusmad

paTh

-

Present Tense - First Person Singular

/ vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana

15. I am going.

aha.n

gachchhaami

asmad

gam

-

16. I am reading. aha.n paThaami

asmad

paTh

-

Present Tense - Second Person Plural

/ vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana

17. You all are

going.

yua.n

gachchhatha

yusmad

gam

-

18. You all are

reading.

yua.n paThatha

yusmad

paTh

-

Present Tense - First Person Plural

/ vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha bahuvachana

19. We all are

going.

vaya.n

gachchhaamaH

asmad

gam

-

20. We all are

reading.

vaya.n paThaamaH

asmad

paTh

-

In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular

( / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural ( / madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences

the Subject used is (yusmad) (shabda). In case of second person the kartaa is always (yusmad) (shabda).

In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (

/ uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural ( / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is (asmad) (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always (asmad) (shabda). As we know unlike English or any other language, Sanskrit language has

three different numbers viz., singular, plural and dual. This dual number is specific to Sanskrit and must be used accordingly. The followings are the

dual number form of above sentences.

/ English / Sanskrit Subject

/ shabda

Verb

/ dhaatu

Comments

Present Tense - Dual

/ vartamaanakaala dvivachana

21. Two boys are

reading.

baalakau

paThataH

baalaka

paTh

-

22. Two girls are

reading.

baalike

paThataH

baalikaa

paTh

-

23. Two boys are

going.

baalakau

gachchhataH

baalaka

gam

-

24. Two girls are

going.

baalike

gachchhataH

baalikaa

gam

-

25. Two students

are reading.

chchhatrau

paThataH

chchhaatra

paTh

-

26. Two clearks

are reading.

lipikaarau

paThataH

lipikaara

paTh

-

27. Both of you

are going.

yuvaa.n

gachchhathaH

yusmad

gam

-

28. Both of you

are reading.

yuvaa.n

paThathaH

yusmad

paTh

-

29. Both of us

are going.

aavaa.n

gachchhaavaH

asmad

gam

-

30. Both of us

are reading.

aavaa.n

paThaavaH

asmad

paTh

-

At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of

many Sanskrit sentences using / laTlakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns ( / shabda) and verbs ( / dhaatu) in those.

In the next chapter we will study (lRRiTlakaara) or future tense.

Read / / paTh : / laTlakaara

(Present tense / / vartamaanakaala)

Person / / puruSha

Number / / vachana

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dviivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Third

/ prathama / paThati / paThataH / paThanti

Second

/ madhyama / paThasi / paThathaH / paThatha

First

/ uttama / paThaami /

paThaavaH

/ paThaamaH

Go / / gam : / laTlakaara

(Present tense / / vartamaanakaala)

Person / / puruSha

Number / / vachana

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dviivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Third

/ prathama /

gachchhati

/ gachchhataH

/ gachchhanti

Second

/ madhyama

/ gachchhasi

/ gachchhathaH

/ gachchhatha

First

/ uttama /

gachchhaami

/ gachchhaavaH

/ gachchhaamaH

>

/ lRRiTlakaara (Future Tense): In previous chapter we studied about present

tense. In this chapter we will study about future tense. (lRRiTlakaara) verb-forms represent the future tense in a sentence. So,

while forming sentences in future tense we need to use verbd-forms from

(lRRiTlakaara).

The complete / lRRiTlakaara of / paTh (read) and / gam (go) / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in (bhaviShyatakaala) or future tense.

/ English

/ Sanskrit Subject

/ shabda

Verb

/ dhaatu

Comments

Future Tense - Third Person Singular

/ vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana

1. The boy will

read.

vaalakaH

baalaka

paTh

-

paThiShyati

2. The girl

will read.

baalikaa

paThiShyati

baalikaa

paTh

-

3. Rama will

read.

raamaH paThiShyati

raama

paTh

-

4. Sita will

read.

siitaa paThiShyati

siitaa

paTh

-

5. The boy will

go.

baalakaH

gamiShyati

baalaka

gam

-

6. The girl

will go.

baalikaa

gamiShyati

baalikaa

gam

-

Future Tense - Third Person Plural

/ bhaviShyatakaala prathamapuruSha bahuvachana

7. The boys

will read.

baalakaaH

paThiShyanti

baalaka

paTh

-

8. The girls

will read.

baalikaaH

paThiShyanti

baalikaa

paTh

-

9. Students

will read.

chchhaatraaH

paThiShyanti

chchhaatra

paTh

-

10. Clearks

will read.

lipikaaraaH

paThiShyanti

lipikaara

paTh

-

11. The boys

will go.

baalakaaH

gamiShyanti

baalaka

gam

-

12. The girls

will go.

baalikaaH

gamiShyanti

baalikaa

gam

-


In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural ( / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb ( / paThanti) is also in / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of verb (paTh).



/ English

/ Sanskrit Subject

/ shabda

Verb

/ dhaatu

Comments

Future Tense - Second Person Singular

/ bhaviShyatakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana

13. You will go. tva.n gamiShyasi

yusmad

gam

-

14. You will

read.

tva.n paThiShyasi

yusmad

paTh

-

Future Tense - First Person Singular

/ bhaviShyatakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana

15. I will go. aha.n gamiShyaami

asmad

gam

-

16. I will read.

aha.n

paThiShyaami

asmad

paTh

-

Future Tense - Second Person Plural

/ bhaviShyatakaala madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana

17. You all will

go.

yua.n gamiShyatha

yusmad

gam

-

18. You all will

read.

yua.n

paThiShyatha

yusmad

paTh

-

Future Tense - First Person Plural

/ bhaviShyatakaala uttamapuruSha bahuvachana

19. We all will

go.

vaya.n

gamiShyaamaH

asmad

gam

-

20. We all will

read.

vaya.n

paThiShyaamaH

asmad

paTh

-




In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular ( / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural ( / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is (asmad) (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always (asmad) (shabda).

You may have observed that the verb forms in future tense ( / lRRiTlakaara) are similar to present tense ( / laTlakaara) with a minor deviation. In case of a (paTh dhaatu), the form can be derived from the form by inserting (iShya) before the (tip) end. For most verb forms this is true.

Rule: For most verbs, the form can be derived from the form by inserting (iShya) before the (tip) end.

However some verbs take a slightly different form in their overall formation.

In case of (gam dhaatu) instead of / gachchhiShyati the correct form is / gamiShyati and so on. This deviations should be kept in mind for such specific verbs.

The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.

/ English

/ Sanskrit Subject

/ shabda

Verb

/ dhaatu

Comments

Future Tense - Dual

/ bhaviShyatakaala dvivachana

21. Two boys

will read.

baalakau

paThiShyataH

baalaka

paTh

-

22. Two girls

will read.

baalike

paThiShyataH

baalikaa

paTh

-

23. Two boys

will go.

baalakau

gamiShyataH

baalaka

gam

-

24. Two girls

will go.

baalike

gamiShyataH

baalikaa

gam

-

25. Two students

will read.

chchhatrau

paThiShyataH

chchhaatra

paTh

-

26. Two clearks

will read.

lipikaarau

paThiShyataH

lipikaara

paTh

-

27. Both of you

will go.

yuvaa.n

yusmad

gam

-

gamiShyathaH

28. Both of you

will read.

yuvaa.n

paThiShyathaH

yusmad

paTh

-

29. Both of us

will go.

aavaa.n

gamiShyaavaH

asmad

gam

-

30. Both of us

will read.

aavaa.n

paThiShyaavaH

asmad

paTh

-


many Sanskrit sentences using / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns ( / shabda) and verbs ( / dhaatu) in those.

In the next chapter we will study (laN^lakaara) or past tense.

Read / / paTh : / lRRiTlakaara

(Future tense / / bhaviShyatakaala)

Person / / puruSha

Number / / vachana

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dviivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Third

/ prathama /

paThiShyati

/ paThiShyataH

/ paThiShyanti

Second

/ madhyama

/ paThiShyasi

/ paThiShyathaH

/ paThiShyatha

First

/ uttama /

paThiShyaami

/ paThiShyaabaH

/ paThiShyaamaH

Go / / gam : / lRRiTlakaara

(Future tense / / bhaviShyatakaala)

Person / / puruSha

Number / / vachana

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dviivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Third

/ prathama /

gamiShyati

/ gamiShyataH

/ gamiShyanti

Second

/ madhyama

/ gamiShyasi

/ gamiShyathaH

/ gamiShyatha

First

/ uttama /

gamiShyaami

/ gamiShyaavaH

/ gamiShyaamaH

>

/ laN^lakaara (Past Tense): In previous chapter we studied about future

tense. In this chapter we will study about past tense. (laN^lakaara) verb-forms represent the past tense in a sentence. So, while forming

sentences in past tense we need to use verbd-forms from (laN^lakaara).

The complete / laN^lakaara of / paTh (read) and / gam (go) / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in (bhutakaala) or past tense.

/ English

/ Sanskrit Subject

/ shabda

Verb

/ dhaatu

Comments

Past Tense - Third Person Singular

/ bhutakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana

1. The boy was

reading.

baalakaH apaThat

baalaka

paTh

-

2. The girl was

reading.

baalikaa apaThat

baalikaa

paTh

-

3. Rama was

reading.

raamaH apaThat

raama

paTh

-

4. Sita was

reading.

siitaa apaThat

siitaa

paTh

-

5. The boy was

going.

baalakaH

agachchhat

baalaka

gam

-

6. The girl was

going.

baalikaa

agachchhat

baalikaa

gam

-

Past Tense - Third Person Plural

/ bhutakaala prathamapuruSha bahuvachana)

7. The boys were

reading.

baalakaaH

apaThan

baalaka

paTh

-

8. The girls were

reading.

baalikaaH

apaThan

baalikaa

paTh

-

9. Students were

reading.

chchhaatraaH

apaThan

chchhaatra

paTh

-

10. Clearks were

reading.

lipikaaraaH

apaThan

lipikaara

paTh

-

11. The boys were

going.

baalakaaH

agachchhan

baalaka

gam

-

12. The girls

were going.

baalikaaH

agachchhan

baalikaa

gam

-





/ English

/ Sanskrit Subject

/ shabda

Verb

/ dhaatu

Comments

Past Tense - Second Person Singular

/ bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana

13. You were

going.

tva.n agachchhaH

yusmad

gam

-

14. You were

reading.

tva.n apaThaH

yusmad

paTh

-

Past Tense - First Person Singular

/ bhutakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana

15. I was going. aha.n agachchham

asmad

gam

-

16. I was

reading.

aha.n apaTham

asmad

paTh

-

Past Tense - Second Person Plural

/ bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana)

17. You all were

going. -

yua.n

agachchhata

yusmad gam

18. You all were

reading.

yua.n apaThata

yusmad

paTh

-

Past Tense - First Person Plural

/ bhutakaala uttamapuruSha bahuvachana)

19. We all were

going.

vaya.n

agachchhaama

asmad

gam

-

20. We all were

reading.

vaya.n apaThaama

asmad

paTh

-




In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular ( / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural ( / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is (asmad) (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always (asmad) (shabda).

The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.

/ English

/ Sanskrit Subject

/ shabda

Verb

/ dhaatu

Comments

Past Tense - Dual

/ bhutakaala dvivachana)

21. Two boys were

reading.

baalakau

apaThataam

baalaka

paTh

-

22. Two girls

were reading.

baalike

apaThataam

baalikaa

paTh

-

23. Two boys were

going.

baalakau

apaThataam

baalaka

gam

-

24. Two girls

were going.

baalike

agachchhataam

baalikaa

gam

-

25. Two students

were reading.

chchhatrau

apaThataam

chchhaatra

paTh

-

26. Two clearks

were reading.

lipikaarau

apaThataam

lipikaara

paTh

-

27. Both of you

were going.

yuvaa.n

agachchhatam

yusmad

gam

-

28. Both of you

were reading.

yuvaa.n

apaThatam

yusmad

paTh

-

29. Both of us

were going.

aavaa.n

agachchhaava

asmad

gam

-

30. Both of us

were reading.

aavaa.n

apaThaava

asmad

paTh

-


many Sanskrit sentences using / laN^lakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns ( / shabda) and verbs ( / dhaatu) in those.

In the next chapter we will study (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) or verb-forms representing commands and requests.

Read / / paTh : / laN^lakaara

(Past tense / / bhutakaala)

Person / / puruSha

Number / / vachana

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dviivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Third

/ prathama / apaThat /

apaThataam / apaThan

Second

/ madhyama / apaThaH /

apaThatam / apaThata

First

/ uttama / apaTham /

apaThaava

/ apaThaama

Go / / gam : / laN^lakaara

(Past tense / / bhutakaala)

Person / / puruSha

Number / / vachana

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dviivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Third

/ prathama /

agachchhat

/ agachchhataam

/ agachchhan

Second

/ madhyama

/ agachchhaH

/ agachchhatam

/ agachchhata

First

/ uttama /

agachchham

/ agachchhaava

/ agachchhaama

>

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara (Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests): In previous

three chapters we studied about tenses. In this chapter we will study about verb-forms used in imerative mood. These verb-forms are used while giving

commands or requests. (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) verb-forms represent these.

The complete / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara of / paTh (read) and / gam (go) / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in imperative mood.

/ English

/ Sanskrit Subject

/ shabda

Verb

/ dhaatu

Comments

Imperative Mood - Third Person Singular

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara prathamapuruSha ekavachana

1. Let the boy

read.

baalakaH paThatu

baalaka

paTh

-

2. Let the girl

read.

baalikaa paThatu

baalikaa

paTh

-

3. Let Rama

read.

raamaH paThatu

raama

paTh

-

4. Let Sita

read.

siitaa paThatu

siitaa

paTh

-

5. Let the boy

go.

baalakaH

gachchhatu

baalaka

gam

-

6. Let the girl

go.

baalikaa

gachchhatu

baalikaa

gam

-

Imperative Mood - Third Person Plural

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara prathamapuruSha bahuvachana)

7. Let the boys

read.

baalakaaH

baalaka

paTh

-

paThantu

8. Let the girls

read.

baalikaaH

paThantu

baalikaa

paTh

-

9. Let the

students read.

chchhaatraaH

paThantu

chchhaatra

paTh

-

10. Let the

clearks read.

lipikaaraaH

paThantu

lipikaara

paTh

-

11. Let the boys

go.

baalakaaH

gachchhantu

baalaka

gam

-

12. Let the

girls go.

baalikaaH

gachchhantu

baalikaa

gam

-





/ English

/ Sanskrit Subject

/ shabda

Verb

/ dhaatu

Comments

Imperative Mood - Second Person Singular

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara madhyamapuruSha ekavachana

13. You go. tva.n gachchha

yusmad

gam

-

14. You read. tva.n paTha

yusmad

paTh

-

Imperative Mood - First Person Singular

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara uttamapuruSha ekavachana

15. Let me go.

aha.n

gachchhaani

asmad

gam

-

16. Let me read. aha.n paThaani

asmad

paTh

-

Imperative Mood - Second Person Plural

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana)

17. You all go. yua.n gachchhata

yusmad

gam

-

18. You all

read.

yua.n paThata

yusmad

paTh

-

Imperative Mood - First Person Plural

/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara uttamapuruSha bahuvachana)

19. Let us all

go.

vaya.n

gachchhaama

asmad

gam

-

20. Let us all

read.

vaya.n paThaama

asmad

paTh

-


( / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural ( /

madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences


In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular ( / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural ( / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is (asmad) (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always (asmad) (shabda). The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.

/ English / Sanskrit Subject

/ shabda

Verb

/ dhaatu

Comments

Imperative Mood Dual ( / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara dvivachana)

21. Let the two

boys read.

baalakau

paThataam

baalaka

paTh

-

22. Let the two

girls read.

baalike

paThataam

baalikaa

paTh

-

23. Let the two

boys go.

baalakau

gachchhataam

baalaka

gam

-

24. Let the two

girls go.

baalike

gachchhataam

baalikaa

gam

-

25. Let the two

students read.

chchhatrau

paThataam

chchhaatra

paTh

-

26. Let the two

clearks read.

lipikaarau

paThataam

lipikaara

paTh

-

27. Both of you

go.

yuvaa.n

gachchhatam

yusmad

gam

-

28. Both of you

read.

yuvaa.n paThatam

yusmad

paTh

-

29. Let both of

us go.

aavaa.n

gachchhaava

asmad

gam

-

30. Let both of

us read.

aavaa.n paThaava

asmad

paTh

-


many Sanskrit sentences using / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns ( / shabda) and verbs ( / dhaatu) in those.

In the next chapter we will study (vidhailiN^lakaara) or optative mood.

Read / / paTh : / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara

(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests)

Person / / puruSha

Number / / vachana

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dviivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Third

/ prathama / paThatu /

paThataam / paThantu

Second

/ madhyama / paTha / paThatam / paThata

First

/ uttama / paThaani / paThaava / paThaama

Go / / gam : / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara

(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests)

Person / / puruSha

Number / / vachana

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dviivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Third

/ prathama /

gachchhatu

/ gachchhataam

/ gachchhantu

Second

/ madhyama

/ gachchha / gachchhatam

/ gachchhata

First

/ uttama /

gachchhaani

/ gachchhaava

/ gachchhaama

>

/ vidhailiN^lakaara (Optative Mood - Should or May): In previous chapter we

studied about imperative mood. In this chapter we will study about optative

mood. (vidhailiN^lakaara) verb-forms represent sentences in optative mood. So, any sentence indicating possibility of something verb-

forms of (vidhailiN^lakaara) should be used.

The complete / vidhailiN^lakaara of / paTh (read) and / gam (go) / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in (vidhailiN^lakaara) or optative mood.

/ English

/ Sanskrit Subject

/ shabda

Verb

/ dhaatu

Comments

Optative Mood - Third Person Singular

/ vidhailiN^lakaara prathamapuruSha

ekavachana

1. The boy

should read.

baalakaH paThet

baalaka

paTh

-

2. The girl

should read.

baalikaa paThet

baalikaa

paTh

-

3. Rama should

read.

raamaH paThet

raama

paTh

-

4. Sita should

read.

siitaa paThet

siitaa

paTh

-

5. The boy

should go.

baalakaH

gachchhet

baalaka

gam

-

6. The girl

should go.

baalikaa

gachchhet

baalikaa

gam

-

Optative Mood - Third Person Plural

/ vidhailiN^lakaara prathamapuruSha bahuvachana)

7. The boys

should read.

baalakaaH

paTheyaH

baalaka

paTh

-

8. The girls

should read.

baalikaaH

paTheyaH

baalikaa

paTh

-

9. Students

should read.

chchhaatraaH

paTheyaH

chchhaatra

paTh

-

10. Clearks

should read.

lipikaaraaH

paTheyaH

lipikaara

paTh

-

11. The boys

should go.

baalakaaH

gachchheyuH

baalaka

gam

-

12. The girls -

should go. baalikaaH

gachchheyuH

baalikaa gam





/ English / Sanskrit

Subject

/ shabda

Verb

/ dhaatu

Comments

Optative Mood - Second Person Singular

/ vidhailiN^lakaara madhyamapuruSha ekavachana

13. You should go.

tva.n

gachchheH

yusmad

gam

-

14. You should

read.

tva.n paTheH

yusmad

paTh

-

Optative Mood - First Person Singular

/ vidhailiN^lakaara uttamapuruSha ekavachana

15. I should go.

aha.n

gachchheyam

asmad

gam

-

16. I should read. aha.n paTheyam

asmad

paTh

-

Optative Mood - Second Person Plural

/ vidhailiN^lakaara madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana)

17. You all should

go.

yua.n

yusmad

gam

-

18. You all should

read.

yua.n paTheta

yusmad

paTh

-

Optative Mood - First Person Plural

/ vidhailiN^lakaara uttamapuruSha bahuvachana)

19. We all should

go.

vaya.n

gachchhema

asmad

gam

-

20. We all should

read.

vaya.n paThema

asmad

paTh

-




In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular ( / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural ( / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is (asmad) (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always (asmad) (shabda). The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.

/ / Sanskrit Subject Verb Comments

English / shabda

/ dhaatu

Optative Mood Dual ( / vidhailiN^lakaara dvivachana)

21. Two boys

should read.

baalakau

paThetaam

baalaka

paTh

-

22. Two girls

should read.

baalike

paThetaam

baalikaa

paTh

-

23. Two boys

should go.

baalakau

gachchhetaam

baalaka

gam

-

24. Two girls

should go.

baalike

gachchhetaam

baalikaa

gam

-

25. Two students

should read.

chchhatrau

paThetaam

chchhaatra

paTh

-

26. Two clearks

should read.

lipikaarau

paThetaam

lipikaara

paTh

-

27. Both of you

should go.

yuvaa.n

gachchhatam

yusmad

gam

-

28. Both of you

should read.

yuvaa.n paThetam

yusmad

paTh

-

29. Both of us

should go.

aavaa.n

gachchheva

asmad

gam

-

30. Both of us

should read.

aavaa.n paTheva

asmad

paTh

-


many Sanskrit sentences using / vidhailiN^lakaara are given.

You will know about many more nouns ( / shabda) and verbs ( / dhaatu) in those.

Read / / paTh : / vidhailiN^lakaara

(Optative Mood - Should or May)

Person / / puruSha

Number / / vachana

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dviivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Third

/ prathama / paThet /

paThetaam / paTheyaH

Second

/ madhyama / paTheH / paThetam / paTheta

First

/ uttama /

paTheyam / paTheva / paThema

Go / / gam : / vidhailiN^lakaara

(Optative Mood - Should or May)

Person / / puruSha

Number / / vachana

Singular

/ ekavachana

Dual

/ dviivachana

Plural

/ bahuvachana

Third

/ prathama / gachchhet /

gachchhetaam

/ gachchheyuH

Second

/ madhyama

/ gachchheH / gachchhatam

/ gachchhet

First

/ uttama /

gachchheyam / gachchheva /

gachchhema

>

Verb Forms - Practice Sentences: In the last five chapters we covered five different verb-forms, using / paTh (read) and / gam (go) / dhaatu. For better vocabulary the following is a list of different sentences using many

more verbs and nouns for your reference. The sentences cover all the five verb-forms we have covered so far.

Present Tense - / laTlakaara

/ English

/ Sanskrit

Noun

Verb

Notes

The boy

reads/is

reading.

baalakaH

paThati

baalaka

paTh

or laTlakaara is the only verb-form to represent

present tense.

Unlike English where simple

present (verb + s, verb + es)

and present-continous (verb +

ing) forms are possible, in

Sanskrit laTlakaara represents

both.

So, "the boy reads" and "the

boy is reading" will have

sameverb-forms.

The pupil

is

saluting.

shiShyaH

namati

shiShya

nam

The elder

brother

speaks.

agrajaH

vadati

agraja

vad

The father

looks.

janakaH

pashyati

janaka

dRRish

The son is

going to

school.

putraH

vidyaalaya.n

gachchhati

putra

gam

The horse

runs.

ashvaH

dhaavati

ashva

dhaav

The tree

bears

fruit.

vRRikshaH

phalati

vRRiksha

phal

The servant

is

standing.

sevakaH

tiShThati

sevaka

sthaa

The beggar

wanders.

bhikshukaH

aTati

bhikshuka

aT

He is

laughing.

saH hasati

( ) tad (pu.n)

has

The mother

cooks.

ambaa pachati

ambaa

pach

The son is

laughing.

sutaH hasati

suta

has

The girl

writes

poems.

baalaa

padyaani

likhati

baalaa

likh

She is

drinking

milk.

saa dugdha.n

pivati

( ) tad (strii)

paa

It is

evening.

sandhyaa

bhavati

sandhyaa

bhuu

The goat

grazes.

ajaH charati

aja

char

She is

leading.

saa nayati

( ) tad (strii)

nii

The flower

blooms.

puShpa.n

vikasati

puShpa

+

vi + kas

The fruit

falls.

phalam patati

phala

pat

Friend is

giving.

mitra.n

yachchhati

mitra

yachchh

Artists are

sketching.

chitrakaaraaH

likhanti

chitrakaara

likh

Porters are

carrying.

bhaaravaahaaH

vahanti

bhaaravaaha

vah

Theives are

running.

choraaH

dhaavanti

chora

dhaav

Washermen

are

washing.

rajakaaH

kshaalayanti

rajaka

kshaal

Carpenters

do

carpentry.

takshakaaH

takshanti

takshaka

taksh

Singers are

singing.

gaayakaaH

gaayanti

gaayaka

gai

Dancers are

dancing.

naaTaaH

nRRityanti

naTa

nRRit

Cooks are

cooking.

paachakaaH

pachanti

paachaka

pach

Devotees

are

meditating.

bhaktaaH

dhyaanti

bhakta

dhyai

They smell

flowers.

te puShpaaNi

jighranti

( ) tad (pu.n)

ghraa

They

remember.

te smaranti

( ) tad (pu.n)

smRRi

Barbers

shave.

naapitaaH

muNDayanti

naapita

muND

Weavers

weave.

tantuvaayaaH

vayanti

tantuvaaya

-

Goats

graze.

ajaaH

charanti

aja

char

Fruits

shake.

phaalaani

sphuranti

phala

-

You are

reading the

book.

tva.n

pustaka.n

paThasi

yusmad paTh

You are

saluting.

tva.n namasi

yusmad

nam

You are

speaking.

tva.n vadasi

yusmad

vad

You see.

tva.n

pashyasi

yusmad

dRRish

All of you

fall.

yuuya.n

patatha

yusmad

pat

All of you

are

leading.

yuuya.n

nayatha

yusmad

nii

All of you

rebuke.

yuuya.n

nindatha

yusmad

nind

I wish.

aham

ichchhaami

asmad

iSh

I am

dancing.

aham

nRRityaami

asmad

nRRit

I remember. aham smaraami

asmad

smRRi

I reside. aham vasaami

asmad

vas

I am asking

a question.

aham

prashna.n

pRRichchhaami

asmad

prachchh

We play.

vaya.n

kriiDaamaH

asmad

krriD

We are

writing.

vaya.n

likhaamaH

asmad

likh

We are

drinking.

vaya.n

pibaamaH

asmad

paa

Future Tense - / lRRiTlakaara

/ English / Sanskrit Noun

Verb

Notes

The boy will read. baalakaH paThiShyati

baalaka

paTh

-

The student will go to

school.

chchhaatraH vidyaalaya.n

gamiShyati

chchhaatra

gam

-

They will speak. te vadiShyanti

( ) tad (pu.n)

vad

-

Artist will sketch the

picture.

chitrakaaraH chitra.n

likhiShyati

chitrakaara

likh

-

It will be evening. sandhyaa bhaviShyati

sandhyaa

bhuu

-

Teacher will teach. guruH paaThayiShyati

guru

/ paaTh

-

The flowers will

bloom.

puShpaaNi vikasiShyanti

puShpa

+ vi + kas

-

Barber will shave. naapitaH muNDayiShyati

naapita

muND

-

You will read. tva.n paThiShyasi

yusmad

paTh

-

You all will play. vaya.n kriiDiShyatha

yusmad

kriiD

-

I will go. aha.n gamiShyaami

asmad

gam

-

I will write letter. aha.n patram likhiShyaami

asmad

likh

-

We will play. vaya.n kriiDiShyaamaH

asmad

kriiD

-

Past Tense - / laN^lakaara

/ English

/ Sanskrit

Noun

Verb

Notes

The boy

read/was

reading.

baalakaH

apaThat

baalaka

paTh

or laN^lakaara is the only verb-form to represent

past tense.

Unlike English where simple

past and past-continous (verb +

ing) forms are possible, in

Sanskrit laN^lakaara represents

both.

So, "the boy went" and "the boy

was going" will have same verb-

forms.

Past tense can also be

represented using (tavat) prefix with the verbs. This has

been covered in a different

chapter.

He played. saH akriiDat

( ) tad (pu.n)

kriiD

She stood. saa atiShThat

( ) tad (strii)

sthaa

Cobbler

gave the

sandal.

charmakaarah

paadarakshaam

ayachchhat

charmakaara

yachchh

The lion

killed the

deer.

si.nhaH

mRRigam

amaarayat

si.nha

mRRi

The tiger

ate flesh.

vyaaghraH

maa.nsam

akhaadat

vyaaghra

khaad

The cat

saw the

rat.

maarjaaram

muuShakam

apashyat

maarjaara

dRrish

The friend

wrote a

letter.

vayasaH

patram

alikhat

vayasa

likh

One went

to

village.

ekaH graamam

agachchhat

eka

gam

They

laughed.

te ahasan

( ) tad (pu.n)

has

Students

played.

chchhaatraaH

akriiDan

chchhaatra

kriiD

Thieves

stole the

box.

choraaH

peTikaam

aharan

chora

har

Students

asked

question.

chchhaatraaH

prashnam

apRRichchhan

chchhaatra

prachchh

Bisons

grazed

grass.

mahiShaaH

tRiNaani

acharan

mahiSha

char

Women

sang.

mahilaaH

agaayan

mahilaa

gai

Snakes

swallowed

frogs.

sarpaaH

maNDuukaan

agilan

sarpa

gil

Porters

bore the

burden.

bhaaravaahaaH

bhaaram

avahan

bharavaaha

vah

Fishermen

took away

the fish.

dhivaraaH

miinam anayan

dhivara

nii

You ran. tvam adhaavaH

yusmad

dhaav

You

danced.

tvam

anRRityaH

yusmad

nRRit

You read. tvam apaThaH

yusmad

paTh

All of you

saw the

book.

yuuya.n

pustakam

apashyat

yusmad

dRRish

All of you

ate.

yuuya.n

akhaadataH

yusmad

khaad

I saluted

the

teacher.

aha.n guruum

anamam

asmad

nam

I

remembered

the

matter.

aha.n

viShayam

asmaram

asmad

smRRi

I smelt

the

flower.

aha.n puShpam

ajighram

asmad

ghraa

I saw the

picture.

aha.n chitram

apashyam

asmad

dRRish

I wrote a

letter.

aha.n patram

alikham

asmad

likh

We spoke.

vayam

avadaama

asmad

vad

We ate.

vayam

akhaadaama

asmad

khaad

We played.

vayam

akriiDaama

asmad

kriiD

Imperative Mood - / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara

/ English / Sanskrit Noun

Verb

Notes

Let the boy read. baalakaH paThatu

baalaka

paTh

-

Let the boy write. baalakaH likhatu

baalaka

likh

-

Let him carry. saH vahatu

( ) tad (pu.n)

vah

-

Let the singer sing. gaayakaH gaayatu

gaayaka

gai

-

Let her run. saa dhaavatu

( ) tad

(strii)

dhaav

-

Let the servant wash. sevakaH prakshaalayatu

sevaka

+ prakshaal

-

Let the girl read. baalaa paThatu

baalaa

paTh

-

Let the student ask

question.

chchhaatra prashna.n

pRRichchhatu

chchhaatra

prachchh

-

Let the dancers dance. naTaaH nRRityantu

naTa

nRRit

-

Let them reside. te vasantu

( ) tad (pu.n)

vas

-

Let the beggars

wander.

bhikshukaaH aTantu

bhikshuka

aT

-

Let the women see. mahilaaH pashyantu

dRRish

-

You go. tva.n gachchha

yusmad

gam

-

You stand up. tva.n uttiShTha

yusmad

sthaa

-

You drink. tva.n piba

yusmad

paa

-

All of you speak. yuuya.n vadata

yusmad

vad

-

All of you go. -

yuuya.n gachchhata yusmad gam

All of you see. yuuya.n pashyata

yusmad

dRRish

-

Let me go. aha.n gachchhaani

asmad

gam

-

Let me write. aha.n likhaani

asmad

likh

-

Let me read. aha.n paThaani

asmad

paTh

-

Let us drink. vaya.n pivaama

asmad

paa

-

Let us ask. vaya.n pRRichchhaama

asmad

prachchh

-

Let us sing. vaya.n gaayaama

asmad

gai

-

Optative Mood - / vi

Documents

Sanskrit Grammar