common name: a sand fly scientific name: Lutzomyia

GROUP2Presentation on SANDFLYCommon name: a sand flyScientific name: lutzomyia shannoni dyar

CLASSIFICATION OF SANDFLYPhylum: Arthropoda.Class: Insecta.Order: DipteraFamily: Psycodidae.Genus: PhlebotomusSpecies:(a) P. papatasii (b) P. Sergenti (c) P. argentipes

3INTRODUCTIONTherere about 700 species of sandflies

70 species have been incriminated as vector

They bite human and transmit disease to them

Adult flies are mainly called sand fliesIDENTIFICATIONSandflies are light or dark brown in color Blood sucking type of dipteran flies 1.3 3.5 mm longFound mainly in tropics A few also found in temperature regionOnly females are blood eating pests and are nocturnalGENERAL CHARACTERISTICSSmall (2-3 mm)

Brown (but appear white when illuminated)

Wings held in erect V-shape

Nocturnal

Do not hover

Silent

Painful bite

LIFECYCLE

20 to 40 days30 to 70 eggshatch 1 to 2 weeks4 instarsdiapauses in 4th instarpupal development 5-10 daysadults crepuscular and nocturnalSand Fly Life Cycle

Life cycle takes 20-40 days except in diapausing species.

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LARVAE maggot like structurehaving large headthorax & abdomentwo long bristle on last abdominal segment4 larval instarsmature larvae is 3-6 mm longlarva feed on decaying organic matter become a pupa in about 2 weeks

PUPAE Pupae are objects

measuring approximately 2.6 mm in length

looking much like a butterfly chrysalis

consisting of the terminal pseudopodium of the ninth abdominal segment and the entire eluvium of the fourth instar larva

pupa stage lasts for about 1 week

ADULT Adults are small, silvery-brownishLong-legged flies with narrow bodies Wings are less than 3 mm longNocturnal habitIt has a weak flight for short distance and for short levelsShelter during the day in dark, humid places like tree holes, animal burrows or under rocksAverage life of a sand fly is about 2 weeks

PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCEAbility to transmit several viralBacterial protozoan disease

Causing organisms of humans other animals

DISEASE TRANSMITTEDPhlebotomus argentipes : Kala azar

Phlebotomus papatasi : Sand fly fever

Phlebotomus sergenti : Oriental sore

S. Punjabensis : Sand fly feverVECTOR FOR LEISHMANIASISL. donovani : visceral leishmaniasis

L.tropica : cutaneous leishmaniasis

L. braziliensis : mucocutaneous

VISCERAL LEISHMANIASISIrregular bouts of feverSubstantial weight lossSwelling of the spleen and liverAnaemia

CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS skin ulcers on the exposed parts of the body, such as the face, arms and legs

MUCOCUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS (ESPUNDIA) mucous membranes of the nosemouth and throat cavities

CONTROLSPRAY INSECTICIDES

KILLING OF RESERVOIR SPECIES

SANITATION

PERSONAL PROTECTION

SPRAY INSECTICIDESMeasures to control adult sand flies (Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus)

use of insecticides (currently mostly pyrethroids) for residual spraying of dwellings & animal sheltersspace-sprayinginsecticide-treated netsimpregnated dog-collars

personal protection through application of repellents or insecticides to skin or fabrics

KILLING OF RESERVOIR SPECIESCertain species of mammals can act as important reservoirs of Leishmania

by killing the reservoir species that are living near human habitation, disease rates can be decreased

For instance, rodenticides have been used against the Great GerbilRhombomys opimus in Central Asia

SANITATIONRemoval of shrubs and vegetation

Filling of cracks and crevices in the wall & floor

Make a distance of cattle sheds and poultry from human habitationsPERSONAL PROTECTION DDT & DIMP

Sand fly net

CONCLUTION

THE END