Sample Bio Project

8/8/2019 Sample Bio Project

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Introduction:

The term ecology was carried by Ernet Haeckel (1866). The word ecology comes from the

Greek oiks, meaning house or home. Therefore ecology means study of home, habitat of

organisms.

Naturally, there will be many species living in a habitat, which interact with each other. Theinteraction not only occurs among members of the same species of organisms. Is also occurs among

members of different species and between the species and the environment. Environment consists

of both the living component (abiotic component) such as physical factors like soil, rainfall, sunlight

and temperatures. Therefore, it can be concluded that ecology is the systematic study on what

organisms interact with their environment,

Ecological studies give us the scientific foundations for our understanding of agriculture,

forestry and fisheries. Ecology also gives us the basic of periodical, preventing and remedying

pollution. It helps us to understand the likely consequences of massive environment intervention, as

in construction of dams of diversion of rivers, and provides the rationale underpinning biological

conservation.

Since there are many levels and types of interaction between organisms and their

environment, the questions ecologists address are wide-ranging and complex. Ecology can be

divided into four increasingly comprehensive level of study from ecology of individual organisms to

the dynamics ecology and ecosystem ecology.

We have carried out a practical ecology can be divided into three aspects:

i) Soil analysisii) Determination of the types of soil organismsiii) Determination of the density of plant species in a habitatAll the procedure, results, discussion and conclusion will be typed and will be filed systematically

so that it is easier o refer anytime.

Objective:

1. Learning baic princeples of ecology through students own effort.1.1 elements of ecosystem : biosis and abiosis.1.2 Dynamic relationship of elements and flow of energy through ecosystem.

2. Using simple apparatus and instruments in ecological studies.3. Learning the methods of collecting and analyzing ecological data.4. Writing ecological study report.5. Inculcating nature loving attitude.6. Inculcating good moral values cooperation, independence and self-confidence.


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5.1

Discussion:

In the investigation, the soil sample is extracted from various levels with the metal cylinder.

Then the soi is removed from the cylinder with a piston. A large part of the natural soil sample can

be extracted from different levels with a shovel. However, shovel harder to handle.

Conclusion:

To preserve the soil sample, the appropriate way of soil sampling is through the use of a

metal cylinder and piston.

5.2

Discussion:

From the result we get, it was found that the percentage of soi component for the sand,

loam and clay are 55.56%, 33.33% and 11.11% respectively.

The soil consists of water, air, organic matter, inorganic matter and various types of soil

organisms. Water is essential for absorption of mineral salt and their conduction throughout the

plant by roots. Soil air provides atmosphere air for soil organism respiration whereas humus adds

fertility to the soil. The texture of the soil will affect the soil ventilation and the tendency of the soil

to retain water.

In the experiment, the soil was shaken vigorously to allow the mixture to settle out

according to the density and the surface area of the particles. The heavy particles of sand settle first

followed by loam and clay. The humus remains float on the surface of the water. The volume of the

mixture was less than the original level because when the soil and water mixed together the

particles of water fill the spaces in the soil. Besides that, some of the water also dropped out from th

cylinder while shaking.

From the experiment, the soil sample is classified as sandy loam according to the texture of

triangle.

Conclusion:

The percentage for the sand is 55.56%, loam is 33.33% and clay is 11.11%.

5.3

Discussion:

From the results was obtained from the experiment, it was found that percentage of

water in soil sample in location 1,2,3 and 4 are 31.25%, 31.66%, 33.75% and 23.25%.

The soil sample is heated in the oven at 1100C because the boiling point for water is

100oC. At this boiling point, the water will evaporate and are removed from the soil. After the soil

sample is taken out and weighed for the first time, it is put back to the oven again. This is to ensure


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Conclusion:

The percentage of the air content of the soil sample is arranged according to the

highest rank of percentage of air content to the lowest one. Percentage of air content is highest in

Area 3 with 30.2%. it is followed by Area 2 which is 15.4%. Then, followed by Area 1 with 7.2%. The

lowest percentage of the air content is taken form Area 4 which is 5.1%.

5.6

Discussion:

According to the result of the experiment, most of the soil sample obtained are less

than pH7. The colours of the soil samples are orange in colour and match the values of pH5.

In the experiment, barium sulphate is used to ensure flocculation of the colloidal clay.

This is because colloidal clay may affect the result of the experiment. After the BDH universal

indicator is added, the test tube is shaken vigorously to ensure that the universal indicator has

spread across the entire soil sample. When referring to the BDH reference colour chat, the nearest

to the corresponding pH is taken if there are no colour exactly the same as the result of the

experiment.

Conclusion:

According to the result of the experiment, most of the soil sample obtained from

different areas a little bit acidic, the pH of the soil sample are less than 7, which are the range of pH5

to pH7.

6.1

Discussion:

From the experiment, soil fauna that can extract by Tullgren funnel included ant

(Arthropoda), earthworm (Annelida) and millipede (Mgriapoda). Organisms that live in the soil can

be extracted using Tullgren funnel.

The Tullgren funnel method is based on the negative feedback organisms towards

strong light, high temperature and low humidity. The heat form the bulb dries and warms the soil

sample, causing the organisms to move downwards and fall through the sieve into funnel which

directs them into a beaker containing 4% formalin solution. The formalin solution was used to kill

and preserve the soil organisms.

The surface of the funnel must be smooth and can prevent condensation where it cantrap fine organisms before them reach the bottom. The smaller soil organisms were examined using

hand lens in order to make the process of categorizing and drawing easier.

Conclusion:

The soil organisms collected in the experiment were ant (Arthropoda), earthworm

(Annelida), and millipede (Myriapoda) based on the princeples that soil organisms are sensitives to

light humidity and heat.


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6.2

Discussion:

Bearmann funnel is specially designed to ectract aquatic or semi-aquatic subterranean

organisms such as Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena and Chlamydomonas. Aquatic and semi-aquatic

organisms are easily killed by aridity. If Tullegren funnel is use, these organisms will die and cannotbe extracted form the soil.

The Bearmann funnel works on the principle that such that organisms will migrate to

the cooler (lower) parts of the sample once a temperature gradient has been established by the use

of a lamp supported above the funnel. The soil sample wrapped in the muslin cloth was placed in the

funnel filled with water. The bright ray from the light of the bulb will heat up the soil in the funnel

without drying it. Thus, this will cause the aquatic and semi-aquatic organisms move away from light

source towards the bottom of the funnel. By opening the Bearmann funnel dip, the organisms will

fall into the beaker contains formalin. Hence, these organisms can be collected and identified under

a microscope.

Conclusion:

The soil organisms collected in this experiment were Paramecium, Amoeba , Euglena

and Chlamydomonas. The extraction method of the Bearmann funnel shows that aquatic and semi-

aquatic organisms move away from bright light radiance, high radiance, high temperature and low

dampness.

Results:

Students name:

Date:

Habitat: school field

Location: SMK St.Anthony

Type of plant:

Quadrant: 1m2

7.1.1

Discussion:

From the results obtained, the species Fimbristylis dichotoma (L) Vahl and Pluschea

sagittalis have relative frequency of 7.89% while Cyperus iria L. has relative frequency of 6.58%.

Ageratum conyzoides L. and Axonopus compressus P. Beauv. Have the same relative frequencies

which are 11.84%.


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Meanwhile, relative frequencies for Satin tail, Murdannia simplex (Vahl.) Brenam and

Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston are the same, 13.16%. Lastly, Cyperus difformis and Paspalum

conjugatum Berg. Have relative frequency of 9.21% and 5.27% respectively.

The results obviously showed that species Satin tail, Murdannia simplex (Vahl.) Brenam

and Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston can grow well in various areas under investigation with the

highest value for the relative frequency, 13.16%, this species has the most powerful adaptation

ability. Species Satin tail, Murdannia simplex (Vahl.) the most powerful adaptation ability. Species

Satin tail, Murdannia simplex (Vahl.) Brenan and Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston had being able to

harmonize itself with the surrounding bringing it to the path of victory in the competition for

sunlight, minerals and water. Therefore, this species appears in most of the terrestrial area.

Meanwhile, species Paspalum conjugatum Berg. has the lowest relative frequency,

5.27%. This shows that species Paspalum conjugatum Berg. has the least adaptation ability to the

surrounding. This causes the species to lose in the competition for the life necessity with other

species, hence it only gorws in few areas.

Conclusion:

In the decending order, the species Satin tail, Murdannia simplex (Vahl.) Brenan and

Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston have the highest relative frequency (13.16%), followed by Ageratum

conyzoides L. and Axonopus compressus P. Beauv (11.84%), Cyperus difformis (9.21%), Fimbristylis

dichotoma (L.) Vahl dan Pluschea sagittalis (7.89%), Cyperus iria L. (6.58%) and Paspalum

conjugatum Berg. (5.27%).

7.1.2

Discussion:

Based on the experiment given, the species Cyperus kyllinga has relative coverage of

0.44% whileAgeratum conyzoides, Ageratum houstonianium and Cyperus difformis has relative

coverage of 21.11%, 1.47% and 1.32% respectively. Meanwhile, relative coverage ofChrysopogon

aciculatus and Cyperus ivia L. show the figure of 5.43% and 3.52% respectively. Both Pluchea

sagittalis and Hedyotis diffusa willdstand for 1.32% and 20.23% for their relative coverage

respectively. The species Paspalum distichum L. has relative coverage of 34.16%. Lastly, the species

Imperata cylindrical L. has the relative coverage of 11.00%.

This result obviously shows that species Paspalum distichum L. is the most abundant

species in the area of investigation. Is has the highest percentage of relative coverage that is 34.16%.

The species is the most successful in the competition for the location and space among the ten

species. The species grows and reproduces successfully.

Species Cyperus kyllinga however appear to be defeated species in the competition.

They only cover up a small area with relative coverage of 0.44%, which is the lowest figure compared

to the other species. This figure indirectly indicates that the species mentioned has weak adaptation

power and this causes them to lose in the competition.


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Conclusion:

In the descending, the species Paspalum distichum L. has the highest relative coverage

(34.16%), followed byAgeratum conyzoides (21.11%), Hedyotis diffusa willd(20.23%), Imperata

cylindrical L. (11.00%), Chrysopogon aciculatus (5.43%), Cyperus ivia L. (3.52%),Ageratum

houstonianum (1.47%), Cyperus difformis (1.32%), Pluchea sagittalis (1.32%) and lastly Cyperus

kyllinga has relative coverage of 0.44%.

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Sample Bio Project