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Moralityright speech, right action, and right

livelihood

Wisdomright view and right intention

Noble Eightfold PathNoble Eightfold Path

Concentrationright effort,

right mindfulness , and right concentration

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RIGHT CONCENTRATION

SAMM SAMDHI

SAMDHIKKHANDA- SAMM VYMA (VIRIYA)- SAMM SATI (SATI)- SAMM SAMDHI (EKAGGAT)

Noble Eightfold Path : 8th Factor

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Ekaggat or One-pointedness of Mind

Unification of the mind (consciousness+associatedmental concomitants) on its object (field of experience)Functions to focus or fix the mind on its object andprevents its associated constituents from dissipating

Like water that binds its substances into a solid mass An ethically variable mental factor, present in wholesome or unwholesome mind

Ekaggat as jhana factor =samdhi in wholesome mindcollects and centres the mind and its concomitantsevenly on the object

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Mind &Samdhi

Mind untrained in concentration is deluded,subject to influences of hindrances; scattered andrestless; worries; not easily controlled

Shows unbroken focus or attention on the objectShows tranquil mental functions

Free from hindrances or distractionsmind with sam dhi is clear, soft or malleable andtranquil or serene, suitable instrument for

penetration

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1. Samatha bh van (Tranquility meditation)

2. Vipassana bh van (Insight meditation)

Prerequites1. Moral discipline purified2. Impediments dispensed with3. Meditation instruction/instructor

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Samathayanika path of serenity or

1 . Samatha bhvan

ranqu y me a on

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KammaKamma 55 55 hhnanaKammaKamma5555hhna = place of work = workingna = place of work = working(meditation) ground = subjects of(meditation) ground = subjects ofmeditationmeditation

== i t a t i o n

mind to be trained on or to focus itsmind to be trained on or to focus itsconcentration onconcentration on4040 meditation subjects to choose frommeditation subjects to choose from Subject assigned by teacher according toSubject assigned by teacher according to

personal ones temperament; orpersonal ones temperament; or

Select one that suits one in the absenceSelect one that suits one in the absenceof a teacherof a teacher s a m a t h a m e d

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KammaKamma 55 55 hhnana11--1010:: ten kasi7as1111--2020:: ten unattractive objectsten unattractive objects ( (dasadasa asubhasubh ))2121--3030: ten recollections: ten recollections ( (dasadasa anussatiyoanussatiyo) )

t a t i o n

3131--3434: four sublime states: four sublime states ( (cattcatt rorobrahmavihbrahmavih r r ))3535--3838: four immaterial states: four immaterial states ( (cattcatt ro ro rupprupp ))

3939: one perception: one perception ( (ekek sasa ))4040: one analysis: one analysis ( ( eka vava55hna ))

contemplation of the four primary elements.contemplation of the four primary elements. s a m a t

h m e d

i

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Ten Kasi7a s1010 kasinaskasinas of solid objects representingof solid objects representing

primordial qualitiesprimordial qualities11--44: primary elements: primary elements pathav pathav (earth),(earth),

,, ,,55--88: four: four colourscolours -- blue, yellow, red, andblue, yellow, red, andwhitewhite kasinaskasinas; circular disks placed on wall; circular disks placed on wall

99: light (light projected onto the wall: light (light projected onto the wallthrough a circular wall)through a circular wall)1010: space (looking at the sky through: space (looking at the sky through

circular hole in wall)circular hole in wall)

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Kasi7as kasinakasina = whole, complete; to be observed= whole, complete; to be observedin whole in meditationin whole in meditationKasinasKasinas are generally circular and about aare generally circular and about afoot in diameterfoot in diameter EarthEarth kasinakasina = circular disk made or filled= circular disk made or filledwith claywith clayIn meditating with the earthIn meditating with the earth kasinakasina asassubject to develop concentration, thesubject to develop concentration, themeditatormeditator fixes the gaze on the earthfixes the gaze on the earthkasinakasina that is placed in front, andthat is placed in front, andcontemplates, earth, earthcontemplates, earth, earth

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TenTen Asubha Asubha ss (Unattractive Objects)(Unattractive Objects)

Corpses in different stages ofCorpses in different stages ofdecomposition (color change; bloating;decomposition (color change; bloating;gnawed by animals, rotting, etc)gnawed by animals, rotting, etc)

--on the corpse as subject, the technique ison the corpse as subject, the technique isoneone--pointed mental fixation on the corpsepointed mental fixation on the corpsewithout reflective thinking (without reflective thinking (cfcf::mindfulness cultivation stresses onmindfulness cultivation stresses onreflective thoughtreflective thought impermanence ofimpermanence ofbody)body)

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Ten Recollections (Ten Recollections (dasadasa anussatiyoanussatiyo) )11--33: devotional meditations on the qualities of the: devotional meditations on the qualities of the

Triple GemTriple Gem the Buddha, thethe Buddha, the DhammaDhamma, and the, and theSanghaSangha;;

44--66: on moralit enerosit and the otential for: on moralit enerosit and the otential fordivinedivine--like qualities (wisdom, etc) in oneself.like qualities (wisdom, etc) in oneself.

7.7. mindfulness of death, (mindfulness of death, (egeg my death is certain;my death is certain;my continuing to be alive is uncertain.)my continuing to be alive is uncertain.)

8.8. contemplation of the unattractive nature of thecontemplation of the unattractive nature of thebody (body (3232 parts of the body),parts of the body),

9.9. mindfulness of breathing,mindfulness of breathing,

10.10. recollection of peace,recollection of peace, NibbnaNibbna

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Four Sublime StatesFour Sublime Statesoutwardly directed social attitudesoutwardly directed social attitudes 1.1. lovingloving--kindness,kindness,2.2. compassion,compassion,

r r

)

3.3. sympathetic joy, andsympathetic joy, and4.4. equanimityequanimity developed into universal radiations whichdeveloped into universal radiations which

are gradually extended in range until theyare gradually extended in range until theyencompass all living beings.encompass all living beings.

( c a t t r o b r a h m a v i h

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Four Immaterial StatesFour Immaterial StatesImmaterial states, objective bases ofImmaterial states, objective bases of

absorption for those already trained inabsorption for those already trained inconcentrationconcentration

r r

)

.. ,,2.2. the base of infinite consciousness,the base of infinite consciousness,3.3. the base of nothingness, andthe base of nothingness, and

4.4. the base of neitherthe base of neither- -perceptionperception--nornor--nonnon--perception.perception.

( c a t t r o b r a h m a v i h

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One Perception (One Perception (ek ek sasa))== hrehre- -papa 55555555iklaikla sasa == perception of theperception of the

repulsiveness of food,repulsiveness of food,intended to reduce attachment to theintended to reduce attachment to the

..Contemplate the actions involved inContemplate the actions involved inpreparing, chewing, digesting and thepreparing, chewing, digesting and the

bodys processing of the food to wastesbodys processing of the food to wastes(excreta, etc)(excreta, etc)

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Choice of Meditation Subject Choice of Meditation Subject personality types & the subject of meditation:personality types & the subject of meditation:

Lustful types: parts of body or unattractiveLustful types: parts of body or unattractiveparts as subject of meditationparts as subject of meditation

Devotional types: qualities or virtuesDevotional types: qualities or virtues pfpf TripleTripleGemGemFor practical purposes, start with a simple orFor practical purposes, start with a simple orneutral subject that helps reduce discursiveneutral subject that helps reduce discursivethinkingthinkingnpnasatinpnasati is suitable for both beginners andis suitable for both beginners andexperiencedexperienced meditatorsmeditators

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Choice of Meditation Subject Choice of Meditation Subject Use a simple method likeUse a simple method like npnasatinpnasati to helpto help

settle and still the mind or thought processsettle and still the mind or thought processWith a settled mind, theWith a settled mind, the meditatormeditator may change themay change thesubject of meditation to counter specific problems,subject of meditation to counter specific problems,

AsubhaAsubha meditation to counter sensual lustmeditation to counter sensual lustMettaMetta meditation to counter angermeditation to counter angerRecollection of Triple Gem to strengthen faithRecollection of Triple Gem to strengthen faithMeditation on death to arouse a sense of urgencyMeditation on death to arouse a sense of urgency(to arouse right effort)(to arouse right effort)Skill needed for choosing subject appropriate toSkill needed for choosing subject appropriate tosituationsituation

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Stages of ConcentrationStages of Concentration

by way of by way of SamathaSamatha

Path of Tranquility/SerenityPath of Tranquility/Serenity MeditaionMeditaionConcentration develops in stagesConcentration develops in stages

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1st

Stage: Preliminary Concentration1st

Stage: Preliminary Concentration

1. Obtain a suitable subject of meditation; retire toa quiet place; correct meditation posture

2. Breathe naturally through nostrils

3. Focus or fix the mind on the object, stay alert.4. If the mind strays, note and bring it back to the

object, keep and sustain the focus on it.= preparatory stage with the object as the

parikkamma- nimitta to develop the preliminaryconcentration, parikkamma-sam dhi

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Hindrances (bumps on the road)Hindrances (bumps on the road)

As excitement subsides, hindrances will arise causingAs excitement subsides, hindrances will arise causingthe mind to be unsettled, wandering and scatteredthe mind to be unsettled, wandering and scattered Images, thoughts, emotions , etc may surgeImages, thoughts, emotions , etc may surge anger,anger,

sadness, dullness of mind, agitation, doubt etcsadness, dullness of mind, agitation, doubt etc Hindrances can be overcomeHindrances can be overcome skillful/adroitskillful/adroit Keep bringing the mind back to the object of Keep bringing the mind back to the object of

concentration again and againconcentration again and again When a particular hindrance becomes too strong,When a particular hindrance becomes too strong,

adopt another subject of meditation to counter itadopt another subject of meditation to counter it

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Jhna Factors Suppress HindrancesJhna Factors Suppress Hindrances

When concentration isWhen concentration isdeveloped, the fivedeveloped, the five jh jhnanafactors counteract the fivefactors counteract the five

3.3. P tiP ti,, rapture countersrapture counters illill--willwill4.4. SukhaSukha , counters, counters restlessnessrestlessness

and worryand worry

1.1. VitakkaVitakka , in lifting the, in lifting themind up to the object,mind up to the object,drivesdrives sloth & torporsloth & torpor(dullness & drowsiness)(dullness & drowsiness)

2.2. VicraVicra , in examining, in examiningthe object, drives outthe object, drives outdoubtdoubt ..

5.5. EkaggatEkaggat , one, one--pointednesspointednessof mind, countersof mind, counters sensualsensualdesiredesire

jhna factors suppress thehindrances and enable theconcentration to continue

developing

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Progress in

SamathaMeditation

pa ibhga-nimittacounterpart sign

Clear, bright &unblemishedimage of the

object

Accessconcentration(still unsteady)

upac ra -sam dh i

Absorption concentration (stable)

(appan -sam dhi)pa ibhga-nimitta

H i n d r a

e n g t h e n

i n g

Uggaha-nimitta

learning sign

Parikamma-nimitta

preliminary or

preparatory sign

Gross reflectiveimage of the

object

Object of meditation

Preliminaryconcentration parikkamma-

sam dhi

c e s s u p p r e s s e d J h

n a

f a c t o r s s t

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Levels of meditative absorption attained

progressively1. R pa jhna (material): 4 levels (according toSuttanta; 5 levels according to Abhidhamma),attained by working on mental factors

2. Ar pa jhna: 4 levels , attained bysurmounting objects.

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what, monks, is right concentration?Herein, secluded from sense pleasures,

secluded from unwholesome states, amonk enters and dwells in the first

jhna, second jhna.thirdjhna fourth jhna.. This,

monks, is right concentration.

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Fourth JhnaEkaggat, uppekha

Third Jhnasukha, ekaggat

Purity of mindfulness

Sati, clear comprehensionand equanimity strengthened

First JhnaVitakka, vicra, pti,

sukha, ekaggat

Second Jhnapti, sukha, ekaggat

Saddh (faith/confidence)strengthened

The grosser jhna factors areprogressively abandoned to getinto higher jhna as masteryover each lower jhna is gained

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Fourth JhnaEkaggat, uppekha

Third Jhnasukha, ekaggat

sukha is abandoned asmastery over 3 rd jhana is

gained

Pti is abandoned as masteryover 2 nd jhana is gained

First JhnaVitakka, vicra, pti,

sukha, ekaggat

Second Jhnapti, sukha, ekaggat

Vitakka, vic ra consideredgross, abandoned as mastery

over 1 st jhana is gainedThe grosser jhna factors areprogressively overcome andabandoned as mastery overeach lower jhna is gained

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base of neither-perception-nor-non-

perception.

Absolute maximum unificationof the mind (still lack wisdom)

base of infinite space

,

base of infinite

consciousness, Immaterial states are attainedby refining the object ofmeditation, replacing the grossones with subtler ones

Level of concentration isincreasing finer and subtler

as each object is surmounted

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developed in vipassan meditation

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Kha ika (Momentary) ConcentrationNo fixed subject of meditationSubject of meditation = the multiplicity of phenomena that arisemoment by moment.simply direct mindfulness and note the changing in states of mind andbody, any phenomenon that presents itself;

perception, clinging to nothing.concentration becomes stronger moment after moment until it becomesestablished one-pointedly on the constantly changing stream of eventmental unification remains steady, and in time develops to a levelequal to that of access concentration khanika sam dhi/momentaryconcentration, sufficient to suppress hindrances.Cultivate through practice of satipahn , by way of vipassana, leadto arising of wisdom