Sámi Network Connectivity (SNC) ICT workshop Stockholm 5-June-2003

Sámi Network Connectivity

(SNC)

ICT workshopStockholm

5-June-2003

Topics

• Social aspects - Maria Udén• Technical Aspects - Avri Doria

Social AspectsSNC

Maria UdénLTU

Project Background

• The project was initiated among a group of reindeer herders.

• Why is ICT a matter for reindeer herders? There are egalitarian – “same to all” – qualities or

potentials in ICT, e.g. business and education, taking part in political processes, leisure, social contacts.

There are qualities related to the reindeer herders as part of an indigenous population living as minority in four national states – the Sámi. E.g. creating spaces for discourse, promoting own language.

Yet, the terms are crucial. If ICT is available only on terms of stationary living much of the potential is lost, because the herding is a semi-nomadic activity.

Potential of ICT

• In the case of semi-nomadism ICT has great potential.

• A crucial potential of ICT is to enable overcoming the strains put on reindeer herding communities by the need to adapt to stationary solutions

• This is a potential because ICT has capacity to overcome boundaries in time and space

Traditional herding

• Families moving with the herd throughout the year

• All generations, both genders included

Reindeer herding today

• The herding continues to require organic organization and constant moving

• Modernity requires adaptation to mechanical time and stationary living

• Reindeer herding is nowadays a male dominated business

• Approximately 10% of professional herders are women

Culture and Knowledge

• Cultural diversity is a global concern• The reindeer herders and Sámi

culture in general carry knowledge of how to build a society on scarce resources

• Sámi cultural landscape is conceived of as “wilderness” by many others

Problem

• The Swedish state has established goals that information and communication technologies shall be available to all citizens

• This is considered necessary for, among other things, democratic and economic reasons

• Standards for achievement refer to population density and permanent address

• Both these standards exclude reindeer herders and their families as individuals

• Both standards also exclude reindeer herding as economy

Potentials inherent in the SNC proposition

• Technology transfer: opportunity for local people building knowledge and

establishing useful contacts new impulses to high-tech research and to industry

• Insights into contradictions and shortcomings of information and communication technologies: supposed to make time and place irrelevant, yet not

available to the nomadic economy post-modern visions of nomadism are challenged by the

Sirges example

Technical AspectsSNC

Avri DoriaETRI

First Assumptions

• It is worth getting basic network coverage to people who live in ‘infrastructure challenged’ areas even if it is not yet possible to use standard ‘off the shelf’ technology and even if the features provided are not the same features available at the cutting edge of technology use.

• While capital costs of establishing the network should be kept as low as possible, it is even more critical that the recurrent costs for running the network must be locally sustainable.

Assumptions

Because of area size and population density:o Wireline is not a practical solutiono GSM and 3G are not practical solutions

The undesirability of putting up sufficient antennas in the nature reserves is another consideration.

Satellite coverage is expensive, of limited bandwidth and intermittent

TV broadcast is available for data delivery in some remote zones

WiFi hotspots are possible, but it is not possible, at this point in time, to build a continuous communications zone with WiFi

It is possible to build a network composed of WiFi hotspots and wireline access points all connected by mobile relays.

Project Components

Community accessEmailWeb accessEducational opportunity

Business serviceHerd telemetrySmall business opportunities

Web salesSoftware development and support

Project elements

Topographical study of area to be covered – this is necessary to understand population flow and geographical characteristics necessary to locate gateways, WiFi hotspots and corridors.

WiFi hotspots: Equipment will need to be modified to produce a narrower longer range access.

Project Elements (cont’d)

Since the relay connectivity is intermittent, the network will require delay tolerant networking support including:Application level gatewaysRouting software to handle the intermittently

connected ad-hoc network.Network elements include:

GatewaysRelays

Initial Project Phases

InitialTopographical SW systems for mapping placement of WiFi

hotspots Routing software for relayApplication level gateway for emailPhase result; prototype demo (in lab)

Small Field trialDefine a region and install WiFi hotspots and corridorsPrototype and deploy gatewaysPrototype and deploy relaysPhase result; Test live network in very confined area

Long Term goal

• After the test phases are completed, the project should be modeled to allow for rapid deployment within the affected communities.

• Involves: Developing product quality systems Providing education for local residents to

train as network system developers and technicians who can install and maintain the network as well as develop it further.

Participation & Education are key goals

• In order to make the system sustainable, in fact

• In order to even get the production system off the ground

• A large amount of involved and trained local talent must be brought into the project early.

• Ultimately, it must end up a local project in order to be sustainable.

Solution Space

• Involves: Opportunistic use of any available network

substructure Opportunistic use of work being done by IRTF,

JPL, NASA and others on Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) Bundling Specialized routing protocols

Using NAT or similar IPv6 private network capabilities

Building on web caching technology used by web content distributors (e.g. Akamai)

Opportunistic use of any available network

substructure

• Use of any network infrastructure that is available. Broadband Fixed phone lines GSM/3G Short Wave Radio Digital TV Broadcast (for data delivery)

• Use of 802.11 hotspots wherever possible and feasible.

• Use of mobile relays wherever necessary

Requirements for opportunistic networking

• Requires detailed knowledge of the opportunities. Electricity Wire Wireless Broadcast

• Requires topographical mapping of geographical domain

• Requires knowledge of population flow over time

Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN)

• While most networks are called store and forward networks, they really only store a data for a very short time.

• In a DTN there may be long periods of isolation where a network node does not have any neighbors, and thus data may need to be stored for a long time.

• This long latency effects the way applications can use the network, and requires a different transport and routing strategy.

Normal Internet

Message sentNow Now +1 sec

Now +2 sec

Now +3 sec

Now +4 sec

Normal Internet Connection

• In a normal internet connection, the sub-network, in this case a community,is connected for the entire time that communication is ongoing.

• For example: In an email dialogue: A person’s system (the mail client) sends an hello The mail server responds with its own hello The person’s system sends the message The mail server acknowledges receiving the message The message is delivered

• In other words, the dialogue between the client and the server takes place by taking turns across the network. This entire dialogue must be completed within seconds.

In Delay Tolerant Network

Message sent Now Now +1 hour

Now +3hours

Now +6 hours

Now +12 hours

In Delay Tolerant Network

• Due to the lack of a continuous connection in a DTN, the delay makes using the normal procedure impossible.

• In this case the mail dialogue would be as follows: Person’s computer sends Hello and the

message Some time later mail server accepts hello and

message and sends acknowledgement Some time later person’s computer receives

acknowledgement.

In other words

• Instead of having a normal network conversation – similar to a telephone call

• Participant in a DTN uses a form of communication that is more like sending a letter.

Applications possible in DTN

• EMAIL• WEB with caching• File transfer• Telemetry

Sensor Reading Herd Tracking

Applications not possible in DTN

• Transaction based, e.g. Internet Banking Airline Reservations

• Remote use of other computer, e.g. Telnet Applications that require a ongoing

spontaneous dialogue

• IP Telephony

Bundling Gateways

• In order to allow complete network exchanges to be packaged into a single transaction, a bundling transport technology has been developed.

• Prototype of basic bundling code has been made available by Intel/JPL & UC Berkeley

Possible Network Scenarios

• Fixed relay points

• Mobile relay points

Fixed RelaySNC – Time 0

InternetRelay

Internet Connection Point

e.g. Jokkmokk

InternetInternet Connection

Pointe.g. Jokkmokk

Community A

GW


e.g. Gällivare

GW

Community C

GW


Relay


Pointe.g. Jokkmokk

Community A

GW

Community C

GW


e.g. Gällivare

GW


InternetRelay


e.g. Jokkmokk

Community C

GW


Pointe.g. Jokkmokk

Community A

GW


e.g. Gällivare

GW

Fixed Relay SNC – Time 3

InternetRelay

GW


e.g. Jokkmokk


Pointe.g. Jokkmokk

Community A

GW


e.g. Gällivare

Community C

GW

Mobile Relay SNC – Time 0

Internet GW

Relay

Relay

InternetRelay

RelayBundles

Blue I

Green A

Red C


Pointe.g. Jokkmokk

Community A

GW

Community C

GW

GW

Community B

GW


Internet GW

Relay

RelayBundles

Blue - I,A

Green -A,I

Red - C


Pointe.g. Jokkmokk

Community A

GW

Community C

GW Community B

GW


Internet GW

Relay

Relay Bundles

I2,A

A,I,C

C,A,I


Pointe.g. Jokkmokk

Community A

GW

Community C

GW Community B

GW


Internet

Relay

Relay

Bundles

I2,A,C

A2,I,C

C,A,I,B


Pointe.g. Jokkmokk

Community A

GW

GW

Community C

GW Community B

GW

DTN Routing Method

• Developing probabilistic routing algorithm with Anders Lindgren at LTU Loosely based on Epidemic Routing Effective but expensive

• Assumption that a node encountered in the recent past is more likely to be encountered again in the future.

• As relays encounter each other they exchange probabilities for known destinations and then nodes decide whether to pass/accept a bundle for a destination.

DTN Routing Algorithm

Probability Based Algorithm - P[0,1]Still under study

• For each node - P(a,b) = Pinit

except for home node where P(a,b)=1 • Upon encounter -

P(a,b)= P(a,b) old +(1- P(a,b)old)x Pinit

• If no encounter within time thresholdP(a,b)= P(a,b) x k

[0,1), k - number of timeout units

DTN Routing Algorithm (cont’d)

• Transitive property If node A often encounters node B

and node B often encounters node Cthen node C is a good node for forwarding toward node A

P(a,b)= P(a,b) old +(1- P(a,c)old)xP(a,b) xP(a,c)x[0,1) - scaling factor

Status of DTN routing development

• Currently testing simulations of algorithm

• Working on several protocol operational issues including: Frequency of exchange of probability

vectors Acknowledgement policy Bundle deletion policy

Private networks

• Each community should be able to set up its own addresses IPv4 IPv6 NAT

Caching Technology

• Assumes that much of what a community want to see on the web can be predicted based on history and thus can be pre-delivered to local caches

• When a non-cached page is requested, the request should be posted and the user should be informed when the page becomes available.

• When a request is filled, not only the requested URL should be returned, but a section of the tree below that URL should also be returned.

And finally

• We have a need• We have a possible set of solutions• We have started• We have long way to go yet.

Thank you

Documents

Sámi Network Connectivity (SNC) ICT workshop Stockholm 5-June-2003